1.

Describe the origin of the term biology HIV/AIDS; scientists all over the world collaborate
It is derived from two Greek words; in the fight against Ebola
bios meaning life and logos meaning  Through environmental conservation- the fight to
knowledge save the ozone layer through international
2. Define the term biology agreements e.g. Kyoto protocol; management of
It refers to the scientific study of living organisms resources through international treaties
3. State what the following branches of biology deals with  Classification- scientists are using the same system
a) Botany- study of plants of naming organisms that is binomial system
b) Zoology-study of animals 3 main 5. Define the 7 characteristics each living organisms posses
c) Microbiology- study of microscopic organisms branches  Nutrition- it refers to the process by which living
d) Mycology- study of fungi organisms acquire and utilize nutrients
e) Biotechnology- involves development of techniques for  Gaseous exchange- it refers to the process by which
application in biological processes respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon (IV) Oxide)
f) Ichthyology- study of fish pass across respiratory surfaces along a
g) Entomology- study of insects concentration gradient
h) Ornithology- study of birds  Respiration- it refers to the chemical breakdown of
i) Herpetology- study of snakes and reptiles food in all living cells to yield energy, carbon (IV)
j) Virology- study of virus Oxide, lactic acid, ethanol and water
k) Cytology- study of the cell  Excretion- it refers to the process by which living
l) Eurology- study of excretory organs organisms separate and eliminate waste products of
m) Embryology- study of development metabolism from their bodies
n) Physiology- study of body functions  Growth and development- growth refers to the
(o) Anatomy- study of internal structures of an organism irreversible increase in the size and mass of the
(p) Morphology- study of external structures of an body of a living organism; development refers to the
organism irreversible increase in complexity in the structures
(q) Genetics- study of inheritance and variations of a living organism
(r) Taxonomy- study of grouping and sorting of organisms  Movement and locomotion- movement refers to the
change in position of a part of an organism;
(s) Ecology- relation of an organism and their sorrounding locomotion refers to the change in position of the
(t) Biochemistry- chemistry of materials in tissues whole body of an organism
 Irritability- it refers to the ability of an organism to
(u) Histology- structure of tissues perceive changes in the environment and respond
accordingly
(v) Phylogeny- study of evolutionay relationships between  Reproduction- it refers to giving rise to a new
organisms individual of the same kind
(w) Bacteriology- study of bacteria 6. Differentiate between the following terms
(a) Growth and development
(x) Phycology- study of algae (b) Movement and locomotion
*refer to the answers from the previous questions
(y)Evolution- study of origin of organisms and their
progressive changes over a long period of time 7. State the importance of the following characteristics of
living organisms
4. State 4 importance of studying biology
(a) Nutrition- it enables metabolic activities to take place
 Enable learners acquire skills useful in daily life
 It is useful in solving environmental problems such (b) Gaseous exchange- it enables organisms to obtain
as pollution, poor health services, food shortage, oxygen necessary for respiration; carbon (IV) Oxide a
environmental degradation waste product eliminated
 It enables us to understand the body functioning
 It enables us acquire knowledge useful in pursuing (c) Respiration- it yields energy useful in growth and
careers such as medicine movement
 It enables us to acquire scientific skills such as (d) Excretion- facilitates elimination of waste products
analysing data which would otherwise accumulate and become toxic
 It enhances international co-operation as explained hence causing harm to the organisms health
below
4. Explain 3 ways in which biology enhances international (e) Growth and development- Growth enables the organism
cooperation to acquire maximum size and mass necessary for proper
 Through medicine- scientists from all over the world body functioning and for defense; development readies the
have come together to develop a vaccine for organism for reproduction
(f) Movement and locomotion- helps an organism look for 13. Name each of the following apparatus used in specimen
food; look for mates; escape danger; look for shelter collection and in each give examples of organisms that may
be collected using the specimen
(g) Irritability- enables plants to obtain nutrients like
mineral salts, water etc.; enables animals to detect food Apparatus Name; Function
and utilize it; facilitate mating in animals; enables the Sweep net; used for
organism to seek favorable conditions while avoiding catching flying insects
unfavorable ones such as grasshoppers,
bees, butterflies
(h) Reproduction- prevents extinction of a particular
species of organisms; increases the number of organisms
of a particular species; enables a particular species of Fish net; used for
organisms to be existent in one generation to another; trapping small fish and
improves quality of species other small water animals
such as crabs, shrimps
8. Define the term stimuli- it refers to responses by
organisms to changes in the environment(singular-
stimulus)
9. Define the term specimen- it refers to the body or a part
Pair of forceps; used for
of the body of a living organism being studied
picking up small stinging
10. State 4 precautions to take while collecting specimen animals such as
centipedes, spiders,
 Collect the number required number to avoid scorpion
wastage
Specimen bottles; used for
 Do not destroy the habitat of the organism
keeping collected
 Do not injure the organism because some parts may
specimen
be distorted
 Harmful specimens should be handles with care to
avoid being injured. use of a pair of forceps is
encouraged
 Live organisms after the study should be returned to 14. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
their habitat follow
 Highly mobile organisms should be immobilized
using chemicals such as chloroform
11. Name 2 chemicals used to immobilize highly mobile
organisms when collecting specimen
 Chloroform (tetrachloromethane)
 Diethylether (ethoxyethane)
12. State 5 differences between plants and animals
(a) Giving a reason name the apparatus above and state its
Plants Animals function
 Able to make their depend on readily made Hand lens/magnifying lens; it has a lens enclosed
own food food in a frame attached to a handle
 Most have chlorophyll lack chlorophyll It is used to enlarge objects
 have cellulose in cell Lack cellulose in cell walls (b) Name parts A,B,C
walls A- Frame
 have limited movement Move freely B- Convex lens
 growth is only at the Growth is all over the body C- Handle
meristematic tissues (intercalary growth) (c) State 3 maintainence practice for this tool
 do not have complex Have complex excretory  Clean the lens using a soft tissue socked in ethanol
excretory organs organs  Do not touch the lens with dirty fingers
 respond slowly to Respond quickly to  Avoid any chances of scratches on the lens
changes in the changes in the (d) Write the formula for calculation of magnification
environment environment using the tool above
Image/drawing length
Object/actual length
15. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
follow

(a) Name the apparatus above and state its function

Pitfall trap; it is used for catching crawling
animals
(a) Name the apparatus above and state its function – (b) Name 3 organisms which may be collected using the
pooter; used for sucking small animals from rock apparatus above- spider, ant, cockroach, millipede
surfaces and tree barks (c) State 2 roles of Y
(b) Name 2 organisms which may be collected using the  keeps rain out
tool above- ants, termites  prevent collected organisms from escaping
(c) Name Y and state 2 of its functions (d) Name 2 precautions that should be taken into account
Mosquito net; it prevents dirt from entering the when setting up the apparatus
suction tube; it prevents the already collected  Choose a site where rain water will not run into the jar
organism from entering the suction tube ad  The jar should be covered with a wood or a tile to keep
subsequently into the mouth rain out and prevent collected organisms from
(d) State the role of X- Allows the organism to get into escaping
the pooter (e) State 2 ways in which the efficiency of the above setup
(e) Explain how collection of specimen using the tool can be improved
above works  By adding an immobilizing liquid so that the
The opening of tube X is put into cracks in rocks organisms does not move out
or tree barks where the organisms are; the user  By camouflaging the apparatus i.e. covering with
then sucks in air through the opening of tube Z; vegetation
this creates a partial vacuum inside the jar and air
from the outside rushes into the jar to occupy the 18. Differentiate between the following terms
vacuum; this forces the organisms into the jar (a). Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition-
through tube X autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where living
16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that organisms manufacture their own food using simple
follow substances such as caron (IV) Oxide, water, mineral salts
and energy while heterotrophic nutrition is a type of
nutrition where living organisms feed on already
manufactured food
(b) Partial/localized movement and locomotion/whole
movement- partial/localized movement refers to change in
position of a part of an organism while locomotion/whole
movement refers to change in position of the whole body of
an organism

(a) Name the apparatus above and state its use- Bait (c) Sexual and asexual reproduction- Sexual reproduction is
trap; it is used to attract and trap small animals a type of reproduction that involves gametes while asexual
(b) Name 2 organisms which may be collected using the reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve
apparatus above- rat, mouse gametes
(c) Name X- bait (d) Aerobic and anaerobic respiration – aerobic respiration
17. Study the diagram below is a type of respiration that occur in presence of oxygen
while anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration that
occur in absence of oxygen
19. List 4 career opportunities in biology-
dentistry,medicine, agriculture, public health, horticulture,
pharmacy
20. List 8 skills acquired while studying biology-
Classifying, analysing data, measuring, evaluating data, l) A honey bee carrying pollen from one flower to
recording data, observing, identification, another
drawing(CAMEROID)
26. Define a dissecting kit and state its use- it refers to a
21. Motor vehicles use energy and produce carbon (IV) biological set which consists of apparatus used to cut
Oxide and water. Similar characteristics occur in living through an organisms body or organ for the purpose of
organisms yet motor vehicle are not classified as living. List anatomic studies; cut through an organism’s body or
the other characteristics of living things that do NOT occur organ for the purpose of anatomic studies
in motor vehicles Living things grow and develop,
reproduce, respond to stimuli(irritability) 27. List 4 tools found in a dissecting kit- scalpel ,scissors,
dissecting needle, safety pins, hand lens scalpel holder,
22. State the importance of irritability to plants- enables pair of forceps
plants to obtain essential products such as water and
mineral salts 28. Explain the necessity of specimen collection in biology

23. What sort of biological knowledge would be useful to;  To facilitate comparative studies of different
organisms from different enviroments
(a) Game warden- ecology  It saves time during biological investigatins in the
laboratory
(b) P.E teacher- locomotion and movement  Facilitates conservation and management of
(c) Tour guide- ecology organisms since a specimen may be used repeatedly
over a long period of time
(d) Fisheries biologist- ecology  Enhances detailed study of biological principles
(e) Bee keeper- entomology 29. State 4 methods of collecting insects specimen
(f) Plant breeder- genetics, botany  Sucking from barks of trees or rock surfaces
 Physical picking using a pair of forceps
24. How do plants compensate for their inability to locomote
 Using a sweep net to catch flying insects
 They are autotrophic i.e. they manufacture their  Trapping crawling insects using a pitfall trap
own food thus no need to locomote n search of
30. Explain why it is important to preserve specimens
food
 Through tropic responses- by moving some parts of  To enable reutilization of specimen to avoid wastage
they are able to respond to stimuli i.e. roots  To reduce the frequency of disturbance of the habitat
growing towards water, light of an organism
 Most are bisexual thus to facilitate self-fertilization
hence reproduction 31. Name 2 chemical reagents that can be used to preserve
 Plants have the ability to absorb localized nutrients specimen
thus no need to move around Formalin/formaldehyde/chloroform; alcohol
 They have pollination mechanisms that ensures
reproduction occurs without the need to move in 32. State one use of each of the following tools in biology
search for mates
a) Pair of forceps- used for picking harmful
25. Name the characteristics of living organisms displayed organisms during specimen collection
by each of the following Used to hold specimen during dissection
b) Pair of scissors- cutting animal tissues during
a) Cow drinking water- nutrition dissection
b) Germinating maize grain- growth and development c) Scalpel- cutting longitudinal and cross sections
c) Bacterial spore dividing- reproduction during dissection
d) Cheetah chasing after a gazelle- locomotion and
movement 33. Name 3 industrial processes that depend on the
e) Football fan watching a game and cheering- knowledge of biology
irritability
f) Cow giving birth to a calf- reproduction  Bread baking industries
g) Vine climbing up a tree- movement  Brewing industries
h) Athlete panting at the end of a race- gaseous  Manufacture of drugs in pharmaceutical
exchange industries
i) Mango tree producing juicy mangos-  Manufacture of milk products such as yoghurt
j) Seed producing heat during germination- 34 State 2 characteristics of living organism specific to
respiration plants- autotrophic nutrition; localized movement
k) Bursting of a sporangium in the Rhizopus sp-
reproduction 35. Name a branch of biology that deals with the study of
(a) Understanding the differences between plants and their 44. State 2 differences between plants and animals interms
offsprings- genetics of irritability
(b) Relationships between antelope and gazelle in their  Plants respond slowly to changes in the
environment- ecology environment while animals respond quickly to
changes in the environment
(c) Solving parentage disputes- genetics  Plants respond to changes in the environment
36. Which scientist would suit your interest best if you are through tropic responses while animals respond to
interested in behaviour patterns in insects- ecologist changes in the environment through locomotion

37. Name any 4 international research centres conducting 45. Highlight 4 processes in man which are dependent on
biology related researches(institutions/organizations that respiration
may provide employment to biologists)  Secretion of substances such as enzymes
 International livestock research intitute(ILRI)  Transmission of nervous impulses
 International centre for insect physiology and  Growth and development
ecology (ICIPE)  Digestion
 Centre for disease control 46. Explain how a bean will attain nutrition
 Institute of primate research
It manufactures its own food through photosynthesis by
38. State 2 differences between respiration and gaseous combining water and carbon (IV) Oxide using light energy
exchange trapped by chlorophyll
 Respiration refers to the chemical breakdown of 47. Define magnification- it refers to the ratio between the
food in all living cells to yield energy, carbon (IV) image length and object length
Oxide, lactic acid, ethanol and water while gaseous
exchange refers to the process by which respiratory 48. State 2 potential risks that a biologist is exposed to
gases (oxygen and carbon (IV) Oxide) pass across during collection of animal specimen
respiratory surfaces along a concentration gradient
 Respiration is a chemical process while gaseous  Some of the animal specimen are stinging and can
exchange is a physical process cause potential harm
 Some of the animals have viruses that can be
39. Plants do not have complex excretory organs like transmitted to the biologist
animals. What could be the reason for this
49. Define the term biologist
 Plants produce less toxic waste compared to
animals 50. Name the study of functioning of cells, tissues and
 Plants reuse some of their wastes unlike animals organs
 Plants deposits some of their wastes unlike TOPIC 2
animals
1. Define the term classification- it refers to the grouping
40. What is likely to happen if waste products are not of organisms based on their structures
removed from bodies of living organisms 2. Define the following terms
They would accumulate and become toxic thus poisoning a) Taxon- it refers to a group of organisms with
cells similar structures
b) Taxa- it refers to groups of organisms with similar
41. Name 3 structures that may enable an organism to detect structures
changes in the environment- eyes/ears/tongue/skin c) Phylogeny- it refers to the evolutionary
relationships among living organisms
42. State 2 ways in which growth differs in plants and d) Taxonomy- it refers to the science of classification
animals e) Taxonomist – it refers to a scientist who studies
 In plants growth only occurs at meristematic tissues classification
while in animals growth occurs all over the body 3. state 4 importances of classification
 In plants growth is indeterminate i.e. takes place over  It enables us to understand evolutionary
a long unspecified period of time while in animals relationships between living organisms
growth is determinate i.e. takes place over a specified  It enables us to identify organisms into their
period of time correct groups
 It enables us to group organisms with similar
43. what is sensitivity- it refers to the ability of an organism characteristics and separate those with different
to detect changes in the environment and respond characteristics
appropriately  To avoid confusion which would arise if it were to
be done arbitrarily
4. Who is the father of modern classification  If handwritten the two parts of the scientific
Carolus Linnaeus name must be underlined separately.If typed the
5. State the main difference between artificial classification two parts of the scientific name should be written
and modern classification in bold/ italics e.g Panthera leo (handwritten)
Artificial classification used few observable  For newly discovered organisms the scientific
features whereas modern classification uses many name should be latinized e.g. Aloe kilifiensis is a
features including evolutionary relationships scientific name for an organism discovered in
among living organisms Kilifi
6. Classify organism according to the artificial method  The species may contain the name of the person
According to the artificial classification organisms who first discovered the oganism e.g. Balanus
were classified into plants and animals; plants balanoides was discovered by Carolus Linnaeus
were further classified into herbs, trees and shrubs 14. State 2 contributions of Carolus Linnaeus in modern
while animals were further classified into classification
herbivores, carnivores and omnivores  He developed the hierarchical system of
7. What are taxonomic unites of classification classifying organisms
These are groups where organisms are placed  He developed the binomial system used to name
based on their structures organisms
8. List the 7 major taxonomic units 15. What is the relationship between species and genus
Kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, Organisms can belong to the same genus but be
genus, species indifferent species
9. List the 5 kingdoms in order of their decreasing 16. State 3 reasons why Latin language was preferred in
complexity scientific naming
Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom  Latin language was commonly used among
Fungi, Kingdom Protoctista, Kingdom Monera scientists
10. Place the following organisms into their correct  To give organisms universal names for easy
kingdoms reference
a) Human beings- Kingdom Animalia  Latin language was stable i.e. it rarely changed
b) Moss- Kingdom Plantae 17. Place the following organisms in all taxonomic units
c) Bacteria- Kingdom Monera a) Man
d) Graden pea- Kingdom Plantae Kingdom- Animalia
e) Mushroom- Kingdom Fungi Division- Chordata
f) Hydra- Kingdom Animalia Class- Mammalia
g) Fern- Kingdom Plantae Order- Primates
h) Protozoa- Kingdom Protoctista Family- Homonidae
i) Mould- Kingdom Fungi Genus- Homo
j) Tapeworm- Kingdom Animalia Species- Homo sapiens
k) Insect - Kingdom Animalia b) Maize
l) Algae- Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom- Plantae
m) Yeast - Kingdom Fungi Division- Angiospermatophyta
n) Amoeba- Kingdom Protoctista Class- Monocotyledonae
11. Define the term species- it refers to the smallest Order- Graminales
taxonomic unit where organisms interbreed freely to Family- Graminae
give rise toa viable offspring Genus- Zea
12. Define the following terms Species- Zea mays
 Binomial system- it refers to the modern c) Dog
scientific naming system which involves Kingdom- Animalia
assigning an organism two names Phylum- Chordata
 Binomial nomenclature- it refers to the Class- Mammalia
rules used in the scientific naming of living Order- Carnivora
organisms Family- Canidae
13. State 4 principles of binomial system(state 3 ways in Genus- Canis
which scientific names of organisms differ from Species- Canis familiaris
ordinary names) d) Leopard
 The first part of the scientific name which is the Kingdom- Animalia
genus name must begin with a capital letter Phylum- Chordata
while the second part of the scientific name Class- Mammalia
which is the species name must begin with a Order- Carnivora
small letter e.g. Homo sapiens Family- Felidae
Genus- Panthera
 Species- Panthera pardus  Parallel venation- veins run parallel to the
e) Lion midrib(parallel fashion) e.g. in maize, sorghum,
Kingdom- Animalia millet
Phylum- Chordata  Network/net/reticulate venation- veins arise from
Class- Mammalia the midrib and cross one another forming a
Order- Carnivora netlike structure(net-like fashion) e.g. in bean,
Family- Felidae pea
Genus- Panthera iii. Leaf margin- it refers to the edge of the leaf
Species- Panthera leo  Smooth/entire leaf margin e.g. mango, blackgum,
(f) French bean dogwood, live oak
Kingdom- Plantae  Serrated leaf margin(saw-like structures) e.g in
Division- Angiospermatophyta hibiscus apple trees, rose
Class- Dicotyledonae  Crenated/sinuate leaf margin
Order- Rosales  Lobed- this is where the whole leaf may appear to
Family- Leguminosae have deep indentation intothe blade yet still a
Genus- Phaseolus simple leaf e.g. oxalis
Species- Phaseolus vulgaris iv. Leaf shape
 Arrow shaped/sagitate e.g. arrowroot
18. State 4 observable features which may be used to  Lanceolate e.g. bamboo
classify plants  Oval/ovate/cone e.g. Hibiscus
 Leaf structure, appearance and shape  Linear e.g. grass
 Type of root system  Palmate e.g cassava
 Number of floral parts v. Leaf texture
 Phyllotaxis- leaf arrangement on the stem  Smooth texture e.g. n mango, dogwood, live oak,
19. Discuss the observable features in plants used in blackgum
classification in relation to the following parts  Rough texture e.g. Lantana camara
(a) Leaves  Succulent/fleshy texture e.g. in onion leaf
i. Leaf form vi. Leaf tip
 There are 2 types of leaf forms; simple leaf and  Pointed leaf tip
compound leaf  Round leaf tip
 Simple leaf is where many leaves are attached  Lobed leaf tip
directly to the main branch e.g. in mango, vii. Leaf arrangement on the stem
banana, hibiscus  Opposite arrangement- two leafs are attached
opposite to each other on the same node
 Alternate arrangement- a single leaf arises on
each node while the next leaf arises from the
opposite side
 Whorled arrangement- three or more leaves arise
from the same node around the stem
viii. Leaf attachment to the stem
 Petiole attachment- the leaf has a petiole which
 Compound leaf is where many leaves are attaches it to the stem
attached to a sub-branch which is then attached  Sessile attachment- no petiole thus leaf is
to the main branch e.g. in clove, cotton, baobab, attached to the branch directly
neem  Sheathed attachment- attachment to the stem is
by a sheath
(b) Stem
According to the stem plants can be classified
as:
i. Stem tube, rhizome or normal aerial stem
 Stem tuber- here the stem is used as storage
organ e.g. in irish potato
 Rhizome- this is an underground stem swollen
with food e.g. in ginger, Bermuda grass
 Normal aerial stem is as it is in a sugarcane
ii. Horizontal or vertical
 Horizontal stems grow along the
ii. Leaf venation ground
This is the arrangement of the veins in a leaf.  Vertical stem grows upwards
According to this we have
 iii. Herbaceous(non-woody) or woody 22. Explain 2 types of compound leaves
(c) Root  Palmately compound- In this situation the leaflets
 Tap root- this is where there is one main root making up the compound leaf are attached to the
from which other branches arises e.g. in tip of the petiole
bean  Pinnately compound- In this situation the leaflets
 Fibrous root- this is where there are several making up the compound leaf are distributed at
amin roots of about the same size intervals along the petiole
 Adventitious roots 23. Differentiate between pinnate compound leaf and
 Breathing roots/ pneumatophores- ued for bipinnate compound leaf
gaseous exchange  Pinnate compound leaf refers a compound leaf
 Aerial roots whose leaflets are attached to the main stalk while
 Prop roots/stilt roots- offer additional bipinnate compound leaf is a type of compound leaf
support whose leaflets are attached to secondary stalks
 Storage/tuberous roots which arise from the main stalk
 Buttress roots- offer additional support 24. Define phyllotaxis- it refers to the leaf arrangement on
 Clasping roots- offer additional support by the stem of a plant
clinging onto objects 25. State the main difference between organisms in phylum
(d) Flowers chordata and those in phylum arthropoda
i. Colour of the flower  organisms in phylum chordata have a
 In some plants the flowers are brightly coloured backbone/notochord/endoskeleton while in
while in others they are dull phylum arthropoda organisms do not have a
ii. Single flowers or inflorescence backbone, instead they have an exoskeleton
26. Name the hardening substance found in the exoskeleton
of a grasshopper- chitin
27. State 4 functions of exoskeleton in arthropods
 Offers protection against mechanical damage
 Protect inner delicate organs
 Protects the organism from desiccation
 Gives the organism its shape
28. Name 4 classes of phylum arthropoda
 Class crustacena
 Class myriapoda
 Class arachnida
 Class insecta
29. Discuss the features used to classify animals
(a) Body form
i. Smooth skinned e.g. frog or hairy e.g.
dog
ii. Fur or feathers
iii. Segmented bodies or unsegmented
iv. Scales e.g. snake
(b) Number of body parts
i. Insects have 2 body parts while
arachnids have 3
(c) Number of limbs
i. Some have no limbs such as a snake
 In some plants flowers occur singly e.g. in ii. Others have 3 pairs of legs such as
hibiscus while in others many flowers are borne insects
on the same branch forming an inflorescence e.g. iii. Others have 4 pairs of legs such as
in sunflower arachnids
20. Name the point where a leaf attaches itself to the stem- iv. Some have many legs such as millipede
node (d) Antennae
21. With examples differentiate between a simple leaf and a i. Some lack antennae e.g. arachnids such
compound leaf as spider
In simple leaves the lamina is not divided and is ii. Some have a pair of antennae such as
attached directly to the petiole e.g in castor oil, insects
banana, mango, oak while in compound leaves the iii. Others have 2 pairs of antennae such as
lamina is divided into several distinct units called crab, crayfish
leaflets e.g. in neem, baobab, cotton, rose (e) Wings
 i. Some animals have wings whereas (b) Family- it refers to a taxonomic unit of
others do not classification which consists of closely related
ii. Some birds have wings and cannot fly genera
e.g. ostrich (c) Order- it refers to a taxonomic unit of
(f) Means of gaseous exchange classification which consists of closely related
i. Some carry out gaseous exchange through families
gills, some through lungs.... (d) Class- it refers to a taxonomic unit of
(g) Types of eyes classification which consists of closely related
i. Some have compound eyes e.g. insects, orders
crustuceans (e) Phylum- - it refers to a taxonomic unit of
ii. Some have simple eyes such as arachnids classification which consists of closely related
(h) Mammary glands classes
i. Some have mammary glands while some do NOTE: Cat-like animals such as domestic cat,
not
lion, leopard and tiger are grouped under genus
(i) Habitat
i. Some are aquatic Felis
ii. Some are terrestrial
However, some biologists split cat-like animals
(j) Presence or absence of exoskeleton
30. State 4 common characteristics of insects into two categories; genus Felis consisting of
 They have 3 body parts; head, thorax, small cat like animals such as domestic cat and
abdomen genus Panthera consisting of large cat like
 They have one pair of antennae on th e animals such as lion, leopard and tiger
head
 They have one pair of compound eyes on  Cat like animals such as leopard are in genus
the head Felis while dog like animals such as domestic
 They have 3 pairs of legs arising from the dog, wolve, jackal are in genus Canis
thorax  Cat like animals such as leopard are in family
 Body is covered with a tough exoskeleton Felidae while dog like animals such as
31. State 4 common characteristics of arachnids
domestic dog, wolve, jackal are in family
 They have 2 body parts;
cephalothorax(combined head and thorax) Canidae
and the abdomen  Animals that feed on flesh are in order
 They have 4 pairs of legs arising from the Carnivora while those with hooves and feed
cephalothorax on vegetation are in order of Herbivora
 Body is covered with a tough exoskeleton  All animals whose bodies are covered with
 They have simple eyes feathers are in class Aves (birds)
 Anteriorly they have a pair of jointed
appendages called pedipalp and a pair of  NB: Ocelot is a wild cat in south America and
chericerae 35. Whatisisinthe
family Felidae
scientific names of the following organisms
(a) Lion- Panthera leo
Highlight similarities and differences
(b) Leopard- Panthera pardus
between insects and arachnids (c) Tiger- Panthera tigris
32. State the role of pedipalp and chericerae in arachnids (d) Maize- Zea mays
such as a spider (e) Dog- Canis familiaris
 Used for defense (f) French bean- Phaseolus vulgaris
 Used for feeding (g) Wolf- Panthera lupus
33. Differentiate between natural system of classification (h) Fruit fly- Drosophila melanogaster
and artificial system of classification (i) Red fox- Vulpes vulpes
 Natural system of classification refers to the (j) Black jack- Bidens pilosa
modern method of classification where (k) House fly- Musca domestica
organisms are grouped based on phylogenetic (l) Baboon- Papio anubis
relationships while artificial system of 36. List 4 essential tools to carry for a biology Practical
classification is a method of classification where lesson
organism are classified based on a simple  Note book, good quality pencil ,eraser,
criteria devised by man such as size, usefulness sharpeners, ball point pen
34. Define the following terms 37. Explain why biological diagrams should not be shaded-
(a) Genus- It refers to a taxonomic unit of it interferes with the proportionality, accuracy and
classification which consists of closely related labelling
species (NB genus in plural is genera)
38. State the features that can be used to classify each of the (f) Unicellular and have nuclear membrane- Kingdom
following organism into different taxonomic units Protoctista
(a) Round worm and a tapeworm (g) Unicellular and have no nuclear membrane-
 Body segmentation( roundworm is segmented Kingdom Monera
unlike a tapeworm) (h) Organisms have hyphae- Kingdom Fungi
 Body shape(roundworm is cylindrical while 48. The diagram below shows the modified stem of a
tapeworm is dorsoventrally flatenned prickly pear
(b) Chicken and a dog
 Body covering(chicken is covered with feathers
while a dog is covered with fur
 Type of feeding structures
39. Name each type of leaf shape shown below

 Leaf R1- Ovate (a) State 2 observable modifications of the stem

 Leaf R2- oval  Leaves have been reduced to thorn s
 Leaf R3- lanceolate  The stem is succulent
 Leaf R4- palpate (b) Name T and state 2 of its functions
40. State 3 characteristics of a species Thorns; pricks herbivores to reduce the rate and
 Organisms are morphologically similar chances of being eaten by the herbivores; they
 Organisms interbreed freely reduce the rate of transpiration
 Organisms five rise to a viable offspring 49. State 3 external difference between a millipede and a
41. State 3 advantages that leaves with network venation centipede
have over those with parallel venation Centipede Millipede
 Leaf blade is stronger due to more support Has poison claw Lacks poison claw
 Distribution of water and mineral salts is faster Has larger body segments Has smaller body segments
 Translocation of manufactured food is faster
42. Nae the lowest taxon shared by the following organisms Has dorsoventrally Has cylindrical body
(a) Man and bat- class flattened body
(b) Maize and bean- division Has fewer legs(has a pair Has more legs(has 2 pairs
43. Name the kingdom to which Amoeba belongs to. Give a per segments) per segment)
reason for your answer- Kingdom Protoctista; It is 50. Snail is the most distantly related organism to the
unicellular following; housefly, spider, millipede. Justify this
44. State the role of a food vacuole in Amoeba statement
Used to feed on engulfed food particles  It has a shell unlike all the others
45. State 2 similarities between grasshopper(insect) and  It is the only organism with a muscular foot
scorpion(arachnid)  Body is not divided into parts
 In both bodies are divided into parts  Lacks joined appendages
 Both have jointed appendages e.g. limbs  Has a stalked antennae
46. What is an ecological trip? 51. State 2 advantages of the shell to a snail and one
It refers to an excursion carried out for the purpose of disadvantage
biological studies
47. Name the kingdom described below Advantages
(a) Organisms without membrane bound organelles-  Prevents excess water loss from the body by
Kingdom Monera evaporation
(b) Organisms with membrane bound organelles and  Protects the organism from predation
have hyphae- Kingdom Fungi Disadvantage
(c) Organisms without hyphae and are unicellular or  May be too heavy thus limiting the organism’s
colonial- kingdom Protoctista movement
(d) Organisms are multicellular and have chloroplasts in 52. State 2 roles of the poison claw to a scorpion
some cells- Kingdom Plantae  Used as weapons for defense
(e) Organisms are multicellular and have no chloroplast-  To sieze prey organisms prior to feeding
Kingdom Animalia
53. State 3 limitations of artificial classification  Geographical
 Tells little about features of an organism instead of  Commemorative
its relationship with others  Descriptive
 Distantly related organisms fall into the same  NB; organisms in a species can further be classified
group resulting in confusion based on the colours or forms
 It is only useful to local communities thus cannot  e.g. Human beings can further be classified into races;
be used by scientists
in animals breed is used while in plants varieties is
54. State 3 similarities between all animals
used; These are sub species brought about by physical
 Have complex excretory organs
differences between organisms of the same species
 They locomote
 They are heterotrophic  Strain is a term used to refer to various forms of
55. Diagram below represents a twig of a horse chestnut organisms within a species
Classification II
1. State 3 characteristics of a species
 They are morphologically similar
 They interbreed freely
 They give rise to a viable offspring
2. Name the kingdom which
(a) Comprises bacteria- Kingdom
Monera/Prokaryotae
(b) Comprises of both unicellular and simple
multicellular organisms which have membrane
bound organelles and an organized nucleus –
Kingdom Protoctista
(c) Comprises of both unicellular and multicellular
Define the type of leaf under the following titles heterotrophic organisms that live as parasites or
(a) Leaf type- compound saprophytes- Kingdom Fungi
(b) Type of venation- parallel (d) Comprises of organisms with no organized nucleus
(c) Type of apex- pointed apex or membrane bound organelles- Kingdom
(d) Leaf margin- serrated Monera/Prokaryotae
56. The following are leaves collected by a form one (e) Comprises of multicellular organisms which
contain chlorophyl- Kingdom Plantae
(f) Nuclear material exist in form of tightly folded
DNA forming a nuclear body- Kingdom Monera
(g) Comprises of multicellular and heterotrophic
organisms- Kingdom Animalia
(h) Consists of multicellular organisms which consists
(a) Identify the type of leaf of a branching system with thread like filaments-
i. A- Pinnate compound Kingdom Fungi
ii. B- bipinnate compound (i) Cell wall of cells consist of proteins and sugars
iii. C- simple instead of cellulose- kingdom Monera
(b) State 2 differences between leaf A and C 3. Name 3 kingdoms which consists of;
(a) Unicellular organisms only
A C
 Kingdom Monera
Compound Simple
(b) Both unicellular and multicellular organisms
pinnate palmate
 Kingdom Protoctista
(c) State 2 differences between leaf B and C  Kingdom Fungi
B C (c) Unicellular organisms
Compound Simple  Kingdom Monera
bipinnate palmate  Kingdom Fungi
Parallel venation Reticulate venation  Kingdom Protoctista
(d) State 2 similarities between leaf A and C (d) Multicellular organisms only
 Both have serrated margins  Kingdom Plantae
 Both have network venation  Kingdom Animalia
 Both have pointed apex 4. Name the organism in Kingdom Protoctista which
(e) State 2 similarities between leaf A and B (a) Is heterotrophic- Protozoa
 Both are compound leaves (b) Have chlorophyl thus autotrophic- Algae
 Both have pointed apex 5. Name the thread lie filaments which form the branching
57. State 3 aspects of scientific names assigned to organisms system in multicellular Fungi- hyphae
6. Give an example of
(a) Multicellular fungi
 Rhizopus
 Mushroom
 Mould
 Penicillium
 Mucor
(b) Unicellular Fungi
 Yeast
7. Apart from bacteria name one other member of kingdom
Monera- blue green algae/bacteria
8. Give 3 examples of bacteria
 Vibrio cholerae
 Rhizobium 16. State 3 components of the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell
 Nitrobacter  Free ribosomes
 Azotobacter  Glycogen droplets
9. State 4 general characteristics of organisms in kingdom  Nuclear material
Monera 17. Name 3 classes of bacteria based on their cell shapes
 They are unicellular. Some are single cells while  Cocci(spherical)
others are colonial  Bacilli(rod shaped)
 They lack membrane bound cell organelles e.g.  Spiral forms
mitochondria, cell vacuoles and chloroplasts. 18. With diagrams and examples explain the 3 types of cocci
 Their nuclear material is not surrounded by a  Streptococci- these are cocci which exist together
nuclear membrane hence they are called as long filaments e.g. Streptococcus faecalis
prokaryotes.
 They have a cell wall made of proteins and sugars  Staphylococci- these are cocci which exist in
instead of cellulose. Note that this non-cellulose clusters e.g. Staphylococcus aureus
cell wall is enclosed in a capsule in some species
 Most of them are heterotrophic feeding
saprophytically or parasitically or symbiotically
such as rhizobium in roots of legumes i.e. depend
on already manufactured food materials.
 Others are autotrophic e.g. blue green  Diplococci- these are cocci which exist in pairs
bacteria/algae. e.g. Diplococcus pneumoniae which causes
 They are found in most habitats. pneumonia
 They appear in different shapes e.g. spherical, rod
shaped.
 They reproduce through binary fission.
 They are microscopic.
 Most of the are anaerobes but some respire
aerobically
 Most of the mobile using flagella or cilia as means
of movement 19. With diagrams and examples describe the following
10. State 2 components of the cell wall in bacteria types of bacteria
 Proteins (a) Bacilli
 Sugars  These are types of bacteria which are rod shaped
11. Organisms in Kingdom Monera lack membrane bound  Some are straight rods resembling cigarettes
organelles. Give 3 examples of these organelles while others have tapering ends
 Mitochondria  An examples is Bacillus anthracis which cause a
 Chloroplast disease called anthrax
 Cell vacuole
12. Name one autotrophic bacteria- Blue green algae
13. Name the method in which organisms in kingdom
Monera reproduce- Binary fission (b) Spiral forms
14. Name 2 structures used by bacteria for locomotion  Consists of a variety of cylindrical bacteria
 Cilium which are convoluted/folded to varying
 Flagellum degrees
15. Draw a well labelled diagram showing the general  They are further classified into vibrios which
structure of a bacterial cell resemble commas such as vibrio cholerae
 which causes cholera and spirilla which look  Some are used in the manufacture of enzymes e.g.
like spirals or corkscrews e.g. Treponema amylase and invertase and hormones e.g. insulin.
pallidum which is syphilis bacteria (genetic engineering)
 Some bacteria are used in the formation of
vinegar, acetic acid and lactic acid.
 Septic tanks/ modern sewage works make use of
some bacteria in treatment of sewage
 Some are used in the production of biogas.
 Nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria increase
20. Name 2 types of spiral forms of bacteria soil fertility by making nitrates available to plants.
 Vibrios (resemble commas)  Symbiotic bacteria in herbivores help the
 Spirilla (resemble spirals/corkscrews) digestion process by producing the cellulose
21. State 4 harmful effects of bacteria enzyme.
 Some bacteria are pathogenic i.e. causes some 28. Name 2 vitamins produced by use of bacteria
disease in plants and animals e.g. tuberculosis,  Vitamin B12
tetanus, diphtheria  Vitamin K
 Some bacteria causes food poisoning by 29. Name 2 enzymes and one hormone manufactured from
multiplying and releasing toxins in food e.g. bacteria
bacterium Clostridium botulinum causes botulism  Enzyme amylase
or food poisoning  Enzyme sucrase/invertase
 Some bacteria causes spoilage of stored foods  Hormone insulin
such as milk and meat hence economic losses 30. Explain 2 improtances of symbiotic bacteria
 Denitrifying bacteria reduce soil fertility by  Symbiotic bacteria in roots of legumes fix
converting nitrates to free nitrogen. atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia wich is then
22. List 3 human diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria used by these plants to form nitrogen containing
 Leprosy, tetanus, pneumonia, typhoid, diphtheria, substances such as proteins and nucleic acid
tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid  Symbiotic bacteria in herbivores(rumen of
23. State 3 examples of pathogenic bacteria ruminants and caecum & appendix of non-
 Bacillus anthracis ruminants) help in digestion of vegetation by
 Vibrio cholerae secreting enzyme cellulase which speeds up break
 Diplococcus pneumoniae down of cellulose to fatty acids
 Salmonella typhi(causes typhoid)  Some symbiotic bacteria living in alimentary
24. State 2 ways in which pathogenic bacteria causes canal manufacture vitamin K and B12 which is
diseases then absorbed by the host
 By multiplying and destroying tissues 31. Explain how bacteria increases soil fertility
 By releasing toxic substances that inhibit various  Nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria increase
processes in the body soil fertility by making nitrates available to plants.
25. Describe the cause of botulism 32. Explain how bacteria helps in recycling of carbon and
 It is caused by bacterium Clostridium botulinum nitrogen compounds as well as mineral elements in
which multiplies in food releasing toxic nature
substances which hence result in food  Saprophytic bacteria together with saprophytic
poisoning/botulism fungi which live in soil and water bring about
26. What name is given to decay of dead animals and plants
(a) Disease causing forms of bacteria- pathogenic  The organic materials in the dead bodies are
bacteria broken down to humus and thus release simple
(b) Diseases caused by toxins released by some inorganic compounds such as water, nitrates,
bacteria in food- food poisonings carbon dioxide, ammonia and mineral salts which
27. State 4 benefits/ economic importance of Monera are then absorbed by plants
 Some are used to manufacture of antibiotics used
to treat bacterial infections 33. Explain the essence of nitrifying bacteria present in the
 Some are used in production of vitamins B12 and soil
K. Nitrifying bacteria in soil convert ammonia from the
 Some are used in silage formation. breakdown of dead animal and plants proteins by
 Some bacteria are used in the manufacture of saprophytic organisms to nitrates which are then
yoghurt, butter and cheese through fermentation absorbed by plants and used in the manufacture of
of milk nitrogen containing compounds
 Some are used in curing of tea and tobacco. 34. Explain 3 ways in which bacteria helps in recycling
 Some are used in retting flax. nitrogen compounds in nature
  Nitrifying bacteria in soil convert ammonia from  Pseudopodia
the breakdown of dead animal and plants proteins 42. Name the locomotory structure used by each o fthe
by saprophytic organisms to nitrates which are following organisms
then absorbed by plants and used in the (a) Amoeba- pseudopodium
manufacture of nitrogen containing compounds (b) Paramecium- cilium
 Saprophytic bacteria together with saprophytic (c) Euglena- flagellum
fungi which live in soil and water bring about (d) Chlamydomonus- flagellum
decay of dead animals and plants. The organic 43. State 3 general characteristics of algae
materials in the dead bodies are broken down to  They are autotrophic
simple inorganic compounds such as ammonia  They lack differentiation into stems, roots and
 Symbiotic bacteria in roots of legumes fix leaves
atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia wich is then  Some are unicellular while others are
used by these plants to form nitrogen containing multicellular
substances such as proteins and nucleic acid  They have cellulose cell wall
35. Name one bacteria used in the manufacture of  They reproduce asexually through processes such
antibiotics- Streptomyces as binary fission, fragmentation and sporulation
36. Name 2 nitrifying bacteria or sexually under special conditions through
 Nitrobacter conjugation
 Azotobacter 44. State the functions of the following structures in a
37. Nae a member of kingdom Protoctista which has Chlamydomonas
cholorphyll- Algae (a) Cellulose cell wall
38. State 4 examples of organisms in kingdom Protoctista Protect inner delicate cell organelles from
 Chlamydomonas mechanical damage
 Euglena (b) Flagella
 Spirogyra Propels te organism in water thus locmotion
 Diatoms (c) Choloroplast
 Sea weeds Offers site for photosynthesis
 Amoeba (d) Pyrenoid
 Paramecium Offers site for starch synthesis and storage
 Vorticella (e) Eyespot
 Trypanosomes Helps the organism detect proper light intensity
*note that the first 5 are algae and the last 4 are for photosythesis
protozoa (f) Contractile vacuole
39. List 3 likely habitats of algae Osmoregulation
Salty water, fresh water, damp places on land such 45. Draw a well labelled diagram of Chlamydomonas
as moist soil, shades of trees and rocks
40. State 4 general charateristics of Kingdom Protoctista
 They are eukaryotes i.e. their nucleus is
surrounded by a nuclear membrane
 They are either unicellular or multicellular with
most being unicellular
 They reproduce asexually through processes such
as binary fission, fragmentation and sporulation
or sexually under special conditions through Cell wall
conjugation
 They are heterotrophic e.g. protozoa or
autotrophic e.g. algae. 46. Explain a condition under which an euglena will survive
 Most protozoa and unicellular algae are mobile in absence of light
moving by pseudopodia, cilia or flagella while In absence of light the chlorophyll is lost and the
multicellular algae are sessile/immobile. organism will only survive if there is soluble organic
 May or may not have cellulose cell wall materials which will then diffuse across the cell
 Some members have vacuoles e.g. amoeba has membrane
contractile vacuole while others do not 47. State one difference between an euglena and other
 They have membrane bound organelles such as unicellular algae
mitochondria Unlike other unicellular algae euglena has no cell
41. Name 3 locomotory structures used by some members of wall
Kingdom Protoctista 48. State the role of the following in an eugena
 Cilia (a) Flagella- enables the organism to swim in water
 Flagella throughlashing action
 (b) Eye spot- eables the organism detect the  Through photosyshtesis algae adds oxygen to the
optimum light intensity for photosynthesis aquatic environment
49. State 3 charaterisitcis that makes euglena to sometimes  Seaweeds are a source of agar used in culturing
be classified as a protozoa microorganisms in laboratories
 It is mobile  Fossil diatoms deposits are used as fine abrasives in
 It lacks a cell wall toothpaste, water filters and in insulators
 It is able to take in soluble food materials 56. State 4 general characteristics of protozoa
50. Name the method in which euglena reproduces  They are unicellular
It reproduces asexually through cell division  They are heterotrophic
51. Draw a well labelled diagram of an euglena  They are motile(are capable of moving)
 They reproduce asexually through binary fission
while a few reproduce sexually
 They are eukaryotic
57. State 3 ways in which protozoa move
 Through cilia
 Through pseudopodia(fase foot)
 Through flagellum
58. State 3 likely habitats for prozoa
In water, damp soil, bodies of other living organisms
59. In Amoeba the cytoplasm consists of a jellylike zone
cytoplasm called ectoplasm while the inner consists of a watery
like zone called endoplasm
52. Name the 2 methods in which spirogyra reproduces 60. Draw a well labelled diagram showing the the structure
 Asexually through cell division of an Amoeba
 Sexually
53. Draw a well labelled diagram showing the structure of a
spirogyra

61. Describe how an Amoeba locomotes

 An Amoeba locomotes by means on
pseudopodia
 The pseudopodia are formed by forward
streaming of the endoplasmform a
protuberance
 The endoplasm then convert to an ectopasm
54. Name the hardening substance in cell walls of diatoms which stiffens the pseudopodium
Silica  More cytoplasm flows into the
pseudopodiumand this results in the organis
acquiring a new position
 This kind of movement is called Amoeboid
movement and is also evident in other
organisms
62. Describe feeding in Amoeba
 When an Amoeba approaches food particles i.e.
other microorgansims such as protozoa and algae
several pseudopodia are formed whch the
completely ecloses the food particle forming a
food vacuole
55. State 4 economic importances of algae  The food vacuole pinches off from the cell
 Aquatic algae are a major source of food in the membrane and moves to the interior of the cell
ecosystem  Digestive enzymes are secretyed into the food
 Some seaweeds are a source of food to human beings vacuole
  The enzymes then digest the food materials and
the soluble products diffuse into thecytoplasm
 Undigestible materials are passed out of the cell
by a reversal of the ingestion process
63. Describe gaseous exchange and excretion in Amoeba
 Oxygen in a higher concentration in the
surrounding diffuses into the cytoplasm while
carbon (IV) Oxide diffuses into the surrounding
water
 Metabolic waste diffuses into the surrounding
water
64. Describe osmoregulation in Amoeba
 Because of hgh concentration of solutes in the
cytoplasm , water moves into the cell by osmosis
 Excess water is collected by the contractile 73. State the role of contractile stalk to a Vorticella
vacuole which wen full moves to the cell It attaches the organism to a water plants
membrane 74. State the role of cilia in a Vorticella
 It then merges with the cell membrane and bursts It sweeps food particles into the oral groove
releasing its contents to the outside 75. Draw a well labelled diagram showing a vorticella
 The vacuoe is formed once again and its starts
accumulating excess water
65. Describe how an Amoeba reproduces
 Amoeba reproduces asexually through binary
fission
 The nucleus first divides into two
 This is followed by the divison of the cytoplasm
forming two daughter cells
66. state what happens when Amoeba is exposed to light or
high salt concentration
it responds to the external stimuli by moving away
67. study the diagram below and answer the questions that
follow
(a) what is represented above
Binary fission
(b) Name an organism where the above occurs 76. State 4 pathogenic protozoa
Amoeba  Entamoeba hitolytica- causes amoebic dysentery in
68. State 2 roles of pseudopodia in Amoeba man
 Enables the organism to move  Trypanosoma species- causes sleeping sickness in
 Enables the organism to feed man and nagana in cattle
69. Name one parasitic species of Amoeba that causes  Plasmodium species- causes malaria in man
amoebic dysentery in man  Leishmania species- causes leishmaniasis in man
Entamoeba histolytica 77. Draw a well labelled diagram of a trypanosome
70. Name the hairlike processes that covers the outer surface
of a paramecium- cilia
71. State 2 roles of cilia to an paramecium
 Its beating enables the porganism to swim in
water
 Its beating sweeps food particles(tiny organisms)
into the oral groove thus aids in feeding of the
organism
72. Draw a well labelled diagram of a paramecium 78. State the role of a flagellum in a trypanosome
Enables the organism to swim e.g. in blood
79. State one economic benefits of protozoa
 Some symbiotic protozoa in rumen of ruminants
and gut of termites help to breakdown complex
organic matter to simpler forms
80. State one harmful effect of protozoa
 Pathogenic protozoa causes diseases in man and 87. Name the mould which is the source of antibiotic
other organisms e.g. plasmodium causes malaria in penicillin- penicillium
man 88. State the role of haustoria to parasitic fungi
81. Give examples of the following types of organisms in Haustoria penetrate into host cells and absorb
kingdom fungi nutrients
(a) Saprophytic fungi- yeast, breadmould, penicillin, 89. Name the structure in some fungi which spreads through
mushroom, toadstool, puff balls, bracket fungi the soil, dead wood, ore even inside roots of livig trees
(b) Parasitic fungi – ringworm, athletes foot, potato mycelium
blight, tomato blight, wheat rust 90. State the difference between sporulation in
82. What is the scientific name for ringworm mushroom;toadstool and that of a puffball
Micosporium corpolis In mushroom and toadstool spores are formed iin the
83. Give one example of a mould Rhizopus gill shaped structure on theunderside of the cap
84. State 4 general characteristics of moulds while in puffballs spores are formed in the club
 Most are multicellular while some like yeast are shaped structure at the top
unicellular 91. A student touched a puffball and a few days later a new
 Their body structure consists of several units called mycelium germinated.Explain
hyphae(singular-hypha) When the student touched the puffball spores were
 They are eukaryotic realeased and they landed on a suitable medium
 They neither have chloroplast nor chlorophyll thus where they then germinated to form a new mycelium
are heterotrophic e.g. saprophytic or parasitic 92. State 3 conditions underwhich spores of puffballs My be
 Most of them have cell walls containing lignin but released- when touched; when the puffball splits; when
some have cell walls containing cellulose the puffball decomposes
 They have food particles within the cytoplasm; 93. Explain how a bracket fungi may eventually kill a tree
starch being stored in form of glycogen and lipids The bracket fungi seen on barks of trees are fruiting
n form of oil droplets bodies of parasitic fungi which invade trees. The rest
 They reproduce either sexually through fusion or of the fungus consists of an extensive branching
asexually through budding and sporulation mycelium inside the tree. Some of the hyphae
Note that moulds grow on ; stale bread and develop into haustoria which penetrate the cells of
other starchy foods as well as on overripe fruits the tree where they then absorb nutirents which may
eventully kill the tree
94. State 3 components of the cytoplasm of a yeast cell
85. Complete the paragraph below by filling in the right Nucleus, vacuole, glycogen granules
word in the spaces left 95. Name the form in which a yeast cell stores food-
 Bodies of fungi are made up of a branching system glycogen
of filaments/basic units called hyphae in plural and 96. draw a well labelled diagram of a yeast cell
hypha in singular. The hypha consist of a cell wall
consisting of a proteinaceous substance called
chitin. In some the cell wall consists of a
carbohydrate called cellulose. The cell wall encloses
the cytoplasm consisting of several nuclei.
Collectively hyphae make up a vegetative structure
called mycelium and mycelia in plural.
 In moulds the cytoplasm fills the tip of the growing
hyphae but in older regions there may be a central
vacuole. The hyphae that lie on the surface are
called stolons while those that anchor the mycelium
to the substrate are called rhizoids. Some hyphae
grow vertically and form reproductive structures
called sporangia(singular- sporangium). In both
patasitic and saprophytic moulds the tips of the
rhizoids produce enzymes which digests the organic 97. Name the fungi mainly found in environments with a
materials in food substrate into soluble substances high sugar content such as nectary of flowers and on
which are then absorbed into the cytoplasm surface of fruits. Explain yeast this is because most
 Parasitic fungi often develop special hyphae called yeast ferment sugar to alcohol in order to obtain
haustoria energy
86. Give 2 examples of moulds that grow on bread and 98. Describe how yeast reproduces
overripe fruits  Yeast reproduces asexually though budding
 Rhizopus  Some of the cytoplasm bulges out forming a bud
 Mucor which enarges until it is almost equal to the mother
cell
  Nuclear division occurs and a crosswall is formed
between the two cells which then separate
 When budding takes place rapidly individual cells
may not separate resulting into many small cells
attached to each other
99. Study the diagram below of a process that occurs in a
particular fungi and answer the questions that follow

(a) Namethe kingdom to which the above organism

belong- kingdom Fungi
(b) Name the organism above
Blck bread mould/rhizopus
(c) Name the parts labelled with letters
i. A- sporangium
(a) What does the diagram above represent ii. B- sporangiosphore(vertical hypha)
Budding in yeast iii. C- stolon(horizontal hypha)
(b) State the difference between A and B iv. D- raptured sporangium
A is normal budding while B is rapid budding v. E- spores
100. State 2 similarities between fungi and plants vi. F- Young sporangium
 Both have cellwalls vii. G- rhizoids
 Both have vacuoles and granules that can store food 106. A student left a piece of bread on an open place
101. State 4 general characterisitics of moulds accidentally. 3 days later he observed some black
 They consist of long filamentous structures called substance developing. Explain how the black substance
hyphae and the whole structure is called mycelium. was formed.
 The hyphae are enclosed by a cell wall made of Spores of bread mould deposited on the damp bread
chitin/fungal cellulose. which germinated into hyphae. When mature the
 Hyphae that lie on the surface are called stolons. hyphae grew into sporangiosphores. Sporangia
 Hyphae that support the mycelium to the surface of developed on the tip of the sporangiosphores. Spores
the substrate are called rhizoids (parasitic fungi have formed in the sporangia which turned black as they
haustoria). matured and dried up.
 Hyphae that grow vertically are called
sporangiosphores and form reproductive structures
called sporangia (singular-sporangium) that
bear/carry spores.
102. Complete the paragraph below with the appropriate
word
 Moulds consists of long filamentous structures called
hyphae and the whole structure is called
mycelium.The hyphae are enclosed by a cell wall
made of chitin/fungal cellulose.Hyphae that lie on
the surface are called stolons. Hyphae that support
the mycelium to the surface of the substrate are called
rhizoids. Hyphae that grow vertically are called
sporangiosphores and form reproductive structures
called sporangia (singular-sporangium) that
bear/carry spores.parasitic fungi havespecial hyphae
called haustoria
103. State 3 functions of rhizoids in fungi
 Provide support/anchorage to the mycelium
 Absorb soluble substances
 Produce enzymes which digest organic materials in 107. Name the specialized hyphae used to absorb food in
the substrate (a) Parasitic fungi- haustoria
104. State the main difference between rhizoids and roots (b) Saprophytic fungi- rhizoids
of plants 108. State 2 forms in which fungi store food
Rhizoids do not have vascular bundles Gylocogen; oil dropets
105. Study the diagram below and answer the questions 109. State 3 ways in which fungi reproduce
that follow  Asexually through sporulation as in musrooms and
moulds
  Asexually through budding as in yeast 113. State 4 genera characteritics of kingdom Plantase
 Sexually through fusion of hyphal branches  .They are multicellular organisms
 They have eukaryotic cells.
 Most of them are differentiated into leaves, stems
and
 roots/root-like structures.
 They are autotrophic/contain chlorophyll.
 Their cells have cellulose cell walls that give them a
 definite shape.
 They reproduce sexually and asexually.
 They show alternation of generations
114. With exmaples of organisms name and describe 3
divisions in Kingdom plantae
 Division Bryophyta- It consists of smallest form of
plants which are tiny and green in colour. They grow
on damp surfaces of walls and on back of trees.E.g.
mosses (singular moss) and liverworts
 Division Pteridophyta- composed of ferns
 Division Spermatophyta- composed of seed producing
plants

110. State 4 economical benefits of fungi

 Sparophuyticfungi suchas mushrooms, moulds and
toadstools breakdown dead organic matter into
humus improving soil fertity and recycling nutrients
 Fugi such as penicilliumare used in the production
of antibiotics such as penicillin
 Symbiotic fugi such as mycorrhiza help in
absorption of mineral salts such as calcium and
phspahte ions from the soil which benefit the trees
on whose roots they grow. Moreover the fungi
benefits from products of photosynthesis
 Fermentation of sugar by yeast is used in
manufacture of alcoholic drinks and in break
baking
 Fungi such as mushrooms are edible by man
 Yeast is a source of vitamin B
 Some are used in production of organic acids
111. State 4 effects of harmful fungi 115. State 4 general characteritics of organisms in
 Causes diseases in and animals such as tomato & Division Bryophyta
potato blights, smuts in maize and ringworm in man  They are thin and green in colour.
 Causes foodspoilage e.g. maize smuts , potato &  They are autotrophic/contain chlorophyll.
tomato blights, bread and fruit spoilage  They lack vascular bundles.
 Causes food poisoning e.g Aspergillus flavus which  They are thaloid i.e have undifferented body as
grows on moist grains produce a toxic subrstance in liverworts or differentiated into simple leaf-
known as aflatoxin which causes aflatoxicosis; like, stemlike and root-like structures
poisonous mushrooms also produce highly potent (rhizoids).
poisons which kills human beings  They are terrestrial growing on damp places.
 Some e.g. mildew can ruin clothing, books and other  They show alternation of generation.
materials
112. Name one symbiotic fungi- mycorrhiza
  They reproduce sexually and asexually.  Make sure the low power objective lens click into
note that they have no true roots, stems or position before and after use
leaves but have structures resembling them (d) State 2 precautions to observe in order to care for
116. State 2 functions of rhizoids in organism of Division the lenses of the apparatus above
Bryophyta  Do not touch the lens with yourfingers to avid
 Anchors the plant making them dirty or wet
 Absorbs water and mineral salts for the plants  Dirtylenses should be cleaned using a special
117. State one way in which Rhizoids differ from true lens tissue or tissue paper moistened with ethal
roots to avoid scratching
Rhizoids lack vascular bundle while true roots have a 3. What is the formula for calculating magnification
vasculaer bundle using a light microscope\
TOPIC 3 Magnification= Eye piece lens magnification x
1. Define a cell objective lens magnification
It refers to the smallest basic and functional unit of 4. State 3 advantages of a light microscope over an
an organism electron one
2. Study the diagram below of a light microscope  A light microscope can be used to view both a
(a) Name and state the functions of the parts labelled live or dead specimen while an electron one s
with letters only used to view dead specimen
 A- eye piece lens/ocular lens- it has lenses that  Electron microscope produces only white and
contribute to the magnification of the specimen black imaes while a light microscope produces
 B- body tube/burrel- it holds the ocular lens and coloured images
the revolving nose piece  In a light microscope the image can be viewed
 C- Revoving nose pice/ turret- enables one to directly while in an electron microscope the a
change from one objective lens to another screen is required to view the imafe
 D- objective lens- brings the image of the 5. Define the term resolving power of a
specimen to focus and magnifies it microscope/resoution
 E- clip- it holdsthe prepared glass slide in position It refers to the ability of a microscope to
on the stage distinguish between two close objects as separate
 F- stage- is a platform where the slide containing entities
the specimen is placed 6. State 5 differences between a light microscope and
 G- condenser- concentrateslight on thespecimen an electron microscope
on the stage
 H- diaphragm- used to regulate the amont of Light microscope Electron microscope
lightgoing throughthe condenser Uses light for illumination Uses beam of electrons for
 I- Mirror- it collectslight from the source and illumination
reflects it on the stage for specimen illumination Uses glass lenses for Uses electromagnetic lenses
 J- hinge screw- used to incline the microscope magnification for illumination
into a required shape Low resolving power High resolving power
 K- Arm/limb- supports the stage and the body tube Low magnifying power High magnifying power
 L- Base- provdes firm and steady support Specimen under view can Specimen under view is
 M- Fine adjustment knob- raises and lowers the be dead or alive dead
body tube over short distaces bringing the image Specimen are stained using Specimen are stained using
into a sharp focus normal dyes complex stains
 N- coarse adjustmentnob- raises and lowers the Specimen is mounted on a Specimen is mounted in the
body tube over long distaces bringing the image slide and placed o the stage grid and placed in a
into a rough focus in the open vacuum
(b) Give 2 reasons why the apparatus above should be 7. Name the building block of organisms- cells
handled with care 8. Name the living substance in cells in which other
 It is expensive organelles are suspended- cytoplasm
 It is delicate 9. State 3 principles of the cell theory
(c) State 4 precautions to observe when using the  The smallest unit of a living organism is the cell
apparatus above  All living thigs are made up of one or more cells
 Always use both hands when carrying the  All cells arise from pre exisitng cells by cell
apparatus above. One hand holding the base and division
the other holding the arm 10. Explain why it is possible to see finer details using a
 Do not place the apparatus at the edges of light microscope other than a hand lens
becnhes This is because a light microscope has higher
 Do not wet any part of the microscope to avoid resolving power
rusting of the metallic parts 11. Define the term field of view
 It refers to the white patch of light observed under  Carries other cell organelles and inclusions
the eye piece lens when light is concentrated on the (d) Nucleus
stage of a light microscope  It controls cell activities such as protein
12. Explain why it is not advised to use the high power synthesis
objective lens together with the coarse adjustment  The nucleolus synthesise ribosomes
knob  Nucleolus synthesis RNA
This is because the coarse adjustment knob may  Carries genetic information in form of DNA
ram the objective lens agsinst the prepared glass (e) Endoplasmic reticulum
slide as it moves the body tube over long distances  Transport substances such as lipids and
thus may cause damage to ther lense or even crush proteins within the cell
the slide (f) Rough ER
13. Where is the image projected onto when using an  Transports proteins
electron microscope  Offers site for the attaschment of ribosomes
Photographic film/fluorescent screen (g) Smooth ER
14. Explain why an electron microscope has a high  Sysnthesis lipids
resolving power than a light microscope  Transports lipids within the cell
An electron microscope uses beam of electrons  Performs detoxification i.e. breakdown of
which have a shorter wavelength compared to the foreign substances such as drugs
light used by alight microscope  Synthesis steroids
15. Explain why when using an electron microscope the (h) Golgi apparatus
specimen under view must be dead  Secretion of substances such as proteins,
This is because the specimen is placed in a vacuum hormones and enzymes
16. Explain why the specimen under view is placed in a  Manufacture of glycoproteins through the
vacuum when using an electron microscope moidification of carbohydrates and proteins
To prevent the electrons from scattering  Packaging and transport of cell secretions
17. Explain why a light microscope produces clear  transport of substances out of the cell thus is
images limited to a magnification of 1000times found close to the cell membrane
This is because above this magnification the  synthesis of lysosomes
images loses clarity  facilitates processing of cisternae
18. List the cell organelles observable when using a (i) mitochondria
light microscope  Offers site for aerobic respiration
Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, sap (j) Lysosomes
vacuole, tonoplast, choloroplast  Supply enzymes that destroys worn out cell
19. Name the sutablestain to be used when one wants to organelles
observe starch grains in a cell- iodine solution  Kills bacteria in white blood cells
20. Explain why the resolving power of a light  Digest food materials in vacuoles (intracellular
microscope cannot be increase by increasing the digestion)
number of lenses at very high magnifications the (k) Centrioles(rod shaped and found close to the nucleus)
image produced losses its clarity  Forms spindle fibres that facilitates cell
21. Draw well labelled diagrams of the following cells division by pulling chromosmes apart
when observed under a light microscope  Forms cilia and flagella in organisms where
(a) Animal cell these structures occur
(b) Plant cell (l) Chloroplasts
22. What are cell organelles  Traps light used in photosynthesis
It refers to structures found within the cell  Stores pigment in plants(chlorophyll)
Below are diagrams of plants and animal cells as (m) Vacuoles
seen under an electron microscope i. Sap vacuole
23. State the functions of the following cell organelles  Storage of cell sap for osmotic function
(a) Cell wall  They create a turgor pressure contributing to
 Gives the cell its definite shape support especially in herbaceous plants
 Protects thecell againset mechanical damage  Storage of food substances such as sugars and
 Allow entry and exit of substances in and out mieral salts
of the cell  They store pigments that give various parts of the
(b) Cell membrane plant their color e.g. petals
 Selectively alow movement of substances in  They may accumulate waste products and by
and out of the cell products of metabolism thus providing a means of
 Encloses the cell contents excretion
(c) Cytoplasm ii. Contractile vacuole
 Offers site for chemical reactions  Osmoregulation
  excretion 35. Name the diffuse tangle of threads found in the
iii. Food vacuole nuclear sap of the nucleus- chromatin
 Storage of food 36. Name 2 components of the chromatin
 Digestion of food  Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
(n) Ribosomes  Some proteins
 Synthesis of proteins 37. State 2 functions of the nucleolus
(o) Pinocytic vesicle  Synthesis ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 Enables the cell to pbtain solid substances  Synthesis ribosomes
from the soroouding 38. State the main difference between the inner
24. Name the 2 type of vacuoles in unicellular memebrane of a mitochondrion and that of the outer
organisms The outer membrane is smooth while the inner
 Contractile vacuole membrane has infoldings called cristae(singuar-
 Food vacuole crista)
25. Explain why cell membrane is also referred to as 39. In relation to mitochondria state 2 differences
bilayer between active cells such as muscle cells;
It consists of two protein layers sandwiched spermatozoa and ess active cells such as fat cells
between two lipid layers  Active cells have more mitochondria whle less
26. Describe the structure of the cell membrane active cells have less mitochondria
 It consists of two protein molecules sandwiched  Mitochondria of active cells have more cristae
between two lipid layers while the mitochondria of less active cells have
 The lipids occur in two layers with ttheir less cristae
molecules fcing away from each other 40. State one adaptation of lysosomes(note that
 Some protein molecues occur in the inner and lysosomes are dark and spherical)
outer surfaces while others transverse the  They have hydrolytic enzymes which destroy
membtane lining forming pores through which worn out cell organelles and old cells
substacnes pass 41. Name the cell organelle which breaksdown large
Note that the membranes of other organelles molecules such as proteins, carbhydrates ad lipids
such as mitochondria and the smooth ER share into simpler compounds- lysosome
the xtic structure typical of the cell membrane 42. Exlain how lysosomes destroy old or damaged cells
27. Name the chemical compound which makes up the When a cell is old or damaged the membrane of
cell wall of plant cells- cellulose lysosomes rapture releasing ezymes which then
28. Name the chemical compound which enables cell proceed todigest the contents of the cell
walls to serve a supportive function in some trees 43. Describe how a lysosome detroys a damaged
Lignin mitochondrion
29. Study the diagram below of a plant cell and its A membrane forms around the mitochondrion
adjacent cells and answer the questions that follow enclosing it in a vacuole
(a) Name part X and state its function The lysosome fuses with the membrane and
 Plasmodesmata(minute channels which discharges digestive enzymes into the vacuole
transverse the adjacent walls of cells) The enzymes then digest the mitochodron reeasing
 They allow direct flow of substances between ts buildingblocks into the cytoplasm
neighboring cells Below are steps of how a lysosome destroys a worn
30. Name the continuous motion exhibited by the out cel organelle
cytoplasm- cytoplasmic streaming 44. Name the membrane that encloses a vacuole
31. Differentiate between eukaryotes and prokaryotes Tonoplast
Prokaryotes are organisms whose nucleus or 45. Explain how a large central vacuole in a plant cell is
nuclei are not enclosed in a membrane while formedwhen the plat is young the cells have smell
eukaryotes are organisms whose nucleus or nuclei vacuoles which as the plant matures they merge to
are enclosed in a membrane form the large central vacuole
32. Name 3 components of the nucleus 46. State 3 componets of cell sap in vecuoles of plants
 Nucleolus Sugar, salts, waste products
 Chromosomes 47. State 3 functions of sap vacuole in plants
 Nucleoplasm  Enables the plant cell to maintain optimum
33. State 4 cell activities controlled by the nucleus osmtic pressure
Respiration, protein synthesis, cell division, RNA  It maintains the shape of the plant cell
synthesis, DNA replication  It contributes to support of the plant
34. State the role of nuclear pores in eukaryotes 48. Briefly describe the appearance of Golgi apparatus
Are channels of communication between the They appear as stacks of flattened vesicles
nucleus and the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane with spherical
Note the plural of nucleolus is nucleoli
 vesicles at their ends which are pinched off from to processof applying dyes on the specimen for
the flattened vesicles clear observations
49. State the role of the spherical vesicles found at the 58. Distinguish between magnification and resolution of
end of Golgi apparatus a microscope
Facilitates exocytosis by transporting packaged Magnification of a microscope refers to the ability
substances to the cell membrane fusing with it then of a microscope to enlarge tiny objects while
discharging its contents resolution refers to the ability of a microscope to
Transports packaged substances such as proteins distinguish between two close objects as separate
and lipids within the cell entities
50. Name the most abundant cell organelle found in 59. Explain the essence of the following during
glandular organs such as liver. Explain your answer microscopy
Golgi apparatus. They are involved in the (a) Staining
processing and release of secretions To enhance visibility of the cell organelles as the living
51. With examples define the term secretion cells are almost colorless and translucent
It refers to a substance made in a specific tissue or (b) Using a sharp razor blade
organ and taken to other tissues where it to allow making of thin sections
performfixations a specific function e.g.digestive to prevent distortion of the cell structure
enzymes manufactured in various glands such as (c) Cutting thin sections
salivary glands which are then released to the To allow light to pass through
alimentary canal to digest food (d) Moistening of the prepared section
52. Study the diagram below and state what it To prevent drying which would distort the cells
reperesents Achieved by dipping the cut section in water
It shows the processs of formation of Golgi (e) Mounting
apparatus and the release of secretions by To make it convenient and allow light to pass through
spherical vesciles through exocytosis (f) Fixation
53. Name 3 cells in plants that contain chloroplast Usually involves pasing the slide with the preparation
Palisade cells, spongy mesophyll cells, guard cells slowly under a mild flame
54. Describe the appearance of endoplasmic reticulum To kill the living tissue ad make the preparation
A system of parallel- flattened cavities and tubes permanent
which are lined by a unit membrane 60. Explain why it is easier to make microscopic
55. State 2 structural differences between the smooth ER specimen of plants than of animals
and the rough ER This is because animal tissues are usually more
 Smooth ER has no ribosomes on its surface delicate than those of plants
while the rough ER has ribosomes on its 61. Differentiate between longitudinal sections and
surface transverse sections
 Smooth ER is more tubular than the rough ER Longitudinal sections are those cut along the
56. State 5 differences between a plant cell and an length of a organisms structure while transverse
animal cell sections are those cut across the structure of an
organism
Plant cell Animal cell 62. List 4 common dys used tostain specimens before
Has cell wall Lacks a cell wall viewing together with their colors
Usually large Ofte smaller  Iodine solution- brown
Regular in shape Irregular in shape  Methylene blue- blue
Has no centrioles Has centrioles  Eosin- red/pinkish
Some have cholorplasts Lacks choloroplast  Fast green/ green
Stores starch oil and proteins Stores glycogen and  Haematoxylene- purple/deep blue
fats 63. Explain the difference between the 2 types of
Has a large central vacuole Has no vacuole but mounts that can be used when preparing slides
when present is small Wet mounts are the most commonly used in school
and foundwithin the laboratories were the specimen is placed on a slide
cytoplasm over a drop of water or any other liquid while fixed
Cytoplasm and nucleus are Cytoplasm and mounts are those made to make the specimen
located towards the prerphery nucleus occupy the hard/stiff for sectioning and to maintain the
central position structure of the specimen by use of chemical
57. Distinguish between mouting and staining in fixatives such as 70%ethanol
microscopy 64. State 2 roles of fixation
Mounting refers to the placing of a prepared slide  Makes the specimen stiff/hard
on ther stage of a microscope while staining refers  It helps maintain the structure of the specimen
65. Explain the reason why plants specimen are usually
placed over a drop of water when preparing slides
The water ensures that the cells remain turgid
hence maintining their shape
66. Explain why fixation is mainly done on animal
specimen and not plants
One of the roles of fixation is to make the speiamn
stiff. Plant materials are already naturally stiff
67. Give 3 examples of fixatives used in the school
laboratory
 70% ethanol (b) Root hair cell
 99% ethanol and 1% glacial  It has an extension called root hair which provides
 Ethanoic acid a large surface area for abrosption of water and
68. State 4 roles of a cover slip in microscopy mineral salts
 It holds the specimen in position and forms  It has a large sap vacuole to riase its osmotic
an even surface pressure allowing absorption of water through
 It prevents the micrscopes objective les osmosis
from coming into contact with the  Are thin walled to reduce the distance of movement
specimen of water and mieral sats during absorption
Note that 1 millimeter is equal to 1000  Has a thin flexible cell wall to facilitate penetration
micrometers trough the soil particles
I micrometer is equal to 1000 nanometer  Has a cell sap with dissolved sugars and salts to
69. Define the term cell specialization facilitate osmotic uptake of water from the soil
It refers to the structural modification of newly  Thin cell wall to allow it to penetrate through the
formed cell in an organism in order to perform soil particles
specific functions
70. With examples define the following terms
(a) Cell- it refers to the basic structural and
functional unit of an organism e.g palisade
cell, red blood cell, nerve cell
(b) Tissue- it refers to a group of cells modified to
perform the same function e.g. epithelial,
muscular, nevous and bone tissues in animals;
phloem, xylem, palisade mesophyll and
epidermal tissues in plants
(c) Organ- it refers to a group of tissues (c) Palisade cell
performing one or more functions e.g. kidney,  Have numerous chloroplast that contain
liver and heart in animals; leaves, stem, roots chlorophyll to trap light for photosynthesis
in plants  Are tightly packed to trap maximum light for
(d) Organ system- it refers to several organs photosynthesis
cordinated to bring about an effective action in
an organism e.g. circulatory, digestive,
respiratory and reproductive systems
(e) Organism- it refers to a collection of organ
systems
71. Discuss the adaptations of the following specialized
cells
(a) Guard cell
 They have thick inner walls and thin outer walls
to allow differential expansion hence opening
the stomata
 They have choloroplast which enale them to
photosynthesise
(d) Nerve cell
 They are bean shaped and are two to create an
 Have extensions called axons and dendrites that
aperture hence stoma
transmits nervous impulses
  It has numerous mitochondria to yield energy
for movement

(e) Sperm cell (i) Epidermal cells

 It has a long tail-like extension for propulsion to  They are transparent to allow light to reach the
reach the egg photosynthetic cells
 It has an acrosome that contain lytic enzymes  Some lie guard cells have chloroplast for
which digests the membrane of the ovum allowing photosynthesis
the head to penetrate into the egg 72. Name 2 type of cells found in the epidermal tissue in
 It has numerous mitochondria which yields plants
energy for propulsion Epidermal cells, guard cells, root hair cells(in
 It has a nucleus which carries the genetic roots)
material of the parent 73. State the role of the epidermal tissue in plants
Protect inner delicate tissues
74. Name the tissue in animals equivalent to epidermal
tissue in plants- epithelial tissue
75. Epidermal cells in stems and leaves of plants are
covered by a layer of wax. Name this layer and state
its function- cuticle; it prevents excessive loss of
(f) Red blood cell water through evaporation
 Are bicon cave in shape to provide a large 76. Name 2 type of cells found in the photosynthetic
surface area for packing of haemoglobin tissue of plants
 They lack a nucleus when mature to provide Palisade cells, spongy mesophyll cells
more room for packaging of haemoglobin 77. Name 2 locations of the nervous tissue in man
 They contain haemoglobin which has a higher Brain, spinal cord, nerves
affinity for oxygen enabling them to transport 78. State 2 funtions of dendritesin a nerve cell
oxygen  Connects the nervecell to oter nerve cells
 Are pliable to be able to squeeze between blood  It facilitatyes transmission of nerveous impulses
capillaries 79. Define a muscle
It refers to a contractile tissue responsible for
various kinds of movements in animals
80. Explain the 3 different types of muscles in
vertebrates
 Skeletal muscles- these muscles are attached to
bones and are responsible for locomotion and
other voluntary movements. They are made up of
cylindrical cells
(g) White blood cell
 Have a large prominent nucleus which enables
them to control cellular activities
 They exhibit amoeboid movement which enable
them to reach pathogens

 Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the

digestive tract, repiratory trac,vurinary tract,
reproductive tract and the blod vessels. They are
made up of long, spindle-shaped cells with a
single nucleus. Their contraction helpsin
movement of materials along these tubular
structures
(h) Muscle cell
 It has contractile fibrils which contract and
relax bringing about movement
  Cardiac muscles are the oes found in the walls of
the heart. Their continuous contration and
relaxation without fatigue helps to pump blood
from the heart throughout the persons life. Their
cells have single nucleus and are joined end to
end forming long cylindrical muscle fibres (d) Epidermal tissue
 Protects inner delicate tissues from mechanical
damage
 It prevents excessive loss of water through
evaporation
 Protects inner tissues from infections
(e) parenchyma tissue
 offers storage site for food in most plants
81. State the roles of the following types of muscles  forms packing tissue in some plants filling
(a) Skeletal muscle spaces between other tissues
are responsible for locomotion and other  is party responsible for maintaining the shape
voluntary movements. of a plant
(b) Smooth muscle  partly responsible for maintaining the firmness
Their contraction helps in movement of in some plants
materials along tubular structures such as the
digestive tract
(c) Cardiac muscle
Their continuous contration and relaxation
without fatigue helps to pump blood from the
heart throughout the persons life
82. Explain the role of the following type of tissues in
an organism
(a) Epithelial tissue
 Is a thin continuous layer of cells that forms the
external covering of the body of an organism and (f) vascular bundle
various organs in the body  phloem trnaslocates photosynthetic products
 It lines and protect internal surfaces of various  xylem translocates water and mineral slats
tubular structures in the body of an organisms  xylem serves a supportive function
e.g. alimentary, respiratory, reproductive and
urinary tracts
(b) Blood tissue
 Transports oxygen from the lungs to other body
tissues
 Transports carbon IV oxide and waste materials
to various excretory organs
 Fight diseases causing germs
(c) Connective tissue (g) meristematic tissue
 Connects other tissues and organs holding  apical meristem brings about primary
them in position growth/increase in height/growth at the tips of
 It fills spaces between organs roots and shoots
 lateral meristem is responsible for secondary
growth/growth of the girth

(h) skeletal tissue

 supportsthe animal off the ground
 enables an animal to move
 protects vital organs such as heart, brain and
lungs
(i) reproductive tissue
 responsible for the production of gametes, the 96. Name 2 parts in a plant where meristematic tissues
sperms and ova are found
83. state 3 different types of epithelial tissues Cambium of stems and roots, the tip of stems and
columnar, cuboidal, squamous roots
84. Differentiate between simple epithelium and 97. Define the term phagocytosis
stratified epithelium It refers to the process of ingesting and digesting a
Simple epithelium consists ofone layer of cells pathogen
while stratified epithelium consists of two 98. Name 3 cell organelles present in plant cells but
ormorelayers of cells absent in animal cells
85. Explain the following types of epithelial tissues in Chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole
animals 99. A researcher was examining cells of an unidentified
(a) Epidermis animal organ under an electron microscope and
It refers to the epithelial liing of the skin which found most cells rich in RER and Golgi bodies. State
covers the whole body and protects it from the function of the organ . explain
mechanical damage, entry of pathogens anf loss of Secretion of substances; Golgi apparatus produce
moisture. It is made up of stratified epithelium secretions such as enzymes while RER transports
(b) Endodermis them
It is the epithelium that lines the internal surface 100. Name the cell organelle that stores enzymes
of blood and lymph vessels. It is made up of simple Lysosomes; Golgi apparatus
epithelium 101. The diagram below is a structure found in
(c) Mucous membrane(mucosa) living organisms
It lines the internal surface of the alimentary, (a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C
respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts. It is A- Protein layer; B- phosphate group; C- lipid
made up of simple epithelium bilayer
86. Name 2 parts of the human body where microvilli 102. In many microscopic preparations of animal
are found and state their role tissues it is difficult to make out cell boundaries and
Small intestine, kindney tubules yet the disposition and umer of cells can usually be
Icreases the surface area for absorption determined, which cell structures make this possible
87. Name 2 parts of the human body where cilia is Nucleus
located 103. Name the only cell organelle without a
Respiratory epithelium(it propels mucus and dust memebrane- ribosomes
particles along it) 104. All cell organelles appear to be membranous
88. State 2 adaptations of the connective tissue in nature (except ribosomes). What could the
 Has strong fibres which enables it to connect significance of this common feature be?
other tissues and organs Membranes tend to provide large surface area for
 It has a matrix/ground substance in which reactions in the organelles
varous types of cells and connective fibres are 105. State 2 factors that determine the choice of
embedded microscope during biological investigations
89. Name the ground substance in a connective tissue  Size of the object to be viewed
Matrix  Degree of details required
90. Name 2 cells in the human body that lcak a nucleus  Nature of the specimen
when mature 106. Name the cell organelle that would be
Red blood cell, platelet abundant in goblet cells. Explain
91. Name the type of connective tissue in man that Golgi apparatus. Goblet cells are involved in the
forms a rigid framework called skeleton secretion of substances and olgi apparatus are
Skeleton tissue incolved in secretion of substances
92. Name 2 kinds of skeletal tissue in animals 107. State 2 functions of nuclear membrane in
Bone, cartilage eukaryotes
93. State one adaption of the bone as a skeleton tissue in  Allow for communication between the nucleus
animals and the cytoplasm
It has calcium salts which makes it very hard  Encloses the contents of the nucleus
94. Name the mineral elemnt responsible for the 108. State the structural modification of an
hardness of a bone- calcium Euglena cell
95. State 2 adaptations of the parenchyma tissue  Flagella for locomotion
 Has cells with large sap vacuole for storage of  Eyespot for photosensitivity
food 109. What might cells of the liver and glands
 Has thin walled cells to offer more room for have in common
packaging of food They are all secretory
 110. Whatwould happen if an organism lost
control of its lysosomes
All its tissues would be destroyed due to excessive
production of lysosomes which would lead to self
lysis
111. If we could control lysosome activiy at
different tissues how could this help in the treatment
of cancer
This could be used in destruction of tumors
112. Give a reason for each of the following
(a) A microscope should never be put too closeto the
edge of the working bench during practicals
It could easily topple over and fall leading to 116. State 2 roles of ribosomes on the RER
damages and breakages  Synthesis proteins
(b) The microscope mirrors and lenses should never  Release proteins into the RER
be touched with the fingers 117. Explain how sap vacuole of plants
 to aoid any scratches on the lenses contribute to support in herbaceous plants
 to avoid any dirt on te enses whch would lead They vacuoles tend to absorb water by osmosis and
to blurred imges therefore swells, pushing the cytoplasm against the
(c) The microscope should never get wet at all costs cell wall. This makes plant cells turgid hence
To prevent metllic parts from rusting support
(d) When using the high power objective lens, only 118. Give 2 reasons why the cell above is
the fine adjustment knob should be used for palisade cell
focusing  Has tightly packed abundant chloroplast
So that the objective lens can move the slightest  It is cylindrical in shape
distance preventing any chances of contact and 119. the diagram below represents a cell
hence breakages of the slide and objective lens organelle
(e) Focusing should never be done downwards with
the eye on the ocular lense
To avoid any chances of the objective lens
making contact with the glass slide as this would
lead to damage of both the lns and the slide
113. A microscope had the following
specificstions
Low power magnification= x100
High power magnification=x500 (a) name the cell organelle above
Under low power the fied of view is 1500 microns. Golgi apparatus(not Golgi bodies)
calcuate the field of vie under high power of the (b) give 2 reasons for your answer in (a) above
microscope  has flattened stacks of membrane bound
cisternae
 has spherical vesciles at its ends
(c) name parts A, B, C
 A-Golgi body
 B- Golgi vesicle
 C- Golgi complex
Whch combination above would give a wider field of view. 120. Name the part of a plant cell that performs
Explain x100 ; the lower the magnification the greater the the following
field of view (a) Synthesize glucose- chloroplast
(b) Secrete enzymes- Golgi body
114. What name is given to a photograph taken 121. Give 3 examples of semi permeable
by an electron microscope memebranes in cells
Electron micrograph Nuclear membrane, tonoplast, cell membrane
115. State 2 differences between the following 122. State the role played by the folliwng in
(a) Mitochondrion and chroloplast protein synthesis
(b) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough (a) Nucleus- releases ribosomal RNA used by the
endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes to synthesise proteins
(c) Ribosomes and lysosomes (b) Ribosomes
Offers site for proteins synthesis
 123. State 3 adaptations of the mitochondrion to 6. Study the diagram below of a cell membrane and
its functions answer the questions that follow
 The inner membrane is greatly folded to form
cristae which offers a large surface area for
respiration
 Have organic matrix that provides a suitable
medium for respiratory reactions
 Bound by 2 membranes to protect the inner (a) Name parts labelled A, B, C
delicate parts from external mechanical damage A- Phospholipid molecule
and to maintain the shape of the cell B- Bilipid layer
 Has respiratory enzymes in the matrix to catalyze C- Pore
respiratory reactions D- Protein molecules
 The membranes are semi permeable to allow for 7. Explain 3 properties/characteristics of the cell
selective entry and exit of materials into the matrix membrane
124. In an experiment to determine the habitat of  Semipermeable- they selectively allow movement
two plants a leaf from each was obtained and of substances in and out of the cell
smeared with nail varnish on the upper surface and  Sensitive to pH and temperstures changes-
left for 3-5 minutes to dry.the thin film of nail extreme pH conditions such as high basicity or
varnsh was peeled off with the leaf surface acidity denatures the cel membrane. Moreover
impressions. The small part of the film from each high temperatures denatures the cellmemrane as
leaf was mounted on a microscope glass slide it is proteinous in nature
stained with methylene blue covered with a cover  Polarized/posses electric charges- it has a net
slip and observed under a light microscope at x100. positive charge on the outside and a net negative
The number of stomata wthin the field of view was charge on the inside. The chrges enables it to
counted and recorded and the results tabulated as attract materials into the cell and also detect
shown below changes in the surrounding
specimen No of stomata within 8. State 2 advantages of the cell membrane being
the field of view polarized
B 80
 It enabes it to detect changes in the surrounding
 It enables it to attract materials to the cell
C 35
9. Name 2 substances that are
(a) Give a reason why nail varnish was smeared on
(a) Able to go through the cell membrane
the upper surface of the leaves
Water, vitamins, mineral salts, glucose
To get the impression of the stomata
(b) Are too large to go through the cell membrane
(b) The impression was stained with methylene
Starch, protein molecules
blue. Explain.
10. Define the following terms
To color the specimen and create contrast
(a) diffusion- it refers to the process by which
between various parts of the stomata hence
particles move from a region of high
enhance visibility
concentration to a region of low concentration
along a concentration gradient
TOPIC 4: CELL PHYSIOLOGY
(b) Osmosis- it refers to the movement of water
1. Defne the term cell physiology
molecules from a dilute solution to a
It refers to the study of cell functions
concentrated solution across a semipermeable
2. Name 3 substances that the cell requires to perform its
membrane/it refers to the movement of water
functions
molecules from their region of high
Water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, mineral
concentration to a region of low concentration
salts, gases(O2& CO2)
across a semipermeable membrane
3. What are physiological processes
(c) Active transport-it refers to the movement of
It refers to processes that involve movement of
molecules/ions from a region of low
substances in and out of the cell
concentration to a region of high concentration
4. Name 4 physiological processes
against a concentration gradient by use of
Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, pinocytosis,
energy
phogocystosis, exocytosis
(d) Phagocytosis- it refers to the process by which
5. State 2 functions proteins in the cell membrane
specialized cells take in solid materials
 Forms the pores through which substances enter
(e) Pinocytosis- it refers to the process by which
or leave the cell
specialized cells ingest vesciles contaiing liquid
 Some serves as carriers which transport
which has dissolved susbtances
substances in and out of the cell
(f) Exocytosis – it refers to the process by which a
cell releases secretory materials
 11. A potassium permanganate crystal was introduced to Increase in temperatures result in an increase in the
the bottom of beaker containing water using a straw. rate of diffusion as this increase the kinetic eergy of
State and explain the observations made the diffusing particles hence they move faster and vice
After sometime a uniform purple solution was versa
observed. The crystal dissolved and its particles (c) Type of diffusing medium
spread from their region of high Gases diffuse faster compared to solids and liquids
concentration(crystal) to their region of low because the particles in gases are far apart thus face
concentration(water) to form a uniform purple least resistace. On the other hand solid particles are
solution closely packed with together thus experience the
12. A student placed a perfume in one corner of the class maximum resistance
and stood in the other corner. State and explain the (d) Size of particles
observations made Smaller and lighter particles diffuse faster than larger
The perfume will smell at the other corner because and heavier particles
the perume particles spread from their region of (e) Distance of diffusion
high cncetration to other parts of the room where Diffusion rate is slower when diffusion distance is ling
they are lowly concentrated using kinetic enrgy and faster when the diffusion distance is short
13. Define the term concentration gradient (f) Surface area to volue ratio
It refers to the difference in concentration between Diffusion rate s faster when the surface area to volume
the region of high concentration and the region of ratio is high and slower when the surface area to
low concentration volume ratio is great
14. What is a visking tubing 18. State 4 roles of diffusion in
It refers to an artificially made cell membrane (a) Animals
which represents a cell membrane  It facilitates gaseous exchange across respiratory
15. Studt the diagram below and answer the questions that surface
follow  It facilitates absorption of digested food from the
gut
 It facilitates the elimintation of waste from cells
 It facilitates exchange of materials between the
mother and foetus
 It facilitates transmission of nervous
transmission through the nervous system
(b) Plants
 Absorption of minera salts from the soil
 Gaseous exchange
 It contributes to the transportation of
photosynthetic products from the leaves to ther
(a) State and explain 2 observations made in the
plant parts
experiment
 It facilitates removal of excess water from
 The contets in the visking tube tured blue black
plants through transpiration
while the contents in the beaker remained brown
 Diffusion of fragrances produced by flowers to
 This is because the wall of the visking tube is
attract pollinators
semipermeable thus allowed small
19. Explain the importance of the flattened body of a
iodinemolecules to move from the beaker where
flatworm or leaves in plants
they are highly concentratedinto the visking
It provide a large surface area for diffusion
tubing where they are lowly concentrated. The
20. Multicellular organisms have a small surface area to
iodine the reacted wth the starch to form a blue
volume ratio thus diffusion occur slowly. Explain 2
black complex compound. On the other hand the
ways in which the problem of diffusion of materials
starch molecules are too large to move out of the
has been resolved in these organisms
tubing thus the iodine in the beaker remained
 The development of highly folded respiratory
brown
and absorptive surfaces over which diffusion
16. State 4 factors affecting the rate of diffusion
has to take place
Diffusion gradient, temperatures, type of diffusing
 The body of some organs mat be flattened to
medium, size of diffusing molecules, diffusion
increase the surface area to volume ratio
distance, surface area to volume ratio
21. State the main role of diffusion in living organisms
17. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of
Gaseous exchange
diffusion
22. Study thediagram below and aswer the questions that
(a) Concentration gradient
follow
The greater the concentrstion gradient the faster the
rate of diffusion and vice versa
(b) Temperatures
 (a) State the main aim of the experiment
To demonstate osmosis using a visking tube
(b) State and explain the observations made in the
experiment
 Volume of the contents in the visking tube A solution of sucrose/common salt and some
increase and the viscin tube becomes firm methylene blue was added to the thistle funnel
 Salt solution is hypertonic to the distilled whose opening at the base was covered with a sheet
water hence draws in water by osmosis swells of a visking tubing. The solution of sucrose/common
and becomes firm salt was added slowly using a teat pipette. It was
23. Explain why osmosis is a special type of diffusion then clamped as shown and placed inside a beaker of
Because it involes movement of water water.
moleculesfrom a region of high concentration to (a) State and explain the observations made
oa region of low concentration across a  The level of solutn in the stem of the thistle
semipermeable membrane funnel rises for some distance and then levels
24. Differentiate between osmotic pressure and osmotic off
potential  Water molecues moved from the beaker where
Osmotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted their concentration was high across the
against a semipermeable mebrane to stop semipermeable visking sheet into the thistle
osmosis/water molecules from the dilute solution funnel where their concentration was low. The
entering the concentrated solution while osmotic column of water in the stem of the thistle funnel
potential refers to the hidden force of a rose until pressure it exterted prevented further
concentrated solution which only becomes real net uptake of water
whne the solution is separated from distilled water (b) State one precaution to be observed during the
by a semipermeable membrane experiment
25. Name the instrument used to measure osmotic There shuld be no leakages at the base of the
pressure- osmometer thistle funnel
26. Explain how the following changes when a plant cell (c) In relation to the experiment above define the
draws in water term hydrostatic pressure
(a) Osmotic pressure It refers to the height difference between the
Osmotic pressure increase because the water original level of solution in the stem and the
being drawn in dilutes the cell sap final level
(b) Osmotic potential (d) Explain what happens when
It decreases becaseu the water being drawn in i. Hydrostatic pressure is applied on the surface of the
dilutes the cell sap(osmotic potentials when original solution column in the stem
dealing with water is also called water This would preent uptae of water from the
potential) beaker
27. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that ii. Pressure higher then the hydrostatic pressure is
follow applied on the surface of the original solution
column in the stem
Water will flowfrom the solution into the beaker
a phenomenon called reverse osmosis
28. A sample of RBCs was plced in distilled water in a
beaker. State and explain the observations made after
sometime
A reddish coor was observed in the distilled water
after some time
The red blood cells were hypertonic to the distilled
water thus drew in water by osmosis and became
swollen and eventually burst as they lack a rigid
cell wall(haemolysis)
29. Explain what happens when a red blood cell is placed  when the plant cell is full/turgid wall pressure is
in a a concentrated solution equal to turgor pressure
The concentrated solution is hypertonic to the red 34. name one instance when wall pressure is equal to
blood cell thus the red blood cell loses water by turgor pressure in a plant cell
osmosis to the concentrated solution, shrinks and when the plant cell is turgid
reduces in size(crenation) 35. explain what happens when a plant cell is paced in a
30. Differentiate between haemolysis and crenation/laking concentrated solution
Haemolysis refers to the process by whch an  the concentrated solution is hypertonic to the
animal cell swells and burst after drawing in water plant cell thus water is drawn from the plant
by osmosis when placed in a hypotonic solution cell into the concentrated soluiton through
while crenation refers to the process by which an osmosis
animal cell shrinks and reduces in size when after  this causes the cell membrane to shrink and
losing water by osmosis when placed in a pull away from the cerll wall as the volume of
hypertonic solution the cellsap decreases
31. State one way in which the body ensures that crenation  the cell shrinks and is said to be
or haemolysis does not occur in cells flaccid/plasmolysed
Balancing of ions 36. name the condition responsible for holding leaves of
32. Define each of the following terms plats in a horizontal position- turgidity
1. Turgor pressure 37. explain what is responsible for holding a tomato plant
It refers to the pressure acting against the erect
cytoplasm and the cell membrane of a plant cell tomato plant is a herbaceous plant. It is remais
when the plant cell draws in water after being erect as it is filled with fully turgid cells tightly
placed in a hypotonic soluiton packed together
2. Wall pressure
It refers to an inward pressure equal to turgor
pressure exerted by the cell wall to prevent bursting
of the plant cell after drawing in water when place
in a hypotonic solution
3. Turgidity/turgor
It refers to the firmness of a plant cell after
drawing in water by osmosis wen place in a
hyporonic solution
4. Plasmolysis
It refers to the process by which a plant cell loses
water by osmosis and becomes flaccid after being
placed in a hyprtonic solution
5. Flaccid/limp cell
It refers to a plant cell whose cell membrane has
shrunk away from the cell wall after losing water
by osmosis when placed in a hypertonic solution
6. Deplasmolysis
It refers to the process by which a flaccid plant cell
gains water and becomes turgid after being placed
in a hypotonic solution
7. Incipient plasmolysis
It refers to the point at which plasmolysis occurs
33. Explain what happens when a plant cell is placed in
distilled water 38. Define wilting
 The distilled water is hypotonic to the plant cell It refers to a condition in plants during dry weather in
thus the plant cell draws in water by osmosis which pants droop as a result of losing excess water by
 this increases the volume of the sap vacuole evapotraspiration making the cells flaccid
which expands and pushes the cytoplasm and the 39. During the day plants droop. However at night they
cell membrane against the rigid cell wall become firm. Explain.during the day plants droop as
 as more water is gained the sap vacuole exerts a result of losing excess water by evapotraspiration
turgor pressure on the cell wall and on the other making the cells flaccid. At night there is little or no
hand the cell wall exerts an opprosite and equal transpiration hence the cells become deplasmolysed
force (wall pressure) which prevents the bursting and become firm hence he plant becomes firm
of the plant cell 40. At night plant cells become deplasmolysed after being
being flaccid during the day making the plant droop.
 Explain an instance in which a plant dies due to It facilitates uptake of water from the
wilting surrounding medium to the cells of
If the water supply from the soil is insufficient the microorgansms
plant dies due to permanent wilting (b) Plants
41. State 2 possibl causes of wilting n planrts  It facilictates absorption of water from the soil
 If a plant loses more water than it gets from the  Transport of water from the epidermal cells of the
soil through tranpiraton roots to the cells at the centre of the root
 if a plant is exposed to a concentrated salt  Movement of water from the veins of leaves
solution through the leave cells to the tmosphere through
42. Study the set up below and answer the questions that transpitation
follow  Closing and opening of stomata
 It contributes to support by making the cells
turgid in herbaceous plants and in non woody
parts of the plants lie leaves and flowers
 Feeding in insectivorous plants
(c) Animals
 Reabsorbtion of water at the kidney tubules
 Abrosption of water at the intestines
 Reabosorption of tissue fluid into the blood
stream at the venous side of the capillaries
44. State 2 similarities between diffusion and osmosis
(a) State the aim of the experiment  Both involves movement of molecules from a
To demonstrate osmosis in plant cells region of high concentration to oa refion of low
(b) State the observations made in concetration
i. Set up 1  Both are passive processes i.e. do not require enery
 Sugar crystals dissolves  Both depend on a concentration gradient
 Level of water in the petri dish drops 45. State 2 differences between diffusion and osmosis
ii. Set up 2  Diffuson involves movement of any type of
 No observable change molecules while osmosis involves movement of
iii. Set up 3 water molecules
 Sugar crystals do not dissolve  Osmosis occurs across a semi permeable
 Water level in the petri dish remains the same membrane whie diffusion may occur in absence of
(c) Explain the observations made in semi permele membrane
i. Set up 1 46. Iodine is in high concentration in sea weed than in the
 The sugar crystals in the unboiled potato cube are soil. Name the process by which the sea weed draws in
moistended by the cell sap making a strong the iodine
solution Active transport
 Water is extracted from the cells adjacent to the 47. State and explain 2 factors affecting the rate of
cavity by osmosis. osmosis
 The cell saps of this cells become concentrated and  Temperature- as temperature increase the rate of
extract water from the inner cells osmosis increases as the ater molecules gain more
 The inner cells extract water from the cells at the kinetic enrgy
periphery of the potato cube which then become  Osmotic gradient- the hgher the osmotic gradient
concentrated and extract water from the distilled the faster the rate of diffusion and vice versa
waterin the petri dish 48. State 4 factors affecting the rate of active transport
ii. Set up 2  Oxygen concentration
 In the unboiled potato without sugar crystals  Substrate concentration
water does not get into the cavity since ther is no  Temperatures
osmotic gradient between the cavity and the potato  Enzyme inhibitor
cells  pH
iii. Set up 3 49. explain how the following affects the rate of active
 In the boied potato ater does not get into the transport
cavity since the structure of the potato cells is (a) oxygen concentration
destroyed and they are no longer able to carry out  oxygen is required for energy production where it
osmosis oxidizes glucose to yield energy for active transport
43. State the importance of osmosis in  high oxygen concentraton wil result in motre enery
(a) Microorganisms being produced hence a faster rate of active
transport and vice versa
(b) substrate concentration
  glucose is required for energy production where it  The material together with the surrounding
is oxidized to yield energy fro active transport membrane forms the phagocytic/food vacuole
 lack of glucose results in low energy production  The sorroundin membrane cuts off g=from the
thus a slower rate of active transport ad vice versa cell membrane and the vscuole migrates to the
(c) temperatures centre of the cytoplasm
 respiration is an enzyme controlled reaction  The vacuole fuses with one or more lysosomes
which are affected by temperaturechanges which discharge its digestive enzymes into it
 at optimum temperatures active transport is faster  The soluble materials are absorbed into the
due to sufficient enrgy production resulting from surrounding cytoplasm
optimum enzyme activity  In Amoeba undigestible materials are egested by a
 temperatures below optimum inactivates reversal mechanism where the vacuole moves to
repiratory enzymes leading to low enrgy porcution the surface and fuses with the cell membrane and
hence a slower rate of active transport discharges the undigestible materials to the
 temperatures beyond optimum denatures outside
respiratory enzymes hence low rates of enrgy 54. Explain how a cell benefits from pinocytosis
procution thus a slower rate of active transport Once the pinocytic vesicle is in the cytoplasm it either
(d) enzyme inhibitors raptures to release the dissolved substances of these
 presence of enzyme inhibitors e.g. cyanide slows are released after being broken down to smaller
down the rate of active transport as it interfers molecules by digestive enzymes from lysosomes
with respiratory enzymes in enrgy production ad TOPIC 5: NUTRITION
vice versa 1. Define nutrition
(e) power of hydrogen(pH) It refers to the process by which organisms
 optimum pH conditons result in more enrgy acquire and utilize nutrients
production thus faster rates of active transport 2. State 4 importances of nutrition in orgaisms
 extreme pH conditions such as hig acidity or  Growth and development
alikilinity results in low rates of energy  For energy production
production thus slower rates of active  To fight diseases
transport/stoppage  Repair worn out body tissues
50. state the roles of active transport in 3. Expain the difference between autotrophic and
(a) plants heterotrphic utrition
 Absorption of mineral salts from the soil autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where
 Translocation of photosynthetic products from living organisms manufacture their own food
the leaves to other plant parts such as vitamins, proteins, carbohydrayes using
(b) animals simple substances such as caron (IV) Oxide,
 absorption of digested food from the water, mineral salts and energy while
alimentary canal to the blood stream heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition
 excreaton of waste products from cells where living organisms feed on already
 transmission of nerve impulses manufactured food
 reabsorption of sugar and salts in the kidney 4. Explain the 2 different types of aoutotrophs and give
tubules their examples
51. name the process being described below  Phytosynthetic orgasnisms- they manufacture
(a) white blood cell ingest pathogens such as bacteria their own food using energy from sunlight
phagocytosis e.g. algae, green plants
(b) white blood cell feeds on microscopic organisms  Chemosynthetrophs- they manufascture their
such as plasmodium- pinocytosis own food using energy from chemical
52. Give 3 roles of phagocytosis in living cells reactions/oxidation of inorganic compounds
 Enables WBCs to ingest and destroy pathogens e.g. non-green plants, some bacteria
 Enables feeding in single celled organisms such 5. Give 2 examples of chemosynthetrophs
as amoeba or protozoa No-green plants, some bacteria
 Enables fertilization in some single celled 6. Define photosynthesis
organisms It refers to the process by which plants
53. Describe how a WBC or Amoeba carries out manufscture food using carbon IV oxide, water
phagocytosis and energy from sulight
 When a WBC or Amoeba comes into contact with 7. Explain how a mushroom manfactures its food(refers
the solid material e.g. food particle in the case of to classification II)
Amoeba or bacteria n the case of a WBC ; it sends 8. Name one by-product of photosynthesis
out fingerlike prjections which surround the oxygen
material. 9. Write both a word and a chemical equation to
summarize the process of photosynthesis
  Prevents the leaf from entry of disease causing
organisms
 Waxy to prevent excess water loss from the leaf

(c) Veins
Below are external structures of a leaf  Consists of xyem vessles which translocate water
and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
 Consists of the phloem tissue which traslocates
products of photosynthesis from the leaves to
other parts of the plants
 Contains strengthening tissues which enables it to
support the leaves(sorrouded by tissues such as
parenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma tissue and
collenchyma tissue which strengthen it)
 Spreads the lamina enabling it t absorp light
efficiently
(d) Intercellular air spaces
Allow efficient diffusion of gases and water vapor
between the leaf and the atmosphere
11. State 4 features/adaptations of the leaf epidermis
 It is transparent to allow light to penetrate and
reach the photosynthetic cells
 It has close fitting cells surrounding the whole leaf
 It has stomata which facilitates gaseous exchange
 It has guard cells which control the opening and
closing of the stomata
12. State 4 adaptations of the cuticle
 It is transparent to allow light to penetrate and
Below is an internal structure of the leaf reach the photosynthetic cells
 It is impervious to water and gses thus prevents
excessive loss of water through evaporation
 It is tough and therefore helps to protect the leas
from mechanical damage and entry of disease
casuing microorganisms
 It is shiny and therefore reflects heat preventing
overheating of the leaf
13. Name 2 mesophyll layers in a leaf
 Spong mesophyll layer
 Palisade mesophyll
14. State 4 adaptations of the palisade cells
 They are closely packed for maximum absorption
of light energy
 They have large number of chloroplasts fro
maximum absorption of light hence
10. State 3 fucntions of the following parts of a leaf photosynthesis
(a) Epidermis  They chlosoplast move within the cytoplasm
 Protects inner cells and tissues of the leaf from depending on the amount of light available
mechanical damage 15. Explain why cholosplasts in the cytoplasm of spony
 Gives rise to the cuticle palisade cels would be more on one side than the other
 Allows light to penetrate to reach the During dim light they move to the upper parts of the
photosynthetic cells cell allowing maximum absorption of light energy
 Prevents the leaf from entry of disease causing and in bright light they move to the lower parts of the
organisms cell which protects them from bleaching effects of
(b) Cuticle intense ight intensities
 Protects inner cells and tissues of the leaf from 16. State 2 features of the spongy mesophyll layer
mechanical damage  It is composed of spherica/irregular shaped cells
 Allows light to penetrate to reach the  The cells are loosely packed to create air spaces
photosynthetic cells  Contain chlosoplasts for photosynthesis
17. Explain why the lower parts of the leaf is usually light  Controls the opening and closing of the stomata
in color than the upper side  Controls gaseous exchange
This is because palisade cells closer to the upper  Controls the rate of water loss in a leaf
epidermis have more chloroplasts than the spongy 27. Study the diagram below ad answer the questions that
mesophyll cells closer to the lower epidermis follow
18. Name 3 tissues that strengthens the veins in the
leacves of plants
 Parenchyma tissue
 Collenchyma tissue
 Sclerenchyma tissue
19. State the fate of the glucose manufactured during
photosynthesis (4mks)
 Some is coverted to sucrose and transported to
other parts of the planrt
 Some is converted to starch and stored in the leaf
in form of starch granules
 Some is used in respirartion
20. With an example state the fate of starch stored in the
leaf
It is reconverted back to glucose when need arises (a) Name the cell organelles above and give a reason for
e.g. at night when photosynthesis is not taking place your answer
some ise converted to glucose and used in formation Chloroplast; it is egg shaped; presence of grana
of cellulose (b) State the role of the organelle above
21. Study the diagram below showing the movement of Offers site for photosynthesis
chloroplasts in response to light intensity in palisade (c) State the importance of the organelle above in
mesophyll cells taxonomy
Used to distinguish some pans cells from all other
cells
(d) Name all the parts labelled with letters
A- Thylakoid disc
B- Lamella (plural- lamellae)
C- Stroma
D- Lipid droplet
E- Lamella (plural- lamellae)
F- Granum(plural- grana)
G- Starch grain
(a) Explain the difference between the two H- Free ribosomes
22. Name 2 parts of the plants where phtotosythesis may I- Outer mebrane
occur J- Inner memebrane
Leaves, green parts of the stem K- Cholorplast envelope
23. State 3 importances of photostnthesis (e) Name the background material for the organelle
 It is the ultimate source of almost all organic above- stroma
matter in nature. The organic compounds (f) Using letters name the part where
manufactured by green plants are consumed by i. Oxygen is produced- A
animas either directly or indirectly by feeding on ii. CO2 fixation takes place- C
animals which have fed on the plants. Thus green iii. Enzymes that facilitate light reactions of
plants are major sources offood in nature hence photosynthesis are attached- F
called producers iv. Enzymes used in the dark stage- C
 It is the only process that adds substancial v. ATP is broken down to ADP and a
amounts of oxygen to the atmosphere in the air phaophate molecule- C
which is used by other organisms in aerobic 28. What is the general shape of a cholorplast
respiration Biconvex shape
 It utilizes carbon IV oxide thus helping maintain 29. State the functions of the following part of the
its normal concentration in the atmosphere cholorplasts
24. What are mesophytes (a) Grana
These are plants which grow on well watered soil  Offers a large surface area for the attachment
25. State the role of lamina in lives of cholophyll
Offers a large surface area for absorption of light
energy and gaseous exhcange
26. State 3 functions of the gurad cells
  Offers a large surface area for the attachment Chlorophyll traps light energy which is then used to
of enzymes required for the light reactions of breakdown water molecules into hydrogen ions and
photosynthesis oxygen gas in a precoess called phtotlysis
(b) Starch grain The hydrogen ions are used in the dark staege during
Storage of starch carbon IV oxide fixation while the oxygern is released
(c) Stroma into the atmosphere while some is used in respiration
 Has photosynthetic enzymes which speeds up ATP is also produced in this stage
the rate of photosynthesis (b) Dark stage
 Offers site for CO2 fixation Energy absorbed in light stage is stored in form of ATP
(d) Lamellae which is then used in the dark stage
Joins the grana Hydrogen ions from the light stage combie with carbon
30. Explain how chloroplasts are adapted to their functions IV oxide to form glucose in a process called carbon IV
 Have chlorophyll pigment which traps light oxide fixation
energy used in photosynthesis Some glucose is used in cell respiration ; some
 Has stroma where enzymes that speeds up converted to sucrose and transported toother parts of
photosynthesis are located the plant and some converted to starch and stored in
 Has granum for attachment of chlorophyll the leaf in form of starch granules
 Has grana which forms the main site for light 38. Name 3 porducts of the light stage of photosynthesis
reactions Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), hydrogen ions,
 They have strome which provides the favorable oxygen gas
site for dark reactions 39. State the fate of the following products of the light
 Has starch grains for storage of starch stage
 It is double memebrane to ensure adequate (a) ATP
protection of the inner delicate tissues  Used during the dark stage in crbon IV oxide
 Has lipid globules for storage of lipids fixation to combine carbon IV oxide and
31. Explain the term mosaic pattern/leaf mosaic and state hydrogen ions
its importance to plants (b) Hydrogen ions
It refers to the leaf arrangement in most plants  Used in dark stage in carbon IV oxide fixation
where there is minimum overlapping of the elaves; where it is combine with carbon IV oxide
this allows maximum absorption of light energy (c) Oxygen gas
32. State 2 conditions for photosynthesis to occur  Some is released into the atmosphere
 Sunlight  Some is used in cell aerobic respiration
 chlorophyll 40. Write both word and chemical equations to show the
33. State 2 requirement/ raw materials for photosynthesis following processes
 Water (a) Photolysis
 Carbon IV oxide
34. Give 2 reasons why leaves of most plants appear green
in color
 Presence of chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll absorbs the blue and red wavelengths
and most of the yellow and green wavelengths are (b) Carbon IV oxide fixation
reflected
35. Name the 2 stages of photostnthesis and name the part
of chlorophyll where they occur
 Light stage/light dependent stage- granum
 Dark stage/light independent stage- stroma
36. Define the following terms
(a) Photolysis
It refers to the process by which light energy trapped by 41. What is the importance of light stage in the process of
chlorophyll is used to split a water molecule to form photosynthesis
hydrogen atoms and oxygen gas Hydrogen ions and ATP is produced useful in the
(b) Carbon IV oxide fixation dark stage during carbon IV oxide fixtion
It refers to the process by which hydrogen atoms 42. List 4 products of light independent stage of
combine with carbon IV xide forming simple sugars photosynthesis
such as glucose Glucose, water, fatty acids, amino acids
37. Describe the following stages of photosynthesis 43. Explain why plants store food inform of starch and not
(a) Light stage glucose
Occurs in the grana in presence of sunlight Glucose is soluble and osmotically active thus will
interfere with the osmotic pressure of cells thereby
 affecting cell functions while starch is insoluble and
osmotically inactive thus will not interfere with the
osmotic pressure of the cells thus efficient cell
functions
44. Explain why the following is done when testing for
starch in a leaf
(a) Using a leaf that has been exposed to light for 5 hours
The leaf has photosynthesized thus starch is present
(b) Dipping the leaf in boilig water
To rapture the starch granules
(c) Dipping the leaf in methylated spirit’
To decolorise it for clear observatons to be made (a) State the aim of the experiment
(d) Spreading the leaf on a white tile and flooding its To investigate if carbon IV oxide is necessary for
surface with dilute iodine solution photosynthesis
To test for the presence of starch. A blue black (b) In the setup above a destarched leaf is used. What is
coloration would form showing the presence of the meaning of destraching a leaf
starch Removing starch from a leaf usually by placing the
(e) State 2 posssible control experiment for the above plant in the dark or sometime
 Using a leaf from a non green plants (c) If leaf B was tested for starch state and explain the
 Using a leaf that has been in darkness for sometime observations that would have been made
45. Study the experiment setup below and answer the Brown iodine color paersists
questions that follow No starch produced since sodium hydroxide absorbed
caron IV oxide hence photosynthesis did not occur
(d) Name one suitable control experiment
Similar setup without sodium hydroxide
(e) Explain what observations would have been made if
the flask had sodium hydrogen carbonate instead of
sdium hydrxide
On addition of iodine a blue black coloration
would have formed. This is because sodiu
hydrogen carbonate releases carbon IV oxide thus
photosynthesis would have occurred
(f) Name an alternative substance that can be used
instead of sodium hydroxide
(a) State the aim of the experiment Potassium hydroxide; cacium hydroxide
To determine the gas produced during 47. Study the experiemtal setup below and answer he
photosynthesis questions that follow
(b) Why was a water plant used
It can carry out photosynthesis under water using
dissolved carbon IV oxide and at low light itensities
(c) Why was sodium hydrogen carbonate added to the
water
It provides Carob V oxide necessary for
phtotsynthesis by absorbing atmospheric carbon IV
oxide
(d) State the observations made
Production of air bubbles which collected at the top
of the test tube
(e) Name the gas being produced- oxygen
(f) State the role of the following in the setup
i. Wooden support
Creates space between the funnel and the flow of (a) State the aim of the experiment
the beaer thus allowing free circulation of water To investigate whether light is necessary for
ii. Funnel photosynthesis
Directs the air bubbles into the glass tube (b) State one precaution that should be carried out before
(g) State the likely identity of water plant X the beginning of the experiment
Canadian pondweed; Elodea Destarching the leaves by placing the plant in
46. Study the experimental set up below and answer the darkenss for 48 hours
questions that follow
(c) State and explain the observations that would be made 50. How can we cofirm that photosynthesis has occurred
if leaf A is tested for starch in a leaf
The uncovered parts would turn blue blackwith By testing for starch
addition of iodine while the covered part would 51. State 4 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
remain brown on addition of iodine. This is because  Carbon IV oxide concentration
the parts covered by the aluminium foil did not  Light intenisity
receive light energy thus no photosynthesis occurred  Temperature
hence no starch is present while the uncovered parts  Water
received light thus photosynthesis occurred hence 52. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of
presence of starch photosynthesis
(d) State the role of leaf B in the set up a) Carbon IV oxide concentration
It serves as a control experiment When carbon IV oxide concentration icreases the rate
(e) State the conclusion made at the end of the experiment of photosynthesis increases upto a cetain level where it
Light is necessary for photosynthesis to occur slows down and levels off because at this point other
48. Study the experimental setup below and answer the factors become limiting
questons that follow

b) Light intenisity
The rate of photosynthesis ncreases with increase in
light intensity. At higher light intensities the rate of
photosynthesis slowsdown and levels off. At very high
(a) State the aim of the experiment light intensities chlorophyll is damaged and the rate of
To investigate the effect of varying light intensity on hptoosynthesis falls
the rate of photosynthesis
(b) Stta the difference that would be observed if the setup
is placed in sunlight and hwen placed in an open
cupboard
Many gas bubbles are released when the apparatus is
placed out in the sun the the least number of bubbles
is produced when the setup is placed in an open
cupboard. This is because the rate of photosynthesis
is dependent on light intensity
(c) State the how light intensity is varied in the setup
above
By varying the distance between the light source and
the bulb c) Temperature
(d) Explain the shape of the graph that would be obtained The reactions of photosynthesis are driven by enzymes.
if the results are plotted of light intensity versus the Enzymes work best in temperstures ranging from 35-40℃.
rate of photosynthesis determined by the number of At lower temperatures enzymes become inactive hence
bubbles produced slows down the rate of photosynthesis. If the temperatures
At low light intensisties the light intensity is directly goes beyond 40℃ the enzymes are denatured thus
proportional to the rate of photosynthesis. However photosynthesis stops
the plot levels out at higher light intensities as other
factors become limiting
(e) State the role of the thick glass
Helpsto absorb heat from the lamp as heat also
nfluences the rate of photosynthesis
49. What is a variegated leaf? It refers to a leaf with some
parts of its lamina lacking chlorophyll hence has
different colors
d) Water
Plants with low amounts of water carry out
photosynthesis slowly while those with sufficient water
supply carry out maximum photosynthesis if other
factors are optimum  During daylight green plants carry out both
53. State the role of light in photosynthesis photosynthesis and respiration. The relative rates of
It provides the energy required to drive the process of both processes is greatly influenced by light intensity
hotosynthesis.  When light intensity is high photosynthesis proceeds at
54. Explain why photosynthesis will procedd faster on a higher rate than repsiation
abright sunny day than on a cloudy day  Under theses conditions carbon IV oxide production by
Due to higher light intensity on a sunny day than on respiration is lower than the rate at which it is
a cloudy day consumed by photosynthesis thus the plants must take
55. State 3 qualities of light thast affects the rate of in carbon IV oxide from the atmosphere. In addition
photosynthesis sugar production exceeds the rate of sugar utilization
 Light duration(how long)  When light intesnisty is low respiration proceeds at a
 Light intensity(type) higher rate than photosynthesis thus more carbon IV
 Light wavelength(strength) oxide is produced than it is being consyumed and the
56. Explain how water affects phtotosynthesis indirectly excess is released into the atmosphere.
Slight water deffienciency in a plant leads to closure  Under this conditons the rate of sugar production is
of the stomata thus preventing carbon IV oxide from lower than the rate of its utilization
getting into the plant 60. Explain why it is not safe to have potted plants in your
57. Explain how light wavelength affects photosynthesis room at night
Chlorophyll absorbs mainly blue and red (Refer to the notes above)
wavelengths and theses are the ones used for 61. State the law of limiting factor
photosynthesis. Therefore the wavelength of light It states that a process influenced by several factoes
fallingon a plant will influence its rate of is governed by the factor that is in its lowest supply
photosynthesis e.g. 62. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
In forests leaves on tall trees abrosb most of the red follow
and blue wavelengths and the light that filtwrs
through is of low intensity and in the green
wavelengths. This reduces rate of photosynthesis in
plants growing in the forest floor thus only few
shade-tolerant plants are able to survive in forest
floors
58. Explain why only a few shade tolerant plants are able
to survive in forest floors
Refer to answer above
59. Explain the term compensation point in relation to
photosynthesis
(a) Name the limiting factor between the following
It refers to the light intensity at which the rate of
regions
carbon IV oxide production by a plant in respiration
A- Light intensity
is equal to the rate of carbon IV oxide consumption
B- Temperature/ cabon IV oxide concentration
by the plant in photosynthesis and at this point all
63. Explain why plants at their naturl environment rarely
the sugar produced is used up in respiration
if ever photosynthesise at their maximum potenstial
This is because at any one point one or more of the
various factors ofphotosynthesis become limiting
64. Explain how yileds of plats in greenhouses are
increased
 By increasing the rate of photosynthesis. This is breakdown of a complex molecule to its
through increasing factors such as carbon IV oxide constituent simple molecules in presence of
concentration and temperature artificially by use of water
methane burnners 12. What is the general formula for disaccharides/double
sugars
Chemicals of life C12H22O11
1. Define chemicals of life 13. Write an equation to show the formation of a
These are chemical compounds that make up disaccharide
bodies of living organisms
2. With examples differentiate between the two types of
chemical of life
Organic compounds are those composed of
carbon in their structure e.g. carbohydrates, 14. Name the bond that holds two monosaccharides
proteis, lipids, vita,mins and some hydrogen together
carbonateswhile inorganic are those that lack Glycosidic bond
carbon in their structure e.g. water, mineral 15. Write equations to show the formation of the following
salts, acids, bases, buffers and some hydrogen (a) Sucrose
carbonates (b) Lactose
3. State 2 main functions of carbohydrates (c) Maltose
Storage of food
Production and storage of energy
4. State the ration of the components of carbohydrates
C:H:O=1:2:1
5. State the general formula of carbohydrates
(CH2O)n where n represents the numbwr of
Write the process on the arrow
carbon atoms
16. Write an equation to show the hydrolysis of sucrose
6. Give 3 examples of hexose sugars
 Glucose
 Fructose
 Galactose
All have 6 carbon atoms per molecule. They Write on the arrow the process and the enxyme. Do
only differ in the arrangement of atoms in also for the above
their structure 17. Name 2 plants which stores their carbohydrates in
7. What is the general formula for monosaccharides large quantites in form of sucrose
(CH2O)n where n= 6 Sugar can, sugar beet
8. State 4 properties of hexose sugars 18. Name the carbohydrate found in
 They are soluble in water (a) Milk- lactose
 They have a sweet taste (b) Germinating seeds- maltose
 They are crystalline in form (c) Stem of a sugar cane- sucrose
 They are reducing sugars e.g. they reduce (d) Stored in mammalian muscles- glycogen
copper II ions to copper I ions (e) Most abundant in human blood- glucose
9. When glucose is added to Benedict’s solution and 19. State 2 ways in which hydrolysis can be achieved
warmed for sometime the color changes from blue to  Boiling the solution in a dilute acid e.g.
orange. Explain hydrochloric acid(in the lab)
Glucose is a hexose sugar/monosaccharide thus  By action of enzymes(in living systems)
is a reducing sugar. It reduces the blue soluble 20. Name the enzyme found in the small intenstine that
copper II sulphate present in Benedict’s solution hydrolyses sucrose to glucose andfructose
to copper I oxide which appears as a orange Sucrase
precipitate 21. State 3 properties of disaccharides
10. State 2 functions of simple sugars  They are soluble in water
 They are oxidized to yiled energy in  They are crystalline in nature
respiration  They have a sweet taste
 They are building blocks of disaccharides and  Lactose and maltose are reducing sugars
polysaccharides while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
11. Differentiate between condensation and hydrolysis 22. State 2 fuctions of disaccharides
Condensation refers to the process of chemically  They can be hdrolysed to monosaccharides and
combining two simple molecules to form a oxidized to yield energy
complex molecule with the product of a water  They are forms in which carbohydrates are
molecule while hydrolysis refers to the transported in plants
23. State 2 reasons why carbohydrates in plants are  Fats are solids at room temperature while oil is liquid
transported in form of sucrose at room temperature
 Sucrose is soluble 38. Name the building blocks of lipids
 Sucrose is inert Fatty acids, glycerol
24. What is the general formula for polysaccharides 39. State the main difference between carbohydrates and
(C6H10O5)n where n is a large number resulting into a lipids
large molecule Lipids have a lower concentration of oxygen per
25. State 4 properties of polysaccharides molecule than carbohydrates
 They are insoluble 40. For each lipid molecule there is one glycerol molecule
 They are not sweet and 3 fatty acids hence called a ___________
 They are not crystalline Triglyceride
 They are non-reducing sugars 41. Give examples of fats and oils
26. State 2 differences between starch and glycogen Fats-beef fat, butter fat, lamb fat
 Starch is a storage carbohydrate in plants while Oil- corn oil, sunflower, groundnut oil
glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals 42. Name 2 chemical compounds that make up fats and
 Starch appears in cells in form of grains while oils- fatty acids, glycerol
glycogen appears in form of granules 43. Give 3 examples of lipids in plants and animals
27. Name 2 enzymes found in germinating seeds which Plants- phospholipids, oil
hydrolyses starch to glucose Animals- cholesterol, steroids, fats, wax
Amylase/diastase; maltase 44. If glycerol is the same in all lipids explain why coconut
28. State the role of enzyme diastase/amylase oil is different from corn oil
Hydrolyses starch to maltose They consist of different types of fatty acids combined
29. Name 2 parts of the alimentary canal where enzyme to the glycerol
amylase/diastase is found 45. Name the bond between glycerol and fatty acid in
Mouth; duodenum lipids
30. Name 3 plant products of economic importance Glyceride bond
composed mainly of cellulose 46. Write equations to show the formation of the following
Paper cotton, hemp lipids
31. Name the polysaccharide described below (a) Triglyceride
(a) Found in chloroplasts in form of granules- starch
(b) Stored in liver and muscles- glycogen
(c) Found in plant cell wall- cellulose
(d) Found in cell wall of some fungi and exoskeleton
of arthropods- chitin
32. State 2 functions of cellulose in plant cell walls
 Plays a supportive role
 Plays a structural role (b) Phospholipid
33. State 4 functions of exoskeleton in arthropods
 Gives the organism its shape
 Protects inner tissues from mechanical damage
 Protects the organism from desiccation
 Gives the organism their shape
47. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
34. State 4 functions of polysaccharides
follow
 Are storage carbohydrates e.g. starch in plants
 Are structural carbohydrtes e.g. cellulose
 When hydrated they form monosaccharides wich
can be oxidised to yield energy
 Cellulose has commercial importance in
formation of cotton, paper and cellotape
35. State 2 ways of hydrolysing polysaccharides to (a) State what the diagram above represents
monosaccharides Formation of a tryglyceride
 Boiling them in presence of a dilute acid (b) Name A, B, & C
 Through the action of enzymes A- Glycerol
36. Give 2 differences between monosaccharides and B- 3 fatty acids
polysaccharides C- Condensation
Get them from properties 48. State one function of phospholipids
37. State 2 differences between fats and oils Forms a structural component in cell membranes of
 Fats are found in animals while oil is found in plants cells
49. State 3 properties of lipids
  Fats change to oil when temperatures are increased (c) alanine
and vice versa
 Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
 Lipids are inert thus are stored in tissues
50. State the main reason why lipids are stored in tissues
They are inert/unreactive
51. State 4 functions of lipids
 They are sources of energy. E.g. fats and oils are
oxidized to yield energy
The R-group is clled the side chain and is one that
 They are sources of metabolic water when oxidized
distinguishes one amino acid from another
which can then supplement body water
In glycine the side chain has one hydrogen atom and in
requirements
alanine the side chain has a CH3 group
 They serve as shock absorbers thus protects vital
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids in
organs such as lungs, heart, kidney and behind the
proteins and just like the letters of alphabets can be
eyeball
used to make many words these amino acids can also
 They form structural components e.g. phospholipids
be used to make thousnads of different kinds of
in cell membrane
proteins. Some contain all the 0 types while others
 They offer insulation against heat loss especially in
contain only some
animals living in cold climates where they have
60. name 3 components that plant use to manufacture their
large quantities of fat(subcutaneous fat layer)
amino acids
under the skin
carbon IV oxide, water, mineral salts
 They facilitate buoyancy as they are less dense than
61. differentiate between essential and non-essential amino
water hence floating in aquatic animals such as
acids
hippos, seals and whales which store a lot of fat in
essential amino acids refers to those types of amino
their bodies
acids manufactured by only plants and thus animals
52. Explain why fats provide a convenient way in which
obtain them through diet while non- essential amino
energy yielding molecules can be stored for use when
acids refers to those which can be manufactured by
need arises
animals and thus they do not obtain through diet
They are compact and insoluble
62. With examples differentiate between first class and
53. State the main function of oil in plants
second class proteins
It is the main storage food in plant seeds
First class proteins refers to those that contain all the
54. State the main advantage of fat to desert animals like
essential amino acids e.g. beef, milk, egg, beans while
kangaroo rat and camel
second class amino acids are those that lack some
When oxidized the fats release metabolic water which
essential amino acids e.g. maize, millet, sorghum
can then supplement body water requirements
Note that a good protein diet should contain one or
55. State 3 differences between lipids and proteins
more of the animal proteins or a mixture of plant
 Proteins have nitrogen in their structure while
proteins
lipids do not
63. State 4 properties of proteins
 Some proteins have sulphur in their structure while
 They dissolve in water forming colloidal
lipids do not
suspension(slippery)
 lipids have a higher ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
 They are sensitive to hig temperatures
than proteins
 They are amphoteric eg have both exhibit both acidic
56. name the building blocks/basic structural units of
and basic properties
proteins
 Are senstitive to extreme pH conditions
amino acids
64. Name the property of proteins that enables to form
57. name the structural elements in proteins
conjugated proteins(when they combine with non-
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sometimes
proteins)
sulphur, sometimes phosphorus
They are amphoteric
58. name the organic compound which s the most
65. State 4 functions of proteins
abundant in the bodies of animals
 They facilitate the growth and repair of cells
proteins (makes of 50% of their dry weight)
 They yield energy when oxidized
59. show the structure of the following
 they form respiratory pigments e.g. haemoglobin
(a) amino acids
 they make antibodies which destroy disease causing
microorganisms
 they form structural components e.g. in cell
membrane
 they form enzymes which speed up (catalyse)
metabolic processes
(b) glycine 66. name the proteinous respiratory pigment found in
 (a) Red blood cell bone, cartilage and connective tissue. Examples
Haemoglobin are collagen, keratin
(b) Muscles  Energy release- proteins can be used in
Myoglobin respiration to provide energy but only under
67. Define the following terms conditions of extreme starvation. Under these
(a) Dipeptide conditions tissue proteins are broken down
A combination of two amino acids leading to emaciation
(b) Pentapeptide 75. Name the transport protein in man that transports iro to
A combination of five amino acids various parts of the body
(c) Polypeptide Transferrin
A combination of many amino acids 76. Give 2 examples of transport proteins in man
(d) Tripeptide Haemoglobin, transferrin
A combination of three amino acids 77. Name the disease caused by the deficiency of hormone
68. Name the bond between two amino acids insulin
Peptide bond Diabetes Mellitus
69. Show a diagrammatic representation of formation of a 78. Give 2 examples fo contractile proteins and state their
peptide bond role
Actin, myosin ;they are found in muscle fibre and are
responsible for movement
79. Give 3 examples of structural proteins
Keratin, collagen, elastin
80. Highlight 2 methods through which proteins are
hydrolysed
 Through heating in an acid
70. State what determines the biological activity of a  Through the action of enzymes
protein 81. What are enzymes- these are proteinous substances
The pattern in each protein molecule determined by that speed up biological reactions
bonds linking part of the molecule together 82. State 4 functions/roles of enzymes
71. Explain why enzymes are denatured in temperatures of  Speeds up breakdown of food substances chemically
over 40℃. during digestion
This is because some bonds in the molecule are  Catalyses respiration
broken at these temperatures leading to a change in  Speeds formation formation photosynthetic
the structure of the proteins and thus loss of activity products during photosynthesis
72. State 2 factors that can denature proteins  Facilitates detoxification through the breakdown of
 Temperatures above 40℃ harmful substances to form harmless one
 Extreme pH conditions e.g. high alkalinity or 83. Name one enzymes that performs detoxification
acidity Enzyme catalase
73. Name the most abundant and important proteins in the 84. Describe 2 methods of naming enzymes with examples
human body  Trivial naming which involves adding the suffix -
Enzymes in to the name of the person who first discovered
74. Name 4 groups of enzymes in the human body and the enzyme e.g. ptyalin, pepsin
their functions  Naming enzymes according to the substrates they
 Enzymes- they catalyze biological reactions digest or the processes they catalyse e.g. lipase
 Transport proteins- they are found in blood where digests lipids and oxidase catalyse oxidation
they bind and transport specific molecules or ions reactions
from one part of the body to another e.g.  Group name e.g. proteases are groups of enzymes
haemoglobin which digest proteins
 Antibodies- they bind to and destroy disease 85. Differentiate between intracellular and extracellular
causing microorganisms that invade the body e.g. enzymes and give examples in each
bacteria, viruses Intracellular enzymes refers to enzymes which
 Hormones- are proteins that regulate certain catalyse reactions in cells in which they are produced
metabolic processes in the body e.g. insulin which e.g. enzyme catalase, respiratory enzymes while
regulates the metabolism of sugar in the extracellular enzymes refers to enzymes which
mammalian body catalyse reactions outside cells in which they are
 Contractile proteins- are components of produced e.g. lipase, maltase, rennin
contractile tissues e.g. myosin found in muscle 86. State the roe of the following enzymes
fibres responsible for movement (a) Ptyalin- digest starch in the mouth
 Structural proteins- are important components of (b) Pepsin- digests proteins in the stomach
varous supportive tissues in the body such as the
 (c) Rennin- hydrolyses soluble milk protein Explain why the reaction would proceed in the direction x
caseinogen into insoluble casein and y
(d) Trypsin- digests proteins in the duodenum If the substrates A and B are in high concentration the
(e) Lactase- digests lipids reaction will proceed in the direction x which is towards
(f) Urease- acts on urea the formation of the products C and D. if the products C
(g) Dehydrogenases- catalyse reactions which and D are in high concentration then the reaction will
involves removal of hydrogen from a substance proceed towards the direction y which is towards the
(h) Oxidases- catalyses oxidation reactions formation of substrates A and B
(i) Reductase- catalyse reduction reactions 94. Define an active site/catalytic site
87. State 4 properties of enzymes It refers to a precise place on the surface of an
 They are substrate specific e.g. each enzyme has a enzyme to which the substrates molecules get
specific substrate that it acts on e,g, lipase only acts attached
on lipids 95. Name the product formed when an enzyme and a
 Enzymes are not affected by the reactions they substrate molecule combine
ctalyse hence can be reused Enzyme-product complex
 Most reactions catalysed by enxymes are reversible 96. What are enzyme inhibitors
 They are proteinuous in nature thus are affected by It refers to chemical substances capable of slowing
extreme pH and high tempertures down enzyme activity or completely stopping it
 They are very efficient thus are required in small 97. Differentiate between competitive enzyme inhibitor
quantities and non-competitive enzyme inhibitor
88. Explain how enzymes are affected by temperature Competitive enzyme inhibitors are chemical
Temperatures above 40℃ denatures enzymes as they substances that compete for the active site of the
are proteinous in nature. This is irreversible. enzyme together with the substrate molecules thus
Enzymes work best in temperatures between 35-40℃ slowing down enzyme activity while non-competitive
while low temperatures inactivate enzymes hence enzyme inhibitors refers to chemical substances that
slows down their rate of reaction. However this is permanently combine with the enzymes hence
reversible by reverting the temperatures to optimum changing the structure of the active site of the
range enzyme
89. A piece of liver of about 30g was dropped into a 250ml 98. Explain how competitive inhibiton can be reduced
beaker containing 50ml hydrogen peroxide.  Increasing substrate concetration
(a) State and explain the observations made  Increasing enzyme concetration
A lot of fizzling and frothing is observed. This is due 99. Explain how competitive inhibition can be reduced if
to the rapid production of oxygen gas as hydrogen other factors remain cinstant
peroxide is broken down to water ad oxygen by Increasing substrate concetration
enzyme catalase found in liver cells 100. Give 3 examples of non-competitive inhibitors
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs Mercury, lead, cyanide, silver, organophosphates
101. Explain why non-competitive inhibition cannot be
decreased by increasing substrate concentration
Non-competitive inhibiton is permanent thus cannot
90. Enzyme catalase is known to have the highest turnover be decreased by increase the substrate concentration
number of all known enzymes. Explain what is meant 102. Below are diagrams showing the two cases of
by turnover number enzyme inhibition
It refers to the number of substrate molecules
converted to products per minute by a molecule of an
enzyme
91. Name 2 parts of the human body where enzyme
catalase is present
Skeletal muscles, liver cells
92. During a reaction an enzyme remains unchanged.
Explain why new ones needs to be formed’
Enzymes are proteinous and they become continually
destroyed
93. Reactions catalysed by enzymes are easily reversibes
as shown below
  most intracellular catalysed reactions occur at
neutral conditions

(c) substrate concentration

increase in substrate concentration results in an
increase in enzyme reaction up to a certain point
where it slows down and levels off as all the active
sites have been occupied. The leveling off can
reversed by increasing enzyme concentration
(d) enzyme concentration
increase in enzyme concetration results in an
Name the type of inhibiton A and B increase in the rate of enzyme action up to a certain
A- Competitive inhibition point where at slows down and levels off as other
B- Non-competitive inhibiton factors become limiting
103. Name 4 factors affecting enzyme activity (e) inhibitors
Temperatures, pH/hydrogen ion concentration, presence of inhibitors slows down or completely
substrate concentration, enzyme cincetration, slops an enzyme catalysed reaction as they occupy
inhibitors, product concentration or alter the structure of the active site
104. Explain how the following factors affect enzyme (f) enzyme cofactors
activity presence of enzyme cofactors enhance enzyme
(a) Temperatures activity thus increases the rate of the enzyme
 Enzymes work best at optimum temperatures i.e. 35- reaction
40℃. At optimum temperatures there is increased (g) co-enzymes
enzyme activity due to increased chances of contact presence of co-enzymes result in an increased rate
between the enzyme and the substrate. The rate of of enzyme activity as they activate enzymes
enxyme action doubles after every 10℃ increase. (h) product concentration
 At temperatures above 40℃ enzymes are denatured increase in product concentration slows down the
thus enzyme reaction falls and at 60℃ the reaction enzyme action rate because the product becomes
stops as all enzymes have benn denatured. inhibitors
 At temperatures below 0℃ enzymes are inactivated 105. name the enzymes that work best in
therefore enzyme reaction decreases (a) acidic conditions
pepsin, rennin
(b) neutral conditions
salivary amylase/diastase/ptyalin
(c) alkaline conditions
trypsin, pancreatic amylase
106. with examples differentiate between enzyme
cofactors and coenzymes
enzyme cofactors refers to non prtoeinous
components of the enzyme which enhance enzyme
activity e.g. iron, magnesium, zinc, calcium,
manganses while coenzymes refers to organic
(b) pH/hydrogen ion concentration
molecules from food substances such as vitamins
 enzymes work best at optimum pH conditions
which activate enzymes e.g. vitamin D, vitamin C and
 some enzymes work best in acidic conditions such
nucleic acid
as pepsin; some in neutral conditions such as
107. below is a graph showing the effect of substrate
salivary amylase/diastase/ptyalin and some in
concentration on the rate of enzyme catalysed reaction
alkaline conditions such as trypsin
 extreme pH conditons denatures enzymes thus
decreased enzyme activity
  Rinse the measureing cylinder
 Add 2cm3 of water into B
 Shake the contents in both test tubes thoroughly
and record your observations
116. State the role of the following we=hen testing for
non-reducing sugars
(a) Hydrochloric acid
Hydrolyses the non-reducing sugar into reducing
sugar
(a) explain the shape of the graph between the following (b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
points Neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid
i. A and B 117. Explain what happens during the emulsion test for
Increase in substrate concetration results in an lipids
increase in the reaction rate because active sites of  Lipids are soluble in ethanol but insoluble in water
enzymes are available for the substrate molecules  Water is miscible with ethanol
to bind  When ethanol with dissolved fats is mixed with
ii. B and C water it releases tiny fat droplets which then forms
The rate of the reaction slows down and levels off the white emulsion
with increase in the substrate concentration 118. Describe an experiment used to test for the presence
because all active stes have been occupied of enzyme catalase in a food substance
108. What are prosthetic groups in relation to enzymes  Put 2ml of hydrogen peroxide in a test tube
These are non-protein components of enzymes which  Drop the food substance into hydrogen peroxide
enhance enzyme activity and observe
109. Explain how hydrolase enzyme slows down water re  Effervescence confirms the presence of enzyme
absorbtion catalase
By increasing water use in hydrolysis 119. Define emulsification
110. What are vitamins Breakdown of lipids into tiny droplets done by
They refer to complex organic compounds required enzyme lipase
in small quantities in bodies of plants and animals 120. Give a reason why emulsificastion is important
for proper health  For easy absorption of lipids
111. Explain how deficiency of vitamins in our bodies  Increase the surface area for enzyme action
results in diseases 121. Give any other substance that can be used instead of
Vitamins are coenzymes which activate enzymes and ethanol in the laboratory
thus their absence causes the enzymes to be inactive. Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Thus metabolic processes breakdown resulting in 122. Explain how emulsification increase enzyme action
deficiency diseases When lipids are broken down there is increased
112. Name one vitamin manufactured by animas and how surface area of contact with the enzyme thus
it is manufactured increased enzymes action
Vitamin D; it is manufactured when the skin is
exposed to sunlight
113. What are nucleic acids
These are complex nitrogen containing organic
compounds found in all living things
114. Describe an experiment in which an enzyme is used
to breakdown a non-reducing sugar to reducing
 To a test tube place 3ml of starch solution
 Add 1cm3 of amylase/diastase solution
 Warm the contents in a water bath whose
temperature is maintained at 35℃ for 6 minutes
 Add benedicts solution and heat
 Color changes from blue to green to yellow and
orange
115. Describe a test that can be used to confirm
emulsification in lipids
 Pour a little amount of cooking oil into test tube
labelled A and B
 Add 2cm3 of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution to
test tube A
FOOD TYPE PROCEDURE OBSERVATION INFERENCE/
CONCLUSION
Starch Add 2ml of the food substance into a Color change from brown Presence of starch
clean test tube to blue-black
Add 3 drops of iodine solution to the
food substance and shake
Observe the color change and record Brown color of iodine Absence of starch
your observations solution persists

Reducing sugar Put 2ml of the food substance into a Color changes to green Food substance contains a
clean test tube with no further change on little amount of reducing
Add an equal amount of Benedicts’s heating sugars
solutionto the food substance and Color changes to yellow Food substance contains a
shake average amount of reducing
Note the color of the mixture sugars
Heat the mixture in a water bath Color changes to orange or Food substance contains a
Observe and record the color change brown high amount of reducing
sugars
Blue color of Benedict’s Absence of reducing sugars
solution persists
Non reducing sugar Put 2ml of the food substance into a Final color is yellow, Presence of reducing sugars
clean test tube orange or brown
Add 4 drops of dilute hydrochloric
acid to the food substance and shake
Heat the mixture in a water bath for
3 minutes
Remove the test tube from the water
bath
Final color is blue Absence of reducing sugars
Add sodium hydrogen carbonate
dropwise until fizzing stops
Add Benedict’s solution whose
amount is equal to that of the food
substance
Heat the mixture in a water bath
Observe and record your
observations
Lipids Rub a little amount of the food Presence of a permanent Presence of lipids
(grease/transluscent substance on a filter paper transluscent spot
spot test) Hold the paper above a flame to dry
Absence of a permanent Absence of lipids
Hold the paper against light.
transluscent spot
Observe what happens to the spot
Lipids(emulsion Put a little food substance into a test Formation of a white Presence of lipids and vice
test) tube emulsion versa
Add 4cm3 ethanol to the food
substance and shake thoroughly
Tranfer the contents of the test tube
into another test tube half filled with
water
Proteins Put 2ml of the food substance into a A purple color forms Presence of proteins
clea test tube
Add an equal amount of 10% sodium
hydroxide solution and shake
Into the mixture add 1% copper II Blue color of copper II Absence of proteins
sulphate dropwise and shake after sulphate is retained
every addition

Ascorbic To 2ml of dichloro Blue DCPIP is decolorized Vitamin C is present

acid(vitamin c) indophenol(DCPIP) in a test tube
 add an equal amount of the sample DCPIP is not decolorised Vitamin C is absent
solution and shake

NUTRITION IN ANIMALS 5. Study the diagram below of mammalian teeth and

answer the questions that follow
1. Explain the 4 types of heterotrophic nutrition with (a) Name the parts labelled with letters
examples of organisms 6. Explain the following parts of the mammalian tooth in
 Holozoic nutrition- organisms feed on solid materials terms of composition and function
obtained from plants and animals . it is carried out (a) Enamel
by mainly mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and  Composition- it is composed of calcium phosphate
in most invertebrates crystals bound together by keratin. It also has iron
 Phagocytic nutrition- it is a type of nutrition where  Role- it forms an efficient hard biting and
organisms feed on solid food materials by individual chewing surface. Prevents the dentine from
cells e.g. Amoeba wearing out with use
 Saprophytic nutrition- organisms feed on dead or (b) Dentine
decaying matter e.g. fungi, bacteria  Composition- it has a high mineral conetent. It
 Parasitic nutrition- an organism called a parasite has strands of the cytoplasm from the cells of the
obtains foods from the living tissues of another pulp running through it
organisms called the host and the host is usually  Role- has living cells which gives rise to the
hamred e.g. most fungi, bacteria, protozoa enamel
 Symbiotic nutrition/ mutualism- in this mode both (c) Pulp cavity
organisms benefit but one organisms benefits with  Composition- has a soft connective tissue. It has
nutrients e.g. Rhizobium bacteria in roots of legumes blood vessels and nerve endings
obtain nutrients and shelther while the plant beefits  Role- the blood vessels supply the tooth with
from nitrogen fixation carried out by the bacteria oxygen and nutrients and carries away waste
2. Explain the following types of holozoic feeders and in products. The nerve endings detect hear, cold and
each give an exmaple pain
(a) Carnivores (d) Cement
They feed on flesh only e.g. lion, cheetah, leopard Role- fixes the tooth firmly to the jawbone
(b) Omnivores (e) Gum
They feed on both plants and flesh e.g. human Role- hold the tooth in place; prevents the tooth
being, pigs, dogs from bacteria entry
(c) Herbivores (f) Periodontal membrane
They feed on plants only e.g. cow, giraffe, zebra Composition- has connective tissues
3. With examples differentiate between browsers and Role- is a fibrous tissue which holds the tooth in the
grazers jaw
Browsers refers to herbivores that feed on trees 7. Name the hardest organic substance known
and shrubs e.g. giraffe, gazelle while grazers refers Enamel
to herbivores that feed on short plants e.g. cow, 8. State 3 features of the enamel
zebra, wildebeest  It is the hardest organic substance
4. Define the following processes of holozoic nutrition  It is non living
(a) Ingestion  It is composed of keratin
It refers to the process of taking food into the body  It has calcium phosphate crystals and iron
through the mouth and swallowing it 9. State 3 features of the dentine
(b) Digestion  has a high mineral content
It refers to the physical and chemical breakdown of  has living cells
large complex food molecules into smaller and simpler  has strands of cytoplasm running through it
molecules for easy absorption into the body  it is composed of collagen, calcium salts, and
(c) Absorption water
It refers to the uptake of soluble food materials from 10. name 2 substances that hardens the enamel
the lumen of the digestive system through the lining of calcium phosphate, keratin
the gut and finally into the blood stream 11. dentine has a similar structure with the bone. Explain
(d) Assimilation why it is harder than the bone
It refers to the incorporation of absorped food it has a higher mineral content
substances into cell metabolism 12. state the features and functions of the following types
(e) Egestion of teeth
It refers to the removal of undigested food substances (a) incisor
from the body  has one root
  is chisel-shaped (b) have long curved and pointed canines
to pierce and tear flesh as well as for attack
used for gripping food or cutting them into small (c) have longitudinally ridged premolars and molars
pieces to increase the surface area for grinding
(b) canine (d) have some teeth modified into carnassial teeth
 has one root carnassial teeth
 long for cutting flesh; crushing bones and slicing
 are coneshaped meat
 it is sharp pointed (e) their teeth have closed roots with only a small
it is used for holding and piecing food opening
(c) premolar to allow food and oxygen supply to the tooth to
 has cusps/ridges on the surface to increase the keep the tooth alive
surface area for chewing (f) jaws are connected to powerful muscles
 has 2 roots in order to move the jaws up and down by
chewing and grinding snapping
(d) molar 18. state 3 functions of carnassial teeth in carnivore
 has 3 roots  cutting flesh
 has ridges/cusps  crush bones
chewing and grinding  shearing flesh/skin/tendons
13. differentiate between dental formula and dentition  serve as a pair of shears for slicing flesh
dental formula refers to the number and 19. state 2 adaptations of carnassial teeth in carnivores
positioning of different types of te4eech in the jaws  have sharp edges for slicing flesh
of an animal while dentition refers to shape and  has blades which overlap hence shearing
specialization of teeth in an animal  are enlarged for crushing bones
14. write the dental formula for the following animals 20. give the advantage of chewing food before swallowing
(a) human being  for easy swallowing
(b) dog  to increase the surface area for enzyme action
(c) sheep 21. give one modification of premolars and molars to their
(d) goat function in canrivores
15. give reasons for the following in herbivores  have cusps to increase the surface area for
(a) enamel coating is thicker at the front than at the back chewing
so that as the tooth wears out the sharp edge for  have jagged edges to crack bones
cutting vegetation is maintained 22. name 2 periodontal diseases in man
(b) canines are reduced or absent  dental caries/tooth decay
to create a space called diastema which offer room  periodontal disease
for manipulation of food by the tongue by 23. describe the cause of tooth decay
separating the freshy cut vegetation and the bacteria in the mouth respire using sugars
chewed vegetation producing acids which corrode the enamel and
(c) ridges of the upper teeth fit perfectly into grooves on may progress to the dentine if not treated early.
the lower teeth Corrosion of the dentine may cause collapsing
to allow for sideway grinding of vegetation hence exposure of the nerve endings thus heat,
(d) the teeth have a wide opening into the pulp cold and pain can then be detected
cavity(open roots) 24. state 2 possible solutions to tooth decay
(e) to ensure a continued supply of adequate food and removal of the tooth, root canal treatment
oxygen to the contantly wearing out tooth for its 25. explain how the root canal treatment works
regrowth it involves destruction of the pulp cavity and filling
(f) most have a horny pad the space with artificial material
to offer surface against which vegetation is pressed 26. state 2 possible causes of tooth decay
and cut by the lower incisors  sugary foods
(g) have teeth with an open enamel  poor dental hygiene such as not brushing teeth
to allow continuous growth to replace worn out after every meal
surfaces to grinding  low levels of flouride
16. explain the importance of grinding in herbivores 27. state the effect of very high fluoride content in drinking
it enables them to breakdown tough cellulose cell water
walls which enhances the subsequent chemical it may cause browning of teeth (dental fluorosis)
digestion 28. explain hwo low fluoride content may cause tooth
17. explain the reason for the following in carnivores decay
(a) have closely fitting incisors it results in weakening of the enamel thus
to sieze prey corrosion by bacterial acids
 29. state 4 signs of gingivitis/ periodontal disease 4. state 3 functions of the mucus found in the walls of the
 bleeding gum alimanetary canal
 sore gum  lubricates food for ease of movement down the
 swollen gum gut
 flabby gum  prevents corrosion of the stomach walls by
 reddened gum hydrochloric acid
 soft gum  prevents autodigestion by digestive enzymes
30. state te effect of gingivitis 5. state 2 sources of enzymes that carry out digestion
it results in destruction of periodontal membrane  from glands in the digestive system e.g. from
hence loosening of teeth and may eventually result gastric glands
in loss of teeth  from accessory glands e.g. liver
31. state the main cause of periodontal disease. Explain 6. define accessory glands and give 3 examples
how it causes the disease named these are glands found outside the digestive system
dental plaque; if the bacteria multipy due to food but secrete enzyes used in digestion e.g. liver
particles ir sugay foods in diet they invade the pancrease, salivary glands
gums and eventually the periodontal membrane 7. define mastication and give 2 of its roles
32. what is dental plaque it refers to the physical breakdown of food by
it refers to a soft invisible layer of bacteria which action of teeth
fors on teeth and is present in all mouths it increases the S.A for enzyme action
33. state 4 general method of preventing tooth diseases it maes food easy to swallow
 dental hygiene e.g. brushing teeth after every 8. state the role of the tongue in digestion
meal it manipulates food by mixing it with saliva
 less sugary foods to reduce bacterial action in 9. state 2 roles of saliva in digestion
the mouth  provides suitable neutral or slightly alkaline
 taking oral antibiotics to reduce bacterial load in medium for enzyme action
the mouth  contains water that softens food
 visit a dentist regularly for dental checkup  contains enzyme ptyalin which breakdown starch
34. explain how the following prevent teeth diseases to maltose
(a) regular brushing of teeth  lubricates food for easy swallowing
to remove food particles which may encourage the 10. name 2 digestive enzymes found in the mouth
growth of bacteria ptyalin/diastase/salivary amylase, lysozyme, lingual
(b) avoiding sugary food lipase
reduce the bacterial action in the mouth 11. name the types of salivary glands and their location
(c) addition of fluoride into water  parotid gland- found in the cheeks infront of the
to control tooth decay ears
(d) see a dentist regularly  sub-mandibular gland- found under the jaw
so that small cavites or tooth decay can be detected and  sublingual gland- found beneath the tongue
treated early 12. define the term peristalsis
(e) eating tough fibrous foods it refers to the involuntary propulsion of food down
to exercise teeth thus encouraging proper blood supply the gut due to the rhythmic contaction and
DIGESTION relaxation of the longitudinal and circular muscles
1. define the term digestion found in the walls of the gut
it refers to the chemical and mechanical 13. name the muscular valve through which food enters the
breakdown of large complex food molecules into stomach-
smaller and simpler food molecules cardiac sphincter
2. differentiate between intracellular and extracellular 14. define churning
digestion it refers to the mixing of the food together with the
intracellular digestion refers to the type of contents in the stomach by contraction and
digestion which takes pace on cerlls while relaxation of circular and longitunal muscle layers
extracellular digestion refers to the type type of in the stomach walls forming chyme
digestion which occur outside cells 15. define chyme
3. differentiate between mechanical and chemical it refers to the porridge-like mixture...
digestion 16. describe the effect of arrival of food in the stomach
mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown if arrival of food in the stomach stimulates hormone
food without its chemical nature being altered gastrin which then stimulates gastric glands which
while chemical digestion refers to the breakdown then release gastric juice into the stomach
of food by digestive enzymes thus the chemical 17. name 4 contents of the gastric juice
nature of food is altered hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, rennin, mucus
18. name the cells which secrete the folliwng
 (a) hydrochloric acid juice into the duodenum and the gall blader to
parietal cells release bile through the bile duct
(b) rennin  it stimulates hormone cholecystokinin which
peptic/chief cells stimulates the liver to secrete bile and the
(c) mucus pancreas to release sodium hydrogen
goblet cells carbonate
(d) pepsinogen 29. where is hormones cholecystokinin and secretin
peptic/chief cells secreted
19. state the functionl difference between rennin and duodenal walls
pepsin 30. list 5 contents of the pancreatic juice
rennin performs coagulation of milk while pepsin pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsinogen,
breaks down proteins to peptides chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, sodium hydrogen
20. write an equation to show pepsins action on proteins carbonate, nucleases
hydrolysis 31. state the fuctions of the following contents of the
proteins peptides pancreatic juice
pepsin (a) pancreatic lipase
21. give a reason why pepsin is secreted in its inactive  breaksdown ipids into fatty acids and glycerol in
form presence of bile salts
to prevent digestion of the proteins present in cells (b) pancreatic amylase
in which they are produced i.e. autodigestion  breaks down starch which was not broken down in
22. what is coagulation and state 2 of its inportances the mouth into maltose
it refers to process of converting soluble milk (c) trypsin
caseinogen to insoluble casein  activates chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin
 pepsin can only act on milk when it is in casein  breaksdown proteins into peptides
form  activates procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase
 when milk is in casein form its stays longer in the (d) chymotrypsin
stomach thus more time for digestion  breaks down proteins and polypeptides into small
23. state the 2 roles of the mucus present in the stomach peptides
 it prevents corrosion of the stomach walls by (e) Carboxypeptidase
HCl  Breaks down some peptides into amino acids
 it prevents autodigestion by enzymes (f) sodium hydrogen carbonate
24. state 4 roles of hydrochloric acid present in the  neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
stomach  makes the contents of the duodenum slightly
 activates pepsinogen to pepsin alakaline thus optimum pH condtions for the
 kills bacteria present in food action of pancreatic and intestinal ezymes
 begins hydrolysis of sucrose (g) nucleases
 provides suitable pH conditions of 1.5-2.5 for  breaks down RNA and DNA into nucleotides
action of enzyme pepsin 32. name were enzyme enterokinase is produced and state
 breaks down nucelotides into nucleoproteins and its functions
nucleic acids it is secreted by the cells of the duodenal walls;
 denatures proteins and softens fibrous they activate trypsinogen to trypsin
connective tissues in food 33. state the role of bile salts in digestion
25. describe the cause the heartburn breaks down large fat droplets into small droplets;
after a heavy meal pressure in the stomach builds emulsification
up and causes some HCl to leak into the 34. name the excretory product of the breakdown of
oesophagus and since the oesophagus has no haemoglobin
mucus lining the HCl causes a burning effect bilirubin
producing pain hence heartburn 35. state what may cause absence of bile in the duodenum
26. explain why food does not enter the ileum directly and its effect
while in the stomach blockage of the bile duct; this will result in very
due to the presence of a muscle valve called pyloric little digestion of lipids and most of them will be
sphincter which closes the entry into the voided in faeces
duodenum 36. name 2 nucleases present in the pancreatic juice
27. name the muscular valve in which food enters the ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease
duodenum 37. name 2 contents of the bile
pyloric sphincter bilirubin, bile salts
28. state 2 effects of entry of food into the duodenum 38. name 2 bile salts
 it stimulates hormone secretin which then sodium taurocholate, sodium glyccholate
stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic 39. state 3 functions of bile
  neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach It refers to the process by which rectu muscles
 provides suitable alkaline medium... contract pushing out indigestible food sustances out
 carries out emulsification of lipids thus through the anus
enhances lipids digestion 57. State the role of the bacteria and protozoa present in
40. state 2 roles of the Brunner’s glands the large intestine
 Secrete an alkaline fluid which neutrlise acidic They feed on undigested food materials
chyme and provides suitable alkaline... 58. State the effects of the bacteria and protozoa present in
 Secretes mucus which lubricates duodenal walls the large intestine
for easy peristalsis Results in the synthesis of vitamins such as vitamin K
41. Name the enzymes that complete the process of Leads to formation of gases like carbon IV oxide,
digestion methane and hydrogen sulphide
Intestinal enzymes 59. Name 2 vitamins synthesized by microorganisms in the
42. Name 2 parts of the gut where crypts of lieberkuhn are large intestie
found Vitamin K, B12
Duodenum, ileum 60. State the fate of glucose that is carried to the liver
43. Name the glands that secrete intestinal juice (succus  It is respired
entericus)  It is converted to glycogen and stored
Crypts of Lieberkhun glands 61. State the use of absorbed amino acids in the body
44. State the effect of arrival of chyme in the ileum They are used by the body cells to form proteins
Stimulates the secretion of intestinal juice 62. What happens to excess amino acids in the body
45. Name the enzymes present in intestinal juice They are deaminated
Maltase, lactase sucrase, peptidase, polypeptidase, 63. What happens to the residual compound after
pancreatic lipase, nucleotidase, deamination
46. What is the other name sucrase It is converted to glucose and respired
Invertase 64. State the fate of absorbed vitamins and minerals such
47. Name the digestive juice secreted in the mouth as iron, calcium
Saliva They are stored in the liver and released to the body
48. State the functions of the following intestinal enzymes according to its needs
(a) Maltase 65. State the role of vitamins in the body
Breaksdown maltose to glucose They are responsible for proper growth and
(b) Sucsrase/invertase develppment proper body functioning and
Breaksdown sucrose to glucose and fructose maintainance of metabolic processes in the body
(c) Lactase 66. Different between macro/bulk nutrients and micro/
Breaksdwon lactose to glucose and galactose trace nutrientys
(d) Peptidase Macronutrients refers to nutrients which are
Breaksdown peptides to amino acids required in the body in large quantities while micro
(e) Pancreatic lipase nutrients refers to jutrients in the body in small
Breaks down lipids to lycerol and fatty acids quantities
(f) Nucleotidase 67. Give 3 examples of macronutirents and micronutrients
Breaks down nucleotides into their constituents
(g) Polypeptidase macronutrients Micronutrients
Breaskdown polypeptdes into peptides Potassium Iron
49. Name 3 costituets of nucleotides Calcium Iodine
Pentose sugar, nitroen base, phosphoric acid Sodium Copper
50. Define chyle Magnesium Manganses
It refers to the resulting water emulsion after Phosphorus Cobalt
digestion in the ileum consisting of soluble end Sulphur zinc
products of digestion ready to be absorbed chlorine
51. Define the term absorption 68. State 4 functions of water in the body
52. Name 4 substances that are absorbed in the stomach  Serve as a medium in which chemical reactions
Some water, medicine, alcohol, vitamins occur
53. Name 2 fat soluble vitamins  Serves as a solvent in whuich materials are
Vitamin A, D, E, K trnasportd in the body
54. Name 2 water soluble vitamins  Serves as a coolant due to its high latent heat of
Vitamin B, C vaporization
55. State the role of bile in digestion  Takes part in chemical reactions such as hydrolysis
Enhances absorption of fat soluble vitamins 69. Name the main carbohydrate present in the dietry fibre
56. Define defaecation Cellulose
70. Explain why dietry fibre has no nutritional value in 80. Describe the adpatations of rumen to their functions
man  Highly folded to provide large surface area for
Dietry fibre mainly contains cellulose and man does absorption
not secret enzyme cellulase to digest it  Has numerous villi to increase the surface area
71. Define constipation for absorption
It refers to the difficulty in removal of undigested 81. Explain why rabbits and rodents ingest their feaces
food materials from the body through the anus Because there is very little absorption of products of
72. Explain how dietry fibre prevents constipation fermentation
 It enhances peristalsis 82. List 4 stomachs of a herbivore
 It absorbs water from the alimentary canl thus 83. Give a reason why the epiglottis closes the windpipe
making faeces moist hence easy movement during swallowing
73. Explain how roughage ehances peristalsis To prevent choking by preventing the entry of food
It adds bulk to food thus creating a grip for the gut into the trachea
muscles enhancing peristalsis 84. State 3 reasons why the small intestine is highly folded
74. State 2 main functions of energy in the human body  To fit into the small abdominal cavity
Mechanical work  To slow down the movement of food thus giving
Basal metabolism enough time for digestion anf absorption
75. What is basal metabolism rate  To provide a large surface area over which
It refers to the minimum amount of energy required digestion and absorption of food occurs
to drive vital life processes such as blood circulton, 85. Give a reason why bile is alkaline
breathing, active transport, thermoregulation Due to the presence of a basic salt;sodium hydrogen
76. Explain 6 factors that affecting energy requirements in carbonate
man 86. State the role of enzyme enterokinase
 Basal metabolism rate- this is the minimum amount It activates trypsinogen to trypsin
of energy required to drive vital life processes such 87. Explain why digestion of starch stops in the stomach
as blood circulation, breathing, active transport, Starch is digested into maltose by ptyalin which
thermoregulation. A person at rest requires energy works best under neutral/slightly alkaline conditions.
to drive this processes Thus the acidic conditions in the stomach denatures
 Occupation- manual workers requires more energy ptyalin
then sedentary workers 88. State 3 factors that make the duodenum alkaline
 Age- young people require more energy since they  Bile salts containing sodium hydrogen carbonate
are growing and hence have many actively dividing  alkaline fluid secrteted by the Brunner’s glands
cells  pancreatic juice
 Body size- small sized people require more enrgy as 89. give a teason why lipids cannot be assimilated
they have a larger surface area to volume ratio they have large molecules
hence more heat is lost to the surrounding thus 90. state the role of amino acids
more energy required to regain the heat lost  they are condensed to form proteins
 Sex- males are more masculine while females have 91. state 2 ways of preventing constipation
more fats. Muscles burns more calories than fats  by taking enough water
thus more energy is required in males  eating food rich in roughage
 Environmental temperature- when temperatures of 92. give examples of vitamins and mineral salts stored in
the surrounding are low more enrgy is required in the liver
order to generate heat for thermoregulation A, D, B12 ,
 State of health- sick people require more energy to Iron, copper, calcium
fight pathogens. Also lactating mothers require 93. what will happen if there is lack of bile in the body
more energy for breast feeding it will lead to lack of fat soluble vitamins in the body
77. State and explain the relationship between ruminants due to poor absorption as their absorption is
and the bacteria in the caecum and appendix dependent on bile
Symbiosis; the ruminants benefits from enzyme 94. name 2 inorganic ions and state their roles in the body
cellulase secreted by the bacteria while the bacteria  calcium
benefits from shelther and nutrition  formation of bone
78. Carnivores do not grind food but instead cut them into  necessary for muscle contraction
small pices and swallow them. Explain  necessary for blood clotting
The flesh they eat do not have tough cellulose walls  phosphorus
thus mechanical digestion is not very important  formation of bone and teeth
79. Carnivores eat less food and spend less time feeding.  potassium
Explain  transmission of nerve impulses
This is because most of their food they eat is digested  zinc
and absorbed
  necessary for the prper functuonng of many
enzymes as well as taste buds and smell
receprtors
 sodium
 maintainence of osmotic pressure of body TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
fluids 1. Define the term transport and state 2 of its
 transmission of nerve impulses significance in organsisms
 iron It refers to the movement of substances from one
 formation of haemoglobin in body cells part of the body to another in an organisms
 copper  Facilitates distribution of nutrients and oxygen
 necessary for proper utilization of iron to cells
 necessary for some enzymes to act  Facilitates removal of waste products from living
 manganese cels e.g. CO2
 necessary for proper functioning of many cells 2. State 3 examples of unicellular organisms
 iodine Amoeba, paramecium, protozoa
 formation of thyroid hormones 3. Giving a reason name a method used by unicellular
 cobalt organisms to transport substances in and out of their
 a constituent of vitamin B12 body
95. Name 2 minerals whose deficiency causes anaemia Diffusion; they have a large surface area to
Iron, cobalt volume ration
96. How is the enamel adapted to its function 4. Explain why multicellular organsisms have a
97. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that specialized transport system
follow They have asmal surface area to volume ratio thus
(a) Name the structure above diffusion cannot facilitate transport of substances
Villus as organs and tissues are far from sitrs that
(b) What is the function of the part the part labelled E produce them
Crypt of lieberkuhn 5. Name 3 processes that simple plants such as mosses
(c) Giving your reasons sate whether the villus is from and liverwort use for transport
the ileum or the duodenum Osmosis, active transport, diffusion (they lack a
Duodenum ; presence of Brunner’s glands specialized transport system )
(d) Name the labelled parts 6. Describe the transport system used by highr plants
A- Microvillus Higher plants have a vascular system to transport
B- Lacteal substances. The vascular system has xylem which...
C- Vein and phloem wich...
D- Artery 7. State 4 functions of roots in plants
E- Crypt of liberkuhn  Absorption of water and minerals alts
F- Brunner’s gland  Anchorage
G- Arteriole  Storage of food in some plants
H- Capillary network  Geseaous exchange in some plants
I- Lymphatic system 8. Draw a well labelled diagram showing the
J- Epithelial cell (a) Transverse secation of a monocot and dicot root
K- Goblet cell (b) Longitudinal section of a root
98. What is balanced diet 9. State the functions of the following parts of a root
It refers to a diet containing adequate amount of (a) Root cap
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and inorganic Protects the root tip as it pushes through the soil
ions particles
99. What disease is caused by deficiency of the following (b) Piliferous layer
(a) Vitamin niacin/Nicotinamide Gives rise to the root hairs
pellagra (c) Pericycle
(b) Iodine Gives rise to lateral roots(it is below the endodermis
Goitre and is a single layer of cells)
(c) Vitamin B2/Riboflavin (d) Cortex
Ariboflavinosis Offers storage sites for food substances
(d) Thiamine (e) Endodermis
Beriberi Regulates the amount of water and mineral salts
(e) Vitamin D entering the vascular bundle
Rickets (f) Root hairs
(f) Calciferol Provides a large surface area for absorption of water
Osteomalacial(in adults) and mineral salts
(g) Vascular bundle
Transport materials in the plants 18. Name the part of the root described below
10. State an afaptation of the following parts of the roots (a) Gives rise to lateral roots- pericycle
(a) Root cap (b) Gives rse to root hairs- piliferous layer
Has parenchyma cells that offer protection to the (c) Has crosswalls that limit substances entering the
root tip as it pushes throught the soil particles vascular bundle- endodermis
(b) Piliferous layer (d) Also referred to as the parenchyma tissue- cortex
Has special epidermis that gives rise to the root (e) Protects the root tip- root cap
hairs (f) Arises from the epidermal cells- root hairs
(c) Cortex (g) Provides a large surface area for aborption- root hair
Has parenchyma cells that offers site for (h) Consists of starch grains- endodermis
packaging and storage of substances (i) Has a single layer of cells below the endodermis-
(d) Endodermis pericycle
Has a casparian strip which serves as a cross wall (j) Consists of special epidermis – piliferous layer
limiting the substances entering the vascular 19. Name 2 parts of the root that contain parenchyma
bundle cells
(e) Root hairs Pericycle; cortex
Are long to offer a large surface area for 20. Draw a well labelled diagram of a root hair cell
absorption of water and minrel salts 21. State 4 fuctions of the stem
11. State the mai difference between the epidermal cels  Storage of food in some plants such as the cactus
of the roots and that of the stem and sugarcane
The epidermal cells of the roots has not cuticle  Transport of water and mineral salts
while those of the stem have a cuticle  Support and expose the leaves to light
12. Explain why the epidermal cells of the roots lack  Carries out photosynthesis in some plants e.g.
cuticle cactus
For absorption of water to take place directly  Conducts photosynthetic products to varous parts
across their surface of the plants
13. State the role fo the apical meristem of the roots  Gaseous exchange in woody plants
Has actively dividing cells which divide and adds to  Some plants sue for vegetative propagston e.g.
the root cap whose cells become constantly worn cassava
out as it pushes throught the soil particles. This  Some plants carry out transpiration through their
enable the root to eleongate stem
14. Describe 2 components of the endodermis 22. Draw a well labelled diagram showing internal
 Casparian strip- is an impervious structure which structure of a monocot stem and a dicot stem
serves as a crosswall which limits the entry of 23. Name 4 plant tissues found in a monocot stem
substances into the vascular bundle  Phloem tissue
 Starch grains stores starch  Xylem tissue
15. State 4 adaptations of the root hairs to their function  Ground tissue/cortex/ground parenchyma
 They are long to provide a large surface area for  Epidermis
absorption of water an mineral salts 24. Explain why stems of monocots always remain
 They are numerous to increase the surface area soft/do not produce bark/wood
for absorption of water and mineral salts Theor stems lack cambium thus secodery growth
 They are thin walled to reduce the distance of do not take place
movement of water and mineral salts during 25. Draw a well diagram of a dicot stem
absorption 26. State the role of the waxy cuticle in some plant
 They have numerous mitochondria to yiled energy stems
for absorption of mineral salts through active Prevents excess water loss through transpiration
transport 27. The epidermis in stem of some plants do not
 They have large sap vacuoles to raise their photosynthesize. Explain why
osmotic gradient thus enhancing water absroption They lack chloroplast
16. State 3 adapattions of a root hair cell to its fuctions 28. State 2 fucntions of the stem epidermis
Draw from the above  Protects the inner delicate tissues from
17. State 32 differences between a monocot and a dicot mechanical damage
root  Prevents pathogenic entry
Young stems usually have stomata for gaseous
Monocot root Dicot root exchange
Phloem and xylem Xylem is star shaped 29. Explain how yound plants whose leaves have not
alternate in a ring with the phloem in grown are able to carry out gaseous exchange
between the arms The have stomata in their stem
Has a pith Lacks a pith
 30. The cortex and the pith forms the packing tissue. (f) Has oblique ends- collenchyma
Explain (g) Thickend through liginification- sclerenchyma
They fill spaces between other tissues (h) Enables the plant to bend without breaking-
31. State 2 functions of the packing tissue in stems of collenchyma
dicot (i) Has thin cell wall- parenchyma
 They fill spaces between other tissues (j) Covers most parts of the cortex- parenchyma
 They maintain the shape of the plant (k) Oval with dense cytoplasm- parenchyma
 They maintain the firmness of the plant (l) Found all over the plants- parenchyma
 Offers storage sites (m) Provides support through turgidity- parenchyma
32. Name the photosynthetic cells found in the stems of (n) Found in close association with vacular bundle-
some green plants sclerenchyma
Chlorenchyma cells (o) dead with no cytoplasm- sclerenchyma
33. Name the supporting tissue consisting of thikwalled (p) Facilitates buoyancy in aquatic plants-
cells found in the outer epidermis of young plants parenchyma
Collechyma tissue (q) Its cell lumen is lost- sclerenchyma
34. Name 2 deposits that strengthen collenchyma cells (r) Forms hard covering of seeds, wood fibres and
Cellulose, pectin husks of coconut- sclerenchyma
35. State 3 features of each of the folliwng cells 39. Some dicot plants have a hollow space in between
(a) Collenchyma cells the stem. Explain
 Are thick walled Some lack a pith
 Have deposits of pectin and cellulose 40. Explain how cells of vacular bundle are Able to
 Have oblique ends perform a supportive function as well
 Are livjng cells The walls of their cells are thickened
(b) Chlorenchyma cells 41. Name 2 tissues of the vacular bundle
 Have cholorplast Xylem tissue; phloem tissue
 Are loosly packed 42. Name the type of xylem tissue present in
 Are thinwalled (a) Angiosperms
 Are irregular shaped Xylem vessels
 Have a dense cytoplasm (b) Gymnosperms e.g. pine
(c) Sclerenchyma cells Tracheids
 Dead cells with no protoplasm 43. Describe how xylem vessels are made
 Thick cell wall  They consist of vertically elongated cells arranged
 Have no cell lumen end to end forming a long column. As the cells
 Are lignified mature their cellulose walls are thickened by lignin
36. Name substance that thickens sclerenchyma cells  This renders them impermeable to water and solutes
Lignin  Unable to take up water and solutes the cells die
37. State 3 fucntions of the following cells resulting in a hollow tube. Their end walls breakaway
(a) Collenchyma cells either partially or completely forming a long
 Serves as a strengthening tissue continuous tube running from the roots to the leaves
 Provides mechanical support to the stem called a xylem vessel
(b) Parenchyma cells Same for tracheids. The cells mature become thickend
 offers storage site for water and food with lignin and die
 some contain chloroplast(chlorenchyma 44. Cells forming the xylem vessles die. Explain
cells) hence photosynthesise This is because as they mature they are thickendn by
 offers mechanical support through turgidity lignin. This renders them impermeable to water and
 facilitate buoyancy in aquatic plants solutes. Unable to take up water and solutes the cells
(c) Sclerenchyma cells die
 Are stranghtening tissues 45. Explain why xyem vessles are peforated by
 Provides support numerous pits
38. Name the cells which fits the description below To allow lateral movement of water to the adjacent
between the following cells: collencyma, cells
parenchyma, sclerenchyma 46. State 2 functions of lignin in xylem vessles
(a) Makes some stems green- parenchyma  Thicken there walls enabling them to withstand high
(b) In young plats forms the outer layer of the pressure without breaking thus allowing them serve a
cortex- collecnchyma supportive function
(c) Has walls thickened with cellulose and pectin-  Render them impermeable to water
collenchyma 47. Xylem vessels are able to withstand high pressure
(d) Facilitates gasoues exchange- parenchyma without collapsing. Explain
(e) Acts as storage spaces- parenchyma Their walls are thickened by lignin deposits
48. State 2 roles of pits in tracheids  Are elongated cells
 Allow movement of water from one tracheid cell  Are dead cells
to the next  Are lignified
 Allow lateral movement of water to the adjacent  Lack lumen
cells 61. State the function of xyem parenchyma cells
49. State 3 similarities between tracheids and xylem They package and store food and water for the
vessels growth of xylem
 They are composed of dead cells 62. Why do tracheids have tapering ends
 Are hickened with lignin deposits To offer a large surface area for more pits hence
 Are perforated on the sides enhancing transport of water from one tracheid
 Transport water and mineral salts cells to another
50. State 2 differences between xylem vessels and 63. Between xylem vessels and tracheids which ones are
tracheids more efficient for transport of water
 Xylem vessels have straight ends while tracheids Xylem vessels. Explain they lack crosswalls i.e. they
have tapering ends are continuous thus water is efficienty transported.
 Xylem vessels lack crosswalls while tracheids Moreover they have less bordered pits thus less
have crosswalls water is lost to the adjacent cells
 Xylem vessels are less perforated while tracheids 64. What are herbaceous plants
have more perforations These are plants with soft stems i.e. lack wood
 Xylem vessels are usually shorter while tracheids 65. How is uninterrupted flow enhanced in xylem
are usually longer vessels
51. Study the diagrams below and name each type of Them being hollow
lignification shown 66. State 5 adaptations of xylem vessels to their function
A- Annular thickening  They are arrow and continuous to allow capillarity
B- Reticulate thickening of water and mineral slat
C- Spiral thickening  They are arranged end to ed and lack crosswalls to
D- Double spiral thickening allow ppassage of water and mineral salts from one
E- Pitted thickening cellto another
F- Scalariform thickening  Their walls are lignified for mechanical support of
52. State 4 components of the xylem tissue the pant
 Xylem vessels  They are hollow to allow uninterrupted flow of
 Tracheids water and mineral salts
 Xylem fibres  They have pits to allow passage of water to adjacent
 Xylem parenchyma cells cells
53. Name the only living cells in the xylem tissue 67. Which part of the xylem tissue form wood
Xylem Parenchyma cells Xylem firbres
54. State 2 functions of tracheids
 Offer support as walls are thckend by lignin Below is a diagram of a xylem tissue
 Transport water from the roots to other parts of 68. State 2 differecnes between xylem tissue and phloem
the plant tissue
55. Explain why some parts of the xylem tissue do not  Xylem tissue is consist of some dead cells while
have protoplasm phloem tissue has living tissue
Some cells are dead to allow water and mineral  Xylem tissue tranlocates water and mineral salts
salts to pass through thus efficient water while phloem tissue translocates photosynthetic
conduction products
56. Explain why water in tracheids do not flow 69. A phloem tissue is made up of vertically oriented
continuously cells joined end to end forming a continuous
They have cross walls at their ends column. At maturity the ________ and other
57. State the roe fo xylem fibres in the xyle tissue organelles diappear. The horizontal end walls
They are supporting structures become perforated by numerous pores forming
58. State 2 adaptations of the tracheids _____ this results in the formation of a tube that is
 Their walls are thickened with lignin enabling continuous from the roots to the leaves called a
them to offer support ______
 They have bordered pits to allow lateral Nucleus, sieve plate, sieve tube
movement of water to adjacent cells 70. Explain why in a phloem tissue nucleus and other
59. Give one adaptation of xylem fibres organelles disappear at maturitiy
They are lignified enabling them to serve as To offer more room for translocation of
supportive structures photosynthetic products
60. State 3 features of xylem fibres 71. State the role of sieve tubes
 Transport photosynthetic products from the leaves 82. Name 4 forces which enables water and mineral
to other plant parts salts to rise up the stem/involved in water and minrel
72. Study the diagram below and answer the questions salts transportation
that follow  Transpiration pull/shoot tension/suction force
A- Sieve pore  Cohesive and adhesive forces
B- Sieve plate  Capillary action
C- Sieve tube element  Root pressure
D- Bidirectional movement of photosynthetic See explanations in the essay book
products 83. Explain how transpiration pull/shoot tension/suction
73. State the necessity of a companion cells force is created
Sieve tube cells have degenerated protoplasm In the leaves water vaporizes from the spongy
meaning it eeds another cell to carry out its vital mesophyll cells. Their cell sap become more
processes thus the necessity o a companion cell concentrated than the asdjacent cells. This
74. State the necessity of a fibre cell in a phloem tissue increases their osmotic pressure hence they draw
Offers structural support to the tissue in water from the adjacent cells by osmosis
75. State 4 components of the phloem tissue The adjacent cells inturn draw in water from the
 Companion cell xylem vessels. This then creates a suction force
 Sieve tube elements called transpiration pull which pulls a stream of
 Fibre cells water from the xylem vessels of the root
 Parenchyma cell 84. Define transpiration stream
Below is a diagram of phloem tissue It refers to a continuous flow of water from the soil
76. State the function of the following parts of a phloem through the xylem of the root and stem and finally
tissue into the evaporating surface of the leaves due to
(a) Companion cell transpiration pull
Carries out vital processes for the sieve tube eleemtns. 85. State 2 importances of transpiration pull
e.g. respiration to yield energy for translocarion of  Ensures water lost by transpiration is replaced
photosynthetic products in the sieve tube elements by  Enables the plant to draw in water and mineral
active transport salts from the soil
(b) Sieve tubes/elements 86. Study the diagram below and answer the questions
translocarion of photosynthetic products from the that follow
leaves to other plant parts (a) Name the structures labelled K and L
(c) Parenchyma cells K-Root hair
Storage of food and water for the phloem tissue L-Xylem vessel
(d) Fibre cells 87. State 4 iportances of water in plants
Offers structural support to the phloem tissue  It is a solvent in which biological reactions occur
(e) Cytoplasmic strands/fine cytoplasmic filaments  It participates on various biological reactions such
Wafts to bring about cytoplasmic streaming hence as photosynthesis
movement of photosynthetic prodcuts from one sieve  It is the solvent in which raw materials like mineral
tube element to another salts and sucrose are transported
(f) Plasmodesmata  It is responsible for turgidity hence support in
Serve as channels through which the companion cell herbaceous plants
communicates with the sieve tube elements and allow  It is an imoertant constituent of the protoplasm
movement of metabolites from the companion cell to  It cools the plant especially the leaves when water
the sieve tube elements evaporates from their surface
77. State 3 features of a companion cell 88. State 4 processes involved in water conduction
Has a large nuclei, has many mitochondria, dense  Absorption of water by the roots
cytoplasm  Movement of the water across the cells of the root
78. Nam ethe part of the stem responsible for cortex to the xylem vessels of the root
development of bark in woody plants  Transport of waster and mineral salts from the
Cambium through secondary thickening roots to the leaves
79. Name the cambium found in between the vascular  Loss of water from the leaves
bundle’ 89. Study the diagram below and answer the questions
Intervascular cambium that follow
80. Name 2 processes by which mineral salts are (a) Name all the parts labelled with letters
absorbed from the sol by root hairs A- Soil particles
Diffusion, osmosis B- Root epidermal cell
81. Name the process by wich absorpbed water moves C- Movement of water and mineral salts up the
from the cortex into the xylem xylem vessel
Active transport D- Xylem vessel
 E- Cell of the percycle 97. State 2 factors influencing root pressure
F- Casparian strip  Type of plants
G- Air spaces  External conditions such as availability of water
H- Root hair 98. Study the experimental set up below and and=swer
I- Cortex the questions that follow
J- Cortical cell (a) State the aim of the experiment
90. State 2 ways in which the endodermis regulates To demonstrate root oressure in plants
water entry into the root xylem (b) Explain the observations made
 Presence of casparian strip which serves as a Water oozes out of the stump/rises in the glass tube
cross wall regulating entry of water into the connected to the stump. This is due to the root
xyem pressure in the roots which pushes water up thwe
 Active pumping of mineral ions into the xylems stem xylem. The force arises from active transport
inturn regulate water entry of ions into the xylem vessels which raises the
91. Describe an experiment used to demonstrate that osmotic pressure of the xyem vessels. Water is thus
uptake of water up the stem takes pace in the xylem drawn in from the ondodermal cells into the xylem
vessels vessels by osmosis
 Fill a glass cylinder with a solution of red ink in 99. A boy observed droplets of water being produced at
water the tip and edges of a leaf at night and early in the
 Cut a shoot from a fleshy plant uder water and morning when the stomata ware closed and no
place it in the glass cylinder transpiration was taking place.
 Leave the apparatus as such until red lines appear (a) Name the process which was taking place
along the veins of the leaf Guttation
 Cut thin sections of the stem and leaves and (b) Name the pores thorugh which the water was
examine them under a microscope produced from
 Colored portions in a ring are observed Hydathodes
corresponding to the xylem vessels 100. Define transpiration
92. Describe an experiment used to demonstrate It refers to the process by which plants lose water in
transpiration pull form of water vapor through the stomata, lenticels or
 Immerse a long glass tube in a beaker full of cuticle into the atmosphere
mercury and remove ir from it by means of a 101. Explain the 3 types of transpiration
vacuum pump  Stomatal transpiration- It refers to the process by
 Mercury is seen to rise to a height of 76 cm which plants lose water in form of water vapor through
 A leafy shoot is attached to one end of the tube the stomata into the atmosphere
which is filled with water and immersed in a  Cuticular transpiration- It refers to the process by
beaker of mercury which plants lose water in form of water vapor through
 The apparatues is then allowed to stand for a the cuticle into the atmosphere
while  Lenticular transpiration- It refers to the process by
 As the water evaporated from the leaves which plants lose water in form of water vapor through
transpiration pull is created and mercury is drawn the lenticels of the stems in older plants into the
into the glass tube atmosphere
 Mercury level is seen to rise
93. Explain why adhesive forces between the xylem and Study the diagram below of absorption and transpiration
water molecules is high when the xylem vessel is 102. State 4 importances of transpiration
narrower  Creates transpiration pull which draws in water and
Due to increased surface area of contact between mineral salts from the soil
the two  Creates a cooling effect for the plants
94. State 2 advantages of the xylem vessels being  Responsible for turgidity in herbaceous plants thus
narrow support
 It enhances capillarity of water  Removal of excess water especially in hydrophytes
 It supports long columns of water  Removal of ecretory products e.g. turgidity of gurad
 It ensures that the water column in it does not cells results in opening of stomata thus carbon IV
break oxide a waste product is released
95. State the role of cohesive forces in water ascent in 103. In most terrestrial plants stomata are more
the xylem vessels abundant on the lower epidermis than on the upper.
Ensures that the water column does not break Explain
96. State 2 conditions under which root pressure ceases This is to reduce the rate of transpiration by
in plants exposing fewer stomata to direct sunlight
Depriving the plant of oxygen, treating the plant 104. State 3 effects that may occur if
with metabolic poisons transpiration is unchecked
 Wilting, dessication, death of theplant 106. Give 2 ways in which glossy leaf surfaces
105. Explain how the following factors affect the reduces the rate of transpiration
rate of transpiration Refer to answer above
(a) Cuticle 107. Explain how the following environmental
 Xerophytes have thick shiny and waxy cuticle to factors influence the rate of transpiration
reduce the rate of transpiration. Being thick (a) Temperature
reduces the distance of diffusion of water vapor. It  High temperature increases the capacity of the air to
is shiny to reflect direct sunlight thus reducing hold more moisture this increases the saturation
internal hesting which would otherwise accelerate deficit and thus the rate of transpiration and vice
transpirstion. It is waxy as wax is water proof versa
hence little or no water loss  High temperature increases the internal temperatures
 Hydrophytes have thin or no cuticle to encourage of the leaf and thus the rate of evaporation of
water loss As they grow in wet areas moisture from the leaf hence increased rate of
(b) Stomata transpiration and vice versa
 Plants growing in dry areas have few or no stomata (b) Humidity
on the upper epidermis to reduce the rate of  When the humidicty is high the saturation deficit is
transpiration. Mesophytes have almost the same low and thus the rate of transpiration reduces and
number of stomta on both the upper epidermis and vice versa
the lower but are more on the lower to reduce the (c) Wind
rate of transpiration. Hydrophytes have more  In windy conditions moist air around the eaf is blown
stomata on the upper epidermis to increase the rate away thus increasing the saturation deificit and thus
of transpiration the rate of transpiration increases. On a less windy
 Plants growing in dry areas have stomata which are day the air aroud the leaf surface becomes more
sunken into the epidermis. This creates put where humid and this reduces the saturation deficit and
moisture accumulates hence reducing the saturatin thus the rate of transpiration
deficit and thus reducing the rate of transpiration (d) Light intensity
 Plants growing in dry areas have reversed stomatal  High light intensity increases the rate of
rythym in that they close their stomata during the photosynthesis in the guard cells resulting in opening
day and open them during the night to reduce the of the stomata thus more wate is lost hence high rate
rate of transpiration. Other plants close their of transpiration and vice versa
stomata at midday when it is how to reduce the rate  High light intensitiy increases the internal heating of
of transpiration the leaf thus increasing the rate of evaporation of
 Plantys growing in dry aras have small stomatal moisture from the spongy mesophyll cells and thus
aperture to reduce the rate of transpiration the rate of transpiration increases and vice versa
(c) Leaf size and shape (e) Atmospheric pressure
 Plants in wet areas have broad leaves to provide a  When the atmospheric pressure is high water vapor
large surface area for lose of moisture through from the leaf faces more resistance and thus
transpiration while those dry areas have small accumulates around the leaf thus reducing the
narrow leaves some reduced to thorns to reduce the saturation deficit and hence the rate of transpiration
surface area over which transpiration occurs  Where the atmospheric pressure is low e.g. at high
(d) Hairy leaves altitudes the water vapor from the leaf experiences
 In some plants the leaves are covered with hairs. The less resisitance and thus ends up not accumulating
hairs trap moisture and thus reducing the saturatin around the leaf and hence increasing the saturation
deficit ad hecne reduced rate of tranpsiration deficit and heance incrwasing the rate of
(e) Leaf fall transpiration
 Some plants growing in dry areas shed their leaves (f) Availablitiy of water
during dry season to reduce the surface area over  With more water available in the soil the plant
which transpiration occurs e.g. broad leaved absrobes this and the spongy mesophyll cells become
deciduous trees saturated and thus gives more water to the
(f) Succulent stems inrercellular air spaces. This increases the diffusion
 Some plants have succulent leaves which store water gradient of water vapor and thus diffuses out of the
for use during the dry season. Moreover the leafinto the atmosphere thus increasing the rate of
succulent tissues trap oisture reducing the saturation transpiration
deficit and hence reducing the rate of trasnspiration  At thwe same time the gurad cells become turgid and
(g) Glossy leaf surface thus the stomata opens offering an aparture through
 Glossy leaf surfaces reflect light landing on them and which water vapor leaves the leaf hence increased
so reduce the internal heating of the leaf and rate of transpiration
stomatal opeing hence reduced rate of transpiration 108. Explain 2 ways in which temperature
influence the rate of transpiration
 109. State 2 ways in which water availability 120. Giving examples state 3 regions where
affects the rate of transpiration photosynthetic products are translocated to
110. State 2 ways in which light intensity  Regions of growth and development e.g. buds,
influences the rate of transpiration shoots, flowers, fruits, roots
111. Define the following terms  Storage organs e.g. roots, bulb, rhizomes, stem
(a) Saturation deficit  Secretory organs e.g. nectary glrands, flowers of
It refers to the humidity difference between the inside some pants
of the life and the outside 121. State 4 mechanisms of translocation of
(b) Midday closure photosynthetic products in plants
It refers to a phenomenon where some plants close  Diffusion
their stomata during midday when it is hot to reduce  Active transport
the rate of transpiration  Mass flow
112. Define wilting  Cytoplasmic streaming
It refers to a phenomenon where a plant droop as a See explanations in essay section
result of losing more water than it can replace 122. Study the set up below ad answer the
from the soil causing the cells to loose turgor questions that follow
113. Differentiate between temporary wilting and (a) State the aim of experiemt
permanent wilting To demonstrate transpiration
Temporary wilting occurs when a plant losses (b) State 2 observations made in set up
more water than it can replace from the soil and A
there is adequate water in the soil while permanent  Droplets of colorless liquid in the polythene bag
wilting occurs when a plant exhausts all the water  The anhydrous copper II sulphate changes from
that the plant can absorb from the soil and thus the white to blue
plant dies B
114. State 2 advantages of a plant drooping  No water droplets in the polythene bag
during wilting  The white color of anhydrous copper II sulphate
 It reduces the surface area of the leaves exposed persists
to the factors of transpiration e.g. sunlight thus (c) Explain the observations made in (b) above
reducing the rate of transpiration  In set up A transpiration occurs and the water
 Stomata closes when wilting occurs checking for vapor lost through the stomata condenses and
excess water loss collects in the polythene bag. The water turns the
115. Discuss 5 adaptations of a desert plant to white anhydrous copper II sulphate to blue
reduce transpiration hydrated copper II sulphate
 Thick waxy cuticle  In set up B no transpiration occurs as the plant has
 Hairy leaves no leaves thus no surface over which water vapor is
 Needle-like leaves lost hence no observable changes
 Sunken stomata 123. State 2 methods of determining transpiration
 Less stomata on the upper epidermis rates
 Folded leaves  Weighing method
 Shedding of leaves  Using a potometer
 Deep roots to tap underground water thus 124. Study the setup below and answer the
replacement of water lost through transpiration questions that follow
 Succulent leaves and stem for water storage (a) What was the aim of the experiment
116. State one disadvantage of wilting To determine the rate of transpiration in the potted
Permanent wilting may result in the death of a plant
plant (b) The mass weighed before and after the experiment. The
117. State one disdavatage of transpiration initial mass is 20g and the final mass is 15g. determine
Excess water loss through transpiration results in the rate of transpiration if the experiment was running
wilting of a plant which may eventually lead to for 3 hours
death of the plant (c) What is the role of polythene bag
118. Define the term translocaton Is used to prevent water loss by evaporation ensuring
It refers to the transport of photosynthetic prodcuts that transpiration only occurs through the leaves
from the leaves to other parts of the plant through 125. What is a potometer
the phloem tissue It refers to an instrument used to measure
119. Give 4 exampes of organic compunds transpiration
translocated through the phloem 126. Study the set up below answer the questions
Vitamins, sugars e.g. sucrose, amino acids, that follow
glycerol, fatty acids (a) What was the process being investigated
Transpiration
 (b) State 3 precautions to be observed when setting up It refers to a system that transports substances within the
the experiment above body of ad organism and maintains a steep concentration
 Cut the shoot under water to ensure no air bubbles gradient at diffusion surface
enter the xylem 2. State 2 main functions of the circulatory system
 Apply petroleum jelly to the cork-glass/rubber bung Get the from the definition
to make the apparatus air tight 3. State 3 components of the circulatory system
 Use a heathy plant for accurate results  Transport fluid
 Keep environmental factors constant to get  Transport tubes
consistent results  Pumping mechanism
 Insert the shoot into the potometer while under 4. One of the functions of the circulatory system is to
water to prevent formation of any air bubbles in the maintain a steep concentration gradient at stes of
xylem diffusion. Name 2 exmaples of these sites
(c) How can the rate of water uptake be increased/rate Lungs, gills
of movement of bubble be increased 5. State the 2 main types of circulatory system
 Transferring the set up near a fan Open circulatory system
 Bring a bright bulb near the set up Closed circulatory system
(d) How can the the rate of movement of the bubble be 6. Differentiate between open and closed circulatory
slowed down system
 Taking the setup to a dark place Open circulatory system is a types of circulation where
 Taking the setup to a less windy place the transport fluid is not contained in enclosed tubes or
(e) It was found that the air bubble moved 2 cm for 120 vessels but only flows into an open cavity while closed
minutes. Calculate the rate of transpiration circulatory system is a type of circulatory system where
127. Describe an experiment used to demonstrate the transport fluid is transported in enclosed vessels
that translocation of photosynthetic products takes such as blood vessels
place in the phloem tissue 7. In which type of organisms is the open circulatory
 A bark of the stem is ringed off in one plant system found. Give exmaples
including the phloem tissue Invertebrates such as arthropods
 A similar stem is , its bark is also ringed off 8. In invertebrates the transport fluid called ______ flows
carefully leaving the phloem tissue intact into an open cavity called ____
 The experiment is then left for about 2-3 weeks Haemolymph, haemocoel
 In the plant whose phloem has been ringed off, it 9. Open circulatory system is mainly found in two types of
will be observed that there is a swell above the organsisms. Name them
ring and no observable change in the plant Vertebrates, annelids such as earthworms
whose phloem was not ringed off 10. Name the type of circulatory system in an earthworm
128. In an experiment the bark of the stem of a Closed circulatory system
plant was ringed off together with the phloem and 11. Name the class in which earthworm belongs
after sometime there was a swell above the phloem. Class annelida
Explain 12. State 3 characteristics of open circulatory system
Phloem tissue translocates photosynthetic products  The transport fluid is called haemolymph
from the eaves to other parts of the plant.  The transport fluid flows into a cavity(haemocoel)
Photosynthetic products which were moving down  Mainly found in invertebrates
the phloem accumulated above the ring due to the 13. State 3 characteritics of closed circulatory system
removal of phloem hence a swell  Transport fluid is blood
129. The graph below shows the weight of three  Transpoet fluid is contained in tubes
plants as transpiration progresses. answer the  Mainly found in vertebrates and annelids
questions that follow 14. State 4 differences between open and closed circulatory
(a) Explain the differences of the weight changes in system
A, B and C
A- The plant did not have leaves thus no transpiration Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system
occurred hence no change in weight of the plant Found in invertebrates Found in annelids and
B- Xerophyte hence had features to reduce the rate of vertebrates
transpiration hance occurred at a slower rate thus transport fluid flows Transport fluid is
the slow decrease in weight of the plant into a cavity enclosed in tubes and
C- Hydrophyte thus had features to increase the rate of vesssels
transpiration I order to get rid of excess water and Transport fluid is Transport fluid is blood
thus faster decrease in weight of the plant haemolymph
tissues receive utrients Tissues receive nutrients
TRANSPORT IN A ANIMALS and oxygen slower and oxygen faster
1. Define circulatory system Transport fluid is in Transport fluid s not in
 direct contact with the direct contact with the Respiratory pigment Respiratoyry pigments such
tissues tissues e.g. haemoglobin are as haemoglobin are involved
15. Animals with open circulatoery system are less active not involved
compared to those with closed. Explain 27. define ultrafiltarion
Animals with open circulatory system generate low this is the process through which high pressure in
pressure hence transport fluid is transport slowly and blood vessels forces small molecules out of the blood
hecne nutrients and oxygen take long to reach the into the intercellular airspaces forming tissue fluid
tissues hence become less active and vice versa leaving behind large molecules
16. The paragraph below describes the transport system in 28. name the process by which cells obtain the following
insects. Compete the blank spaces (a) nutrients- diffusion, active transport
Insects have a _____ heart suspended in the _____ (b) oxygen- diffusion
cavity. The heart has _______ chambers. Blood is (c) water- osmosis
pumped into ______ by ______ of the the heart and 29. name 2 types of closed circulation
enters the ____ . Blood flows back into the heart through  single circulation
openings in each chamber called _____ .each ostium has  double circulation
______ which prevents backflow of blood 30. differentiate between single and double circulation
Dorsal, pericardial cavity, 13, head, chambers, head, single circulation refers to the type of double
ostia, valves circulation where blood flows through the heart one in
17. Name the class of organisms with single circulatory every compete circulation while double circulation
system refer to the type of double circulation where the blood
Class pisces flows through the heart twice in every complete
18. Blood is not a medum for transporting oxygen in insects. circulation
Explain 31. name the 2 types of double circulation
Blood in insects lacks a transport pigment such as  systemic circulation
haemoglobin  pulmonary circulation
19. State the main function of blood in insects 32. differentiate between systemic and pulmonary
Transporting nutrients to the cells circulation
20. Give 4 substances found in blood in insects systemic circulation is a type of double circulation
 Some Pigments such as haemocyanin (not a where the oxygenated blood from the heart is pumped
transport pigment) to the rest of the body organs while pulmonary
 white blood cells circulation is a type of double circulation where the
 small amount of oxygen and carbon IV oxide deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body organs is
 some waste products e.g. hydrogenase waste pumped to the lungs and back to the heart
 nutrients 33. state 2 differences between systemic and pulmonary
21. explain circulation in an insect circulation
22. give a reason why haemolymph in insects contains small  is systemic circulation oxygenated blood is pumped is
amount of carbon IV oxide and oxygen pumped to the rest of the body parts while in
this is because gases diffuse directly to the cells of the pulmonary circulation oxygenated blood is pumped to
insect and out through the tracheal system the heart
23. explain why blood in insects do not have a color  in systemic circulation deoxygenated blood is pumped
they do not have a transport pigments for the gases back to the heart while in pulmonary circulation
because the gases diffuse through the tracheal system deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs
24. name one pigment in haeolymph in insects 34. state 3 differences between single and double circulation
haemocyanin
25. in insects the anterior segment is joined to the aorta Single circulation Double circulation
which empties the haemolymph into spaces in the head Blood flows through the Blood flows through the
called _______ heart once in every heart twice in every
sinuses complete circulation complete circulation
below is a diagram showing the transport system in an Low pressure High pressure
insect (coackroach) There is mixing of No mixing of the
26. state 3 differences between the transport of gases in oxygenated and oxygentated and
insects and mammals deoxygenated blood deoxygenated blood
35. illustrate the path followed by blood in the foloiwng
Insects Mammals system
Through the tracheal Through blood (a) pulmonary circulation
system (b) systemic circulation
Gases diffuse directly Gases diffuse in and out of 36. state 2 advantages of double circulation over single
through the tracheal the cells indirectly through circulation
system the blood
  greater pressure is generated and maintained thus 45. State the location of the Sino atrial node (SAN)
nutriets and oxygen reaches the cells faster thus It is found in the walls of the Right Atrium
the organisms remains active 46. State the role of the Sino atrial node (SAN)
 no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood It it acts as a pacemaker by initiating the contraction of
37. man is more active than fish. Explain the heart muscles
refer to quiz above 47. State the role of the following
study the diagram below of the mammalian circulatory (a) Purkinje tissues- transmits waves of excitation from the
system SAN to the atrio-ventricular node
diagram of a fish circulatory system (b) Atrio-ventriular node- transmits waves of excitation
38. state the functional difference between inferior vena from the purkinje tissues to the netricular musles for
cava and superior vena cava contraction
superior vena cava carries blood from upper pparts of 48. Cardiac muscles are referred to as myogenic. Explain
the body back to the heart while the inferior vena cava They initiate their own contraction through
carries blood from lower pparts of the body back to the stimulation from the SAN i.e. do not need nerves
heart stimulation to contract and relax
39. state the functions of the following blood vessels 49. State the function of coronary artery
(a) aorta- carries oxygentated blood from the ehart to It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the heart
the rest of the body parts muscles
(b) hepatic artery- carries oxygenated blood from the 50. Name 2 nerves that control heartbeat rate
heart to the liver Vagus nerve/parasympathetic nerve; sympathetic nerve
(c) Mesentric artery- carries oxygenated blood from 51. State the functional difference between vagus and
the hear to the stomach and the intestines sympathetic nerve
(d) Renal artery- carries oxygenated blood from the Vagus nerve decreases heartbeat while sympathetic
heart to the kidney nerve accelerates heartbeat
(e) Renal vein- carries deoxygenated blood from the 52. Explain how vagus and sympathetic nerve contros
kidney to the heart heartbeat
(f) Hepatic portal vein- carries blood enriched with Refer to answer above
absorbed nutrients from the ileum to the liver 53. Name 2 valves found in the right chamber of the heart
(g) Hepatic vein- carries deoxygenated blood from the  Tricuspid valve
liver to the heart  Pulmonary Semi lunar valve/pocket valves
(h) Vena cava- carries deoxygenated blood from the 54. Name 2 valves found in the left chambers of the heart
rest of the body parts to the heart  Bicuspid valve
(i) Pulmonary artery- carries deoxygenated blood from  Aortic Semilunar valve/pocket valves
the heart to the lungs 55. Name 2 atrioventricular valves and state their fuctions
(j) Pulmonary vein- carries oxygenated bood from the Tricuspid valves; bicuspid valve
lungs to the heart They prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles
back to the atria
56. State the role of pocket valves
40. State the location of the heart Prevents backflow of blood from the aorta and the
It is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs pulmonary artery back to the heart when the two
enclosed by pericardium membrane arteries relax
41. Name the membrane which encloses the heart 57. State the role of the interventricular septum in the
pericardium membrane mammalian heart
42. State 3 functions of the pericardium It separates the left and right chambers of the heart
membrane/adaptions thus preventing oxygenated blood from mixing with
 Secretes a fluid which lubricates the heart reducing deoxygenated blood
friction when pumping blood 58. Left ventricle is more muscular than right ventricle.
 Has a fat which absorbs shock Explain
 Holds the heart in position checking it from The left ventricle is more muscular/thicker walled than
overdilation the right ventricle to generate high pressure pump
43. Define the term overdilation and state its effect blood to distant parts of the body. On the other hand
It refers to the overrelaxing of the heart muscles. It the right ventricle is less muscular as it only pumps to
allows more blood to enter the heart the lungs
44. Explain the following. The pericardium membrane 59. Name 2 valves found between the auricles and ventricles
(a) Secretes a fluid- lubricates the heart reducing in the mammalian heart(atrioventricular valves)
friction when pumping blood  bicuspid valve
(b) Holds the heart in position- checking it from  tricuspid valve
overdilation 60. name 2 cuspid valves
(c) Has a fat- to absorb shock refer to the answer above
61. state the difference between bicusoid and tricuspid valves closes and the aortic semilunar valves/pocket
valves valves opens allowing oxygenated blood to flow to the
rest of the body parts via the aorta
bicuspid valve (it has 2 flaps) while tricuspid valve (it
has 3 flaps).
62. State the role of
(a) Bicuspid valve
It prevents the backflow of blood from the left
ventricle to the left auricle when the left
ventriclecontracts
(b) Tricuspid valve
Prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle
to the right atrium; when the left ventricle
contracts;
63. State one adaptation of the valves of the mammalian
heart
Have tendons in their structure that enables them to
withstand the pressure from the blood trying to flow
black
64. State 2 pumping mechanisms of the heart
 Systole-contraction
 Diastole-relaxation
65. What is a cardiac cycle
It refers to a series of contraction and relaxation of the
heart muscles i.e systole and diastole causing blood to
flow in one direction/ a complete systole and diastole
66. Name 2 events of a cardiac cycle
67. Differentiate between systole and diastole
Systole refers to an event of the cardiac cycle where the
heart muscles contract while diastole refers to an event
of the cardiac cycle where the heart muscles relax
68. Describe
(a) Diastole
 it occurs when the ventricular muscles relax causing
the volume of the ventricles to increase. the right
ventricular muscles relaxes causing the volume of the 69. describe the 2 types of systole
right ventricle to increase and a corresponding  Atrial systole- when atria/ auricles contract, while
decrease in the pressure allowing deoxygenated blood the ventricles remain relaxed. The high pressure
to flow from the body tissues to the right auricle causes the cuspid valves to open and blood flows to
 at the same time the left ventricular muscles relaxes the ventricles.
causing the volume of the left ventricle to increase  Ventricular systole- The ventricles contract, their
and a corresponding decrease in the pressure volume decreases while pressure increases
allowing oxygenated blood to flow from the lungs to 70. State 3 factors tat that increase the rate of heartbeat
the left atrium.  Temperature
 the auricles contract slightly causing the cuspid  Emotions
valves(tricuspid and bicuspid valves) to open and  Age of the individual
forcing blood flow to the ventricles 71. Compare heartbeat rate in children and adults
(b) systole Heartbeat rate is faster in children
 it occurs when the ventricular muscles contract GASEOUS EXCHANGE
causing the volume of the ventricles to decrease. 1. Define the term gasoues exchange
 the right ventricular muscles contract causing the It refers to the process by which respiaroty gases i.e.
volume of the right ventricle to decrease and a carbon IV oxide and oxygen move across respiratory
corresponding increase in the pressure.the tricuspid surfaces along a concentration gradient
valves closes and the pulmonary semi lunar 2. Unicellular organisms lack developed specialized
valves/pocket valves opens allowing deoxygenated respiratory surfaces while large multicellualrt
blood to flow to the lungs via the pulmonary artery organisms have. Explain
 at the same time the left ventricular muscles contract Unicellular organisms have a large surfqce area to
causing the volume of the left ventricle to decrease and volume ratio thus diffusion of gases across their
a corresponding increase in the pressure.the bicuspid body surfaces is able to cater for the respiarotry
 requirements while large multicellular organsisms dissolves in the thin moisture lining in the spongy
have a small surface area to volume ration thus mesophyll cells. It then diffuses to reach the
diffusion of gases across their bdy surfaces is ot photosynthetic cells i.e. palisade cells
able to cater for their respiratory requirements 12. describe how a oxygen a by product of
3. By what means does gaseous exchange occur in photosynthesis in plants leaf is able to reach the
unicellular organisms atmosphere. Draw from answer above
Diffusion 13. explain how oxygen in the atmosphere is able to
4. give examples of organsims which cqarry out enter the elaf and be used in respiration during the
gaseous exchange through diffusion across their night
body surface during the night light intensity is low and thus
amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium, respiration at a higher rate than photosynthesis.
paltyhelminthes, earthworms Thus oxygen produced in photosynthesis I s not
5. give one feature of leaves which provide a large able to meet the respiratory requirement of the
surface area for gasoues exchange plant and hecne the oxygen cocetration in the leaf
broad flat lamina drops below the atmospheric. Due to the
6. state 4 common characteristics/features of repiratory concetration gradient created oxygen diffuses into
surface in all animals the leaf through the stomata
 presence of highly folded structures which 14. at night carbon IV oxide accumulates in the leaf.
increase the surface area for diffusion of Explain
respiratory gases 15. name the structures used in gaseoses exchange in
 oresence of a transport system which is capable breathing roots
of carrying oxygen to tisues and carbon IV oxide pneumatophores
away from tissues 16. name the loosly packed cells in stem of woody
 presence of moist epuitheium to dissolve the plants which form the lenticel
respiratory gases allowing their diffusion in cork cells
solution form 17. give a feature of leaves in plants that reduces the
 a ventilation mechanisms for bringing in fresh diffusion distance of respiratory gases
air and expelling used air containing carbon IV they are thin’
oxide 18. name 4 structures through which gaseous exchange
7. define the following terms occur in plants
(a) ventilation  stomata
it refers to the movement of fresh air rich in oxygen  lenticels
into the respiratory organs and expulsion of used air  pneumatophores
rich in carbon IV oxide  cuticle
(b) breathing  epidermis in some roots
it refers to body movements that bring respiratory 19. name the structures through gaseous exchange may
gases inContact woth the respiratory surfaces occur in the following parts of the plant
8. give 2 sources of oxygen for living organisms (a) leaves- stomata, cuticle
air, water (b) stem- lenticels, stomata
9. state 2 importance/roles of gaseous exchange (c) roots- pneumatophores, cuticle, epidermis
 it promotes the intake of oxygen for respiration 20. state 5 adaptations of terrestrial leaves to gaseous
to yield energy and enhances removal of carbon exchange
IV oxide from tissues as a product of metabolism  they have numerous stomata on the leaf surface
 it promotes intake of carbon IV oxide for to provide sites of exchange of respiratory gases
photosynthesis in plants  have a broad and flat lamina to provide a large
10. name the process by which gesoues exchange occurs surface area for gaseous exchange
at respiratory surfaces’  have large air spaces in spongy mesophyll cells
diffusion for accommodation of respiratory gases to create
11. describe how carbon II oxide for photosynthesis a diffusion gradient hence diffusion of
reaches the photosynthetic cells during the day respiratory gases
during the day the photosytheis proceeds at a  have a thin moisture film on outer surfaces of
higher rate than respiration due to presence of spongy mesophyll cells for dissolution of
sunlight. Thus the carbon IV oxide produced respiratory gases
during respiration is not able to meet the  are thin to reduce the diffusion dstacne of
photosynthetic requirements and hence the respiratory gases
cocetration of carbon IV ooxide in the leaf reduces 21. name 3 respiratory structures used for gaseous
below that of the atmospheric. Thus due to te exchange in terrestrial plants
diffusion gradient created carbon IV oxide diffuses stomata, lenticels, cuticle
into the leaf through the stomata where it then
 22. explain the possible of effect of decrease n to draw in water by osmosis and becoming turgid
environmental temperatures on the rate of gaseous and hence opening of the stomata
exchange  they lie in close contact with the epidermal cells
 decreases the rate of gasoues exchange due to from which they draw in water
decrease in the rate of diffusion of respiratory  they are bean shaped and are two facing each other
gases so as to form an aperture hence stoma
 decreases the rate of gasoues exchange due to 32. state 3 functions of the guard cells
decrease in the size of the stomata  control of water loss to the atmosphere
23. state 2 adaptations of the plant respiratory surfaces  controls the rate of gesous exchange
to gaseous exchange  have chloroplast thus photosynthesise
 presence of a thin moisture film for dissolution 33. state the favtor that controls the opening and closing
of respiratory gases of the stomata
 thin to reduce the diffusion dstacne of light intensity
respiratory gases 34. state 3 theories that aims at explaining the opening
24. plants that grow in water logged soil may eventually and closing of the stomata
die. Explain  photosynthetic theory
in water logged soil the water occupy air spaces in  potassium ion theory/mineral ion theory
the soil thus the soil contains very little oxygen  starch-sugar interconversion theory/pH theory
hence the roots lack adequate oxygen for metabolic see explanations in the essay book
proceses and thus de. With the death of the roots 35. name the enzyme responsible for osmotic changes in
no more uptake of water and mineral salt essential the guard cells
for the plants metabolic processes and thus the phosphorylase
whole plant eventually dies 36. state the role of enzyme phosphorylase
25. explain why no intake of carbon IV oxide does not it facilitates osmotic changes in the guard cells
take place in lenticels as in the stomata hence opening and closing of the stomata
carbon IV oxide is used in photosynthesis. The 37. metabolic wastes prevent opening of the stomata.
cells around the lenticel lack chlorophyll hence do Explain
not photosynthesis thus no need for the intake of metabolic wastes inhibit respiration thus no energy
carbon IV oxide is yielded in the gurad cells for drawing in
26. state 2 adaptative features present in animal potassium ions from the adjacent epidermal cells
respiratory surfaces but absent in plants by active transport. Hence the potassium ions
 highly vascularized for transport of respiratory diffuse from the gurd cells to the adjacent
gases to and away from the tissues epidermal cells lowering the osmotic pressure of
 ventilation mechanism for bringing in fresh air the gurad cells casuing them to lose water to the
and expelling used air adjacent epidermal cells thorugh osmosis hence
27. study the diagram below and answer the questions they loose turgidity and thus the stomata closes
that follow 38. state the adaptations of the leaves of the following
(a) name the parts labelled A, B and C plants to reduced transpiration
A- guard cell (a) xerophytes/arid plants
B- epidermal cell  few stomata
C- stoma  small stomata aperture
28. name one green cell found in the epidermis of plant  sunken stomata
leaves  reversed stomatal rythym
guard cell  hairy leaves
29. stomata are frequesntly more on the lower epidermis (b) mesophytes
than on the upper epidermis  stomata are fairly numerous on both sides but
they are less on the upper edimersi to reduce the are more on the lower epidermis
rate of transpiration by exposing less surface area  medium sized stomata
to solar radiation. They are more on the lower (c) hydrophytes
epidermis for efficient gaseous exchange  large stomatal aperture
30. state 2 functuos of the stomata  stomata are raised
transpiration; gaseous exchange  cutice is asent to encourage water loss
31. state 4 adaptations of the guard cells to their function  aerenchyma tissue which store gases for
 have chloroplasts for photosynthesis bouyancy
 have differentially thicker inner walls and thinner  sclereids which contribute to buoyancy are
outer walls to allow for differentiate expansion thus present
opening and closing of the stomata 39. what are mesophytes
 have a large sap vacuole to raise its osmotic these are plants which grow in forest and
pressure by accumulating solutes hence enabling it grassland on ordinary wet soil
40. name 2 structures in hydrophytes which contribute 49. Where are lenticels found in halophytes
to buoyancy I halophytes lenticels are found in
sclereids, aerenchyma tissue pneumatophores
41. state 3 functions of aerenchyma tissue in plants 50. State 2 adaptations of the lenticel to their function
 store gases for gasoues exchange  They are loosly packed cells to facilitate air
 store gases for buoyancy circulation
42. the diagram below a 24hr cycle for the opening and  Cells have moist surfaces to facilitate dissolution
closing of the stomata for some plant of respiratory gases
(a) state 2 advantages of this cycle of closing and 51. Explain the role of lenticels in gasoues exchange
opening of stomata They are small gaps in the stems and roots of some
 stomata opens during the day to allow entry woody plants. They are formed by loosly packed
of carbon IV oxide needed for photosynthesis cells which lack chloroplasts. Thus in lenticels only
and excreation of excess water by oxygen for respiration is taken up and carbon IV
transpiration oxide from respiration is givrn out
 stomatal aperture during midday is east 52. Describe the mechanism of gasues exchange in the
compared to other times during the day and lenticels
this reduces the rate of transpiration when Oxygen concetration is higher outside than in the
light intensity and temperature are relatively inside of the lenticel
high Oxygen thus diffuses into the lenticels through the
43. explain the importance of midday closure cells
reduces the rate of transpiration when light Carbon IV oxide centration is higher in the lenticel
intensity and temperature are relatively high than the outside thus it diffuses out of the lenticel
44. describe how carbon IV oxide produced by a into the atmosphere
respiring mesophyll cell of a flowering plant reaches 53. State 3 ways in which floating aquatic plants are
the atmosphere (5mks) adapted to gaseous exchange
 carbon IV oxide produced diffuses out of the  Stomata are found on the upper epidermis to
mesophyll cells ad dissolves in the thin film of allow for efficient gasoues exchange
water on their outer walls and then diffuses  Have large aerenchyma tissue to store air for
into the intercellular air spaces gaseous exchange
 thr carbon IV oxide accumulates in the  Cells of aerenchyma tissue have moist surfaces to
intercellular spces raising the concentration dissolve respiratory gases
gradient above that of the atmosphere 54. State 3 adaptations of the aerenchyma tissue
 the carbon IV oxide then diffuses out of the  Have large intercellular air space to Store air for
leaf through the stomata into the atmosphere gaseous exchange
until equilibrium is reached  Have large intercellular air space to Store air for
45. state 4 adaptations of the stomata and the spongy buoyancy
mesophyll cells  Their cells have moist surfaces to dissolve
 a large total surfacer area provided by the cells respiratory gases
of the spongy mesophyll layer  Its cells have thin cellwalls to allow rapid
 numerous stomata on the leaf surface for diffusion of gases
efficient gasoues exchange  They have airspaces which encourage
 a film of moisture on the outer surface in the evaporation hence loss of excess water in
mesophyll cells to dissolve the diffusing gases hydrophytes through transpirtion
46. what are lenticels 55. State 3 functions of the large air spaces found in
are openings formed loosly packed cork cells found aerenchyma tissue
in the stem and roots of woody plants 56. State 2 functions of the aerenchyma tissue
47. study the diagram below and answer the questions  Facilitate buoyancy
that follow  Facilitate gaseous exhcnage in floating aquatic
(a) What is the role of the part labelled D plants
Secondary thickening  They have airspaces which encourage evaporation
(b) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D hence loss of excess water in hydrophytes through
A- Lenticel transpirtion
B- Main stem 57. Explain the role of the stomata in gaseous exchange
C- Loosly packed cells  They are small pores in between guard cells that
48. Explain how submerged hydrophytes obtain oxygen open into interellualr aie spaces between the
at night spngy mesophyll cells
They obtain it as dissolved oxygen in water which  They allow air to accumulate in the intercellular
diffuses through the thin cuticle or through the air space beneath them facilitating development of
epidermis of the leaves as some like the cuticle
 a diffusion gradient that is necessary for gaseous Aerenchyma tissue is found in aquatic plants in the
exchange stem, leaves and the roots
 Through stomata gaseous exchange between the 68. State 3 modification of the leaves of partly
inside and the out side of the leaf occur through submerged plants to gaseous exchange
diffusion  Upper surface of the exposed parts have
 They allow entry and exit of both oxygen and numerous stomata
csrbon IV oxide depending on the concetration  Have aerenchyma tissue which have large air
gradient space to store for gaseous exchange
58. Name 3 respiratory surfaces in mangroves  Some have sclereids to enhance buoyancy hence
 Stomata exposure of the upper surfaces for gaeeous
 Cuticle exchange
 Pneumatophores 69. Name the structures found in leaves of some aquatic
59. State 3 adaptations of the pneumatopores to their plants that span the width of the leaf from the upper
60. function epidermis to the lower
 Thin walled for faster diffusion of respiratory Sclereids
gases 70. State one adaptation of scelerids
 Have numerus lenticels for efficient gaseous They have cells with thickend and lignified walls
exchange which enable them to offer support
61. Name the structures in pneumatophores that allow 71. State 2 functions of sclereids
for gaseous exchange in water logged soil  Offer support
Lenticels  Contributes to bouyncy in some aquatic plants
62. Describe how gaseous exchange occur in Below is a diagram showing sclereid
pneumatophores 72. State 3 difference between the structures in aquatic
Pneumatophores have lenticels that allow for plants and terrestrial plants
gaseous exchange in water logged or in stagnant
warer. Oxygen diffuses into the lenticel and aerates Aquatic Terrestial
the submerged parts of the root system at the same No mechanical Have mechanical
time carbon IV oxide thickening strengthening
63. State the difference between the epidermal cells fo Shallow and mostly Deep well established tap
the root and of the stem fibrous roots
Epidermal cells of the root lack cuticle Have large air spaces Have no air space
64. Explain why there is excess oxygen in the leaf No root hairs Have root hairs
during the day than in the night No cuticle Have cuticle
 During the day there is presence of light No conducting vessels Have well developed
energy and thus the rate of photosynthesis present. If present conducting tissues
exceeds that of respiration. Thus more oxygen they are greatly
is produced by photosynthesis than it is being reduced
used up in respiration causing it to accumulate 73. State the main function of guard cell
in the leaf Controls the opening and closing of the stomata
 During the night light intensity is low and thus 74. State the advantage of having stomata on both sides
respiration proceeds at a highr rate than of the leaf
photosynthesis. Hence less oxygen is produced  Increases the number of cells to carry out
by photosynthesis than it is being consumed by photosynthesis
respiration hence it becomes less in the leaf  Facilitate efficient gaseous exchange
65. Fully submerged plants do not have stomata. 75. Give one disadvantage of having stomata on both
Explain how they meet their respiratory sides of the leaf
requirements Resuts in excess water loss
The epidermal cells of such plants have no cuticle 76. State 5 features of mesophytic plants in reducing the
ad gases diffuse directly through the cell wall of rate of transpiration
the epidermal cells. The epidermal cells have  Have sunken stomata
numerous chloroplasts  More stomata on the lower epidermis
66. Explain how plants partly submerged in water  Have thick waxy cuticle
obtain their respiratory requirements e.g. lily  Shedding off of leaves during the dry season
(Nymphea lotus), bladderwort  They develop deep well established roots
Gasoues exchange occur mostly at the exposed 77. State features of hydropytes which promote
surface of the plant. The exposed upper surface of buoyancy
the leaves have numerous stomata and no cuticle  Sclereids
67. Where is the aerenchyma tissue found in plants  Aerenchyma tissue
78. Differentiate between emergent and submergent Photosynthesis yields glucose which is the main
plants substrate during aerobic respiration to yield
Emergent plants refers to those whose leaves and energy. Photosynthesis uses CO2 as a raw material
stems are exposed on the water surface whule while respiration produces carbon IV oxide as a
submergent plants is where the whole plant is product. During photosynthesis water is used as a
completely submerged in water raw material while water is produced as a product
79. Study the diagram below and answer the questions during respiration
that follow 88. In an investigation the set up apparatus below was
(a) Name the parts labelled X and Y used in a lab and the observations made after 72hrs
X- Spongy mesophyll cell (a) Explain how inclusion of the following
Y- Cuticle components would affect mouse in the
(b) Use arrows to indicate the direction of flow of water experiment
during transpiration stream i. Light
80. Name 3 sites where gaseous exchange occur in Enables the potted plant to carry out
terrestrial plants photosynthesis using carbon IV oxide lowering its
Cuticle, lenticels, stomata volume in the bell jar and give out oxygen to be
81. Name 2 sites for gaseous exchange in higher plants used by the mouse in respiration
Stomata, lenticel ii. Sodium hydroxide
82. State 2 ways in which floating leaves of aquatic It would absorb carbon IV oxide lowering its
plants are suited for gaseous exchange volume in the bell jar thus more oxygen is held to
 Stomata are found on the upper epidermis to be used by mouse in respiration
allow for efficient gaseous exchange 89. Why did the student prefer the bell jar rather than a
 Presence of large air spaces created by the tin box
aerenchyma tissue to enable floating and  Bell jar is transparent allowing light penetrate for
storage of air for gaseous exchange photosynthesis while the tin box is opaque and
83. Name 2 structures used for gaseous exchange in thus would not allow light to penetrate.
aquatic plants  Tin box would allow accumulation of het altering
Pneumatophores, cuticle, aerenchyma tissue, the temperature for the mouse
stomata 90. State the adaptations of the pneumatophores to their
84. Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in functions
plants through the lenticels  Contain numerous lenticels for efficient gaseous
Lenticels are found in stems where the cork cells exchange
become loosely packed enabling gaseous exchange  Emerges above the soil or water surface for
between the atmosphere and the stem efficient gaseous exchange
The moist surface dissolves gases to enable them
diffuse in solution form
Exchange of gases is enhanced due to the 91. Bicarbonate is an indicator which turns yellow in an
concentration gradient of gases acid solution and purple in an alkaline solution whie
Oxygen concentration is higher outside the stem red in a neutral solution. The apparatus below was
than the inside thus oxygen diffuses into the set up and left on a lab bench for 3 hours
lenticel then to the cell and the carbon IV oxide (a) What was the aim of the experiment
which is in higher concentration inside the leaf To show that plants respire to release carbon IV oxide gas
than the outside the diffuses outside (b) State the observations made
85. Explain the significance of the guard cells having In A the bicarbonate indicator turned from red to yellow
thick inner walls and thin outer walls In B the bicarbonate indicator remained red
The thick inner walls allow for bulging while the (c) Explain the observations made
thin outer walls allow for stretching thus opening  A- in absence of light the plant could not
and closing of the stomata photosynthesise thus only respired therefore carbon
86. Below is a structure of Brassica oleracea (Sukuma IV oxide accumulated leading to acidic condictions
wiki) that turned the indicator yellow
(a) State 2 observable features that adapt the leaf to  B- the plant is boiled thus the cels are dead and no
gaseous exchange metabolic activities taking place thus the pH is not
 Broad flat lamina altered with and thus the indicator remains the
 Presence of midrib and veins which contain same
vascular tissue to conduct substances within the (d) What is the role of the aluminium foil
leaf To keep off light to ensure that only respiration occurs
87. Explain the relationship between photosynthesis and ad no photosythesis occurs
respiration (e) What is the role of setup B
It serves as a control experiment
(f) Why is a fresh water plant used (g) What would be the effect of setting up the same
It has many cells with respiratory enzymes that experiment without potassium hydrogen
catalyse respiration carbonate
(g) Why would it be advantageous to use cotton wool rather (h) Explain why a water pant is used (2 reasons)
than rubber stopper (i) Suggest 3 suitable control expermiet for the
Cotton wool allows free movement of respiratory gases above
in and out of the tubes Similar set up in darkness
(h) Name one other alternative for bicarbonate indicator Use boiled pond weed
Calcium hydroxide For answers refer to photosynthesis
92. A form 3 student carried an experiment set up as
shown below. Bromothymol blue (BTB) is sensitive GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS
to pH changes. It is yellow in low power of 1. State 5 ways in which animal respiratory surfaces are
hydrogen adapted to their function
(a) What was the aim of the experiment  Have a thin epithelium to reduce the diffusion
To show that carbon IV oxide is produced during distance of respiratory gases
respiration in plants  Moist surface for dissolution of respiratory gases
(b) Why was setup B included  Large surface area to volume ratio for maximum
It serves as a control expermiment gaseous exchange
(c) Explain the role of aluminium foil  Highly vascularized for transport of respiratory gases
To keep off light to ensure that only respiration  Usually ventilated to allow for inhalation and
occurs ad no photosythesis occurs exhalation
(d) Explain why BTB changes its color from blue to 2. State 2 reasons why respiratory surfaces in animals are
yellow in A after 30 minutes highly vascularized
Light is absent thus no photosynthesis occurs;  For transport of respiratory gases
respiration occurs producing carbon IV oxide  To increase the diffusion gradient for respiratory
which accumulates in the test tube resulting into gases
acidic conditions that turns the indicator yellow 3. State 4 basic factors of agood respiratory surface
93. Study the diagram below and answer the questions 4. State 4 charcteristics of mebranes across which
that follow gaseous exchange occur
(a) What was the aim of the experiment 5. What is the basic unit for any breathing system
To show that carbon IV oxide is produced Respiratory surface
during respiration in plants 6. State 3 factors that determine the type of respiratory
(b) State and explain the results obtained surface an organisms will have
• A- in absence of light the plant could not Size, activity, environment
photosynthesise thus only respired therefore 7. For each of the following organisms state medium and
carbon IV oxide accumulated leading to acidic the type of respiratory surface they have
condictions that turned the indicator yellow
• B- the plant is boiled thus the cels are dead organsims medium Respiratory
and no metabolic activities taking place thus surface
the pH is not altered with and thus the Earthworm air skin
indicator remains the same Frog Water; air Skin, buccal
(c) What was the role of setup B cavity, lungs
It serves as a control expermiment Paramecium water Cell membrane
(d) What is the role of the aluminium foil Fish water Gill filament
To keep off light to ensure that only respiration Insect Air tracheoles
occurs ad no photosythesis occurs Birds air Lungs
94. Study the setup below and answer the questions that bacteria water Cell membrane
follow mammals air Lungs
(a) What was the aim of the experiment reptile air Lungs
(b) Name the gas collecting amoeba air Cell
(c) Explain how you would identify the gas memebrane
(d) Explain the role of the following plasmodium air Cell membrane
i. Funnel 8. State the type of respiratory surface used by each of the
ii. Wooden block following organisms
(e) Why was potassium hydrogen carbonate used in (a) Mosquito larvae- anal gills; external gills; siphon
the experiment tube
(f) Suggest two ways of increasing the rate of (b) Adult grasshopper- tracheole
evolution of the gas (c) Tilapia-gill filament
(d) Protozoa- plasmalemma
 (e) Flatworm- body wall It carries oxygen to and csrbon IV oxide away from
(f) Tad pole- external gills the tracheoles
(g) Adult frog- lungs; skin; buccal cavity 24. State one adaptation of trachea in insects
(h) Lizard- lungs Has spiral bands of chitin to keep them open and
(i) Mammalian foetus- placenta prevent them from collapsing during breathing
(j) Spider- book lungs 25. State 4 adaptations of tracheoles in insects
(k) Nymph- tracheal gills  Are numerous to increase the surface area over
(l) Water beetle- plastron gaseous exchange occur
9. Name the respiratory surface in Amoeba  Are moist to dissolve respiratory gases allowing
Cell membrane their diffusion in solution form
10. Describe the gaseous exchange in Amoeba (4mks)  Tracheole walls are thin to reduce the difffusio
 Oxygen concentration is higher in the surrounding distance of respiratory gases
water than in the cytoplasm  Tracheoles lack chitin to provide a large surface
 Oxygen in solution thus diffuses into the cell area for gaseous exchange
cytoplasm thorugh the plamsa membrane  They are branched to offer a large surfacer area for
 Carbon IV oxide is higher in concentration in the gaseous exchange
cytoplasm than it is in the surrounding water thus it 26. Explain the advantage of tracheoles in insects lacking
diffuses out of the cell into the sorroundin water spiral bands of chitin
11. State 2 adaptations of the cell membrane in Amoeba to  Provides a large surface area for gaseous exchange
gaeous exchange  Makes their walls thing thus reducing diffusion
 It is thin to reduce diffusion distance of distance of respiratory gases
respiratory gases 27. Insects such as a cockroach lack respiratory pigment
 It is semi-permeable to facilitate passage of explain
respiratory gases This is because respiratory gases are delivered to and
12. Name the respiratory surface in insects away from body tisssues directly through the tracheal
Tracheole system
13. Name the respiratory structures in insects 28. Name the breathing structures in adult insects
Spiracles Spiracles
14. Explain why spiracles in insects are not considered as 29. Name the respiratory surface in adult insects
respiratory surfaces Tracheoles
They are not moist 30. An insect was exposed to low oxygen concetration for
15. Name the system in insects made up of large networks 2 hours. Explain the effect this would have on the size
of air tubes of the spiracles
Tracheal system The spiracles would increase so as to offer a large
16. State 3 components of the tracheal system in insects surface area for obtaining as much oxygen as
Trachea, spiracles, tracheoles possible due to the low oxygen concetration
17. Name the air tubes found in the tracheal system in 31. If respiratory disease infects an insect name the likely
insects parts that would be affected. Explain
Trachea (pural-tracheae) Spracles, trachea, tracheoles; they form the most
18. What name is given to the breathing system in insects essential parts of the respiratory system
Tracheal system 32. State 3 limitations of the insects respiratory system
19. What are spiracles  Spiracles are easily losed by dust
Are a series of pored found on either side of the  Inefficient under water
thorax and abdomen in insects through which air  Amount of air intake per unit time is small and
enters the tracheae thus limiting the size the organsism can attain
20. State the role of spiracles 33. Explain why insects have a small size limit. Explain
Allow entry of air from the atmosphere into the body Refer to answer above
of insects 34. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
21. State 2 adaptations of spiracles to their function follow
 It has a muscular valve that controls the opening (a) Name the structures labelled A,B, C and D
and closing of the stomata A- Spiracle
 It has hairs which trap dust and prevent excessive B- Trachea
loss of moisture through evaporation C- Spiral band of chitin
22. State 2 roles of the hairs found at the spiracle in insects D- Tracheole
 Traps dust E- Muscle tissue
 Prevents excessive water loss from the insects body F- Body wall
through evaporation (b) State the fuctions of the parts labelled A, B, C, D
23. State the role of tracheae in insects
 (c) During strenuous exercise the amount of fluid in E 41. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
reduces. Explain how this change arises and follow
significance (a) Name the part R
Stenous muscular activity results in production of Tracheal gills
lactic acid in their muscles. The fluid in D passes (b) Give an example of such an organism
out into the muscles to dissolve and dilute the Dragon fly, mayfly-nymph
lacic acid to orevent its accumulation in the body 42. Name the respiratory surface in the following organism
(d) Explan the absence of C in D (a) Mosquito larvae- external/anal gill
(e) Describe how passes from the air to the muscles (b) Mosquito pupae- respiratory siphon
Refer to essay book 43. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
(f) Describe the route taken by air from the follow
atmosphere to the cells in the insect (a) Name all the structures labelled with letters
From the atmosphere air enters into the trachea A- Mouth brushes
through the spiracles then into the tracheoles and B- Antennae spiracle
finally into the cells C- Posterior spiracle
35. State 3 ways in which the supply of oxygen to insect D- Antenna
muscle fibre is different from the way oxygen is E- Thorax
supplied to a mammalian fibre F- Hairs
 Oxygen is directly supplied to the muscles without G- Anal gills
need of a transport pigment (b) State the role of the strucutres labelled F
 No transport fluid in insects Aid in floating
 Pumping is by contraction and relaxation of the (c) Give an examples of the organsism above
abdominal muscles while in mammals it is through Mosquito larvae
contraction and relaxation of the abdominal and 44. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
intercostal muscles follow
36. State one way in which the supply of oxygen to the (a) Name all the structures labelled with letters
muscle fibres of insects and mammals is similar A- Respiratory siphons
 Supply depends on the diffusion gradient B- Compound eye
 Oxygen dissolves in moisture prior to transfer C- Limbs of imago forming
37. Name 3 respiratory surface in aquatic insects D- Abdomen
 Tracheal gills (b) Give an examples of the organsism above
 Respiratory siphon Mosquito pupae
 Plastron 45. Explain why most aquatic insects are not truly aquatic
38. Name the respiratory surface used by each of the Because most of them need to come to the surface in
following in gaseous exchange order to breath
(a) Mosquito larvae Larva- singular
External gills, anal gills, siphone tube Larvae- plural
(b) Adult grasshopper 46. Water bugs and water beetles have a silvery
tracheol appearance. Explain why
(c) Nymph Due to the presence if the air bubbles trapped on
Tracheal gills their body surface
(d) May fly larvae 47. What are plastrons
Tracheal gill Is a pile of very fine on-washable hairs which covers
(e) Mosquito pupae the cuticle for some distance around the spiracle in
Respiratory siphon some aquatic insects
(f) Warer beetle 48. State 2 functions of plastrons in insects such as water
plastron beetles
(g) Water bug Hold off water; also maintains a layer of air over the
plastron body surface thus facilitating gaseous exchange
(h) Dragonfly 49. Describe how gaseous exchange occur across tracheal
Trachea gills gills in some aquatic insects
39. Briefly describe how insects such as mosquito pupae  Oxygen concentration is higher in the
carries out their gaseous exchange surrounding water than in the body cells
When the larvae comes to the surface of the water the  Oxygen in solution form thus diffuses across the
respiratory siphon opens to take in air and it is then thin epithelium of the tracheal gills into the body
closed by valves before the organism submerges cells
40. Give 2 aquatic insects that carry out gaseous exchange  Carbon IV oxide which is in higher concentration
through air bubbles trapped on their body surface in the body cells than in the sorrounding water
Water beetles, water bugs diffuses out of the cells through the thin
 epithelium of the tracheal gills into the
surrounding water
50. State 2 adaptations of the tracheal gills to their function AMPHIBIANS
 Has a thin epithelium to reduce the diffusion 58. Name 3 respiratory structures in amphibians
distance of respiratory gases  Buccal cavity
 They are numerous to increaee the surface area  Lungs
for gaseous exchange  Skin
51. State the role of bristles in a mosquito larvae 59. State 3 adaptations of the buccal cavity in amphibians
Enhance buoyancy hence floating to gaseous exchange
52. How does gaseous exchange occur across respiratory  It has a thin epithelium to reduce the diffusion
siphon distance of respiratory gases hence faster gasoues
 Oxygen concentration is higher in the exchange
surrounding water than in the body cells.  It is moist to allow of respiratory gases in solution
 The larvae emerges to expose the siphon into the form
atmosphere  It is well vascularized for transport of respiratory
 The valves of the siphon opens and oxygen gases and for maintainenece of a steep
diffuses across the epithelium of the siphon into concentration gradient for diffusion o respiratory
the body cells gases
 Carbon IV oxide concentration is higher in the 60. State 2 characteristics that external gills in tadpoles and
body cells than in the atmosphere thus it diffuses tracheoles in insects have in common
out of the body cells through the thin membrane  Both have a thin epithelium...
of the siphon into the surrounding air  Both have a moist epithelium...
 The valves close and the larva submerges. This 61. Explain how the following are adapted for gaseous
process occurs repeatedly exchange
53. How does gaseous exchange occur across the anal gills (a) Tad pole
 Oxygen concentration is higher in the  Has highly vascularized external gills for
surrounding water than inside the body cells and transport of respiratory gases.
oxygen in solution form thus diffuses across the  Has external gills with thin epithelium to reduce
thin epithelium. Of the anal gills into the body the diffusion distance for respiratory gases
cells. (b) Adult frog
 Carbon IV oxide concentration is higher in the  Has various respiratory surfaces to allow for its
body cells than in the surrounding water thus dual way of life
carbon IV oxide diffuses out of the cell through  It has a moist skin to allow fiddusion of
the thin membrane of the anal gills into the respiratory gases in solution form
surrounding water  Its buccal cavity and lungs are highly
54. State 2 adaptations of the respiratory siphon to its vascularized for transport of respiratory gases
function  Have moist respiratory surfaces for diffusion of
 Has valves to control its opening and closing respiratory gases in solution form
 Thin epithelium to reduce the diffusion distance 62. State 4 adaptations of the skin of s frog to gaseous
of the respiratory gases hence faster gaseous exchange
exchange  It is thin waled to......
55. Give 2 examples of adult respiratory siphon in adult  It is highly vascularized to ......
aquatic insects  It is large to provide a large surface area for....
Tracheal gill, plastron  It is moist to......
56. Describe how gaseous exchange occur across plastron 63. Name the respiratory structures involved in gaseous
 They are fine non washable hairs. exchange in a recently hatched tadpole
 They cover the cuticle for some distance around External gills
the spiracle in some aquatic insects 64. A frog and a tadpole both are members of class
 They hold off water and maintain a film of air amphibian. However a frog can use its skin for gaseous
over the body surface exchange but a toad cannot. Explain
 Oxygen diffuses from the film of air into the body A frogs skin is moist but a toads is dry ad warty hence
cells through the spiracles and carbo IV oxide cannot dissolve respiratory gases
diffuses from the body cells into the film of air 65. Name the respiratory organ used by fish
57. Name the respiratory surface used by the following Gill
organisms 66. Name the respiratory surface in fish
(a) Mosquito larvae- external gills Gill filament
(b) Mosquito pupae- respiratory siphon 67. State 4 components of the fish breathing system
(c) Mayfly nymph- tracheal gills  Mouth/buccal cavity
(d) Adult grasshopper – tracheoles  Opercular cavity
  Operculum Countercurrent flow system
68. State the role of operculum in fish (b) Explain how the system above is advantageous to a
Protects the gills on either side of the head fish
69. Name the structure removed in order to expose the gill (c) On the diagram show the direction of flow of bth
filament and the gill arch of a fish water and the blood
Operculum (d) Describe how the mechanism above works
70. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that  Blood that is partially oxygenated comes into
follow contact with water that is prgtressivley oxygen rich
(a) Name the structures labelled with letters  There is continuous diffusion of oxygen from the
A- Gill rakers water to the blood and a continuous diffusion of
B- Gill filaments carbon IV oxide from the blood to the water
C- Gill arch/bar  Therefore the blood that leaves the gills have
D- Opercular cavity almost the same concetratiion of oxygen as the
E- Gill raker water that enters the gill
71. List 3 parts of a gill 82. Explain why a bony fish dies shortly after being
Gill bar/arch; gill rakers; gill filaments removed from water
72. Study the diagram belwoa dna nswer the questions that  Fish uses dissolves oxygen in water for gaseous
follow exchange
(a) Name the organ above  After being removed from water the gill filament
Gill epithelium dries up and thus no moist surface to
(b) Give an examples of an organism that uses the organ allow diffusion of respiratory gases in solution form
above  Moreover the gill filaments clamp together thus
Bony fish e.g. tilapia reduced surface area over which gaseous exchanage
(c) Name the parts labelled A, B and C occur
A- Gill filament  This leads to suffocation which eventually leads to
B- Gill raker death of the fish
C- Gill arch/bar 83. Study the graph below and answer the questions that
73. State the role of the gill arch follow
It provides a surface for attachment of the gill (a) Identify the flow system above
filaments and the gill rakers Countercurrent flow system
74. State one adaptation of the gill bar/arch (b) Account for the changes in oxygen concetration in the
It is curved to offer a large surface area for the graph
attachment of gill filament and the gill rakers • Blood that is partially oxygenated comes into
75. Explain the function of the gill rakers contact with water that is prgtressivley oxygen rich
They trap/filter particles present in water preventing • There is continuous diffusion of oxygen from the
them from reaching and destroying the delicate gil water to the blood and a continuous diffusion of
filaments carbon IV oxide from the blood to the water
76. State the role of gill filaments • Therefore the blood that leaves the gills have
They offer a surface over which gaseous exchange almost the same concetratiion of oxygen as the water
occur that enters the gill
77. State 3 adaptations of the gill filaments to their (c) What would be observed if water and blood flow
function across the gills in the same direction
 They are highly vascularized for transport of  Diffusion gradient would not be as high along
respiratory gases the respiratory surface leading to low rates of
 They are numerous and long to increase the S.A gaseous exchange
for gaseous exchange  Equilibrium between blood and water
 They are covered with a thin epithelium to reduce concentration will eventually be reached beyond
the diffusion distance of the respiratory gases thus which no further diffusion would occur
faster diffusion 84. State 4 difference between gaseous exchange I fish and
78. Explain the gill of a fish is adapted to its function terrestrial insect
79. What is the other name of the opercular cavity
Gill chamber fish Terrestrial insect
80. Explain the importance of the countercurrent flow Medium is water Medium is air
system in the gills of a fish Site is gill filaments Site is tracheoles
It creates and maintains a steep concentration Gases are transported Gases reaches the
gradient necessary for maximum gaseous exchange in blood tissues dirtectly
81. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that Ventilation is y Ventilation is by
follow operculum muscles abdominal muscles
(a) What is the name of the system above Air enters throught the Air enters through the
 mouth in water spiracles  Has hairs in the nasal cavity to trap dust and other
85. A biologist investigated the effect of temperature of solid particles thus preventing them from reaching
water on the rate of ventilation in gold fish. The results the lungs
were as shown below  It has mucus secreting cels in the nasal cavity which
secrete mucus that trap dust and other
Temp 5 10 15 20 microorgansisms
(℃)  It is highly vascularized thus rich supply of blood in
Rate of 1.9 9.0 32.0 60.0 order to warm the air entering the lungs
ventilatio  It has olfactory cells in the roof of the posterior
n region of the nasal cavity which detect smell thus
(a) Describe and explain what the results show about enabling the organism to escape poisonous fumes
the effect of temperature of water on the rate of 96. State 4 adaptations of the nasal cavity to its functions
ventilation (3mks) 97. When are the dust particles and other solid materials
Increase in temperature increases the rate of trapped by the hair in the nasal cavity removed
ventilation When one blows the nose
More oxygen is required for respiration due to 98. Where are olfactory cells located
less dissolved oxygen in water at higher in the roof of the posterior region of the nasal cavity
temperatures 99. State the functions of the olfactory cells
86. What is counter current flow system detect smell thus enabling the organism to escape
It refers to a flow system where blood flows in the poisonous fumes
opposite direction to another fluid 100. Why is it advantageous to breath through the nose
87. Describe how the gills of a fish are ventilated after 101. Name the part where the mouth cavity meets the
water has entered through its mouth nasal cavity
 Muscles in the floor of the mouth relaxes ad the floor Pharynx/throat
of the mouth is raised, volume increases while 102. State the role of the tradchea
pressure decreases and water is forced into the Allows passage of air
operculum cavity then over the gills and out of the 103. Name the first f the trachea
cavity underneath the operculum by further rise in Larynx/voice box
the floor of the mouth 104. Name the opening through which air enters the
88. Distinguish between counter current flow system and larynx
parallel flow system Glottis
Counter current flow system refers to a flow system 105. Name the flap of cartilaginous tissue found above
where blood flows in the opposite direction to another the glottis
fluid within respiratory system while parallel flow Epiglottis
system is a flow system where blood and another 106. Explain the role of the epiglottis
fluid flow in the same direction within respiratory During swallowing it prevents food from entering the
system trachea thus preventing choking
89. State 2 disadvantages of parallel flow system 107. Name 2 reflexive actions that help remove ant
• Diffusion gradient would not be as high along the foregin materials that accidentally enters the windpipe
respiratory surface leading to low rates of gaseous Choking and coughing
exchange 108. State 4 adaptation of the trachea to its functions
• Equilibrium between blood and water  It is made of C-shaped rings of cartilage to keep it
concentration will eventually be reached beyond fully open even when the neck bends
which no further diffusion would occur  It has mucus secreting cells that secrete mucus which
90. Give 2 examples where counter current flow system trap dust particles and moistens air
occurs in the human body  Its lumen has ciliated epithelium; the cilia beat in
Kidney nephrons waves and moves mucus and foreign materials
Placenta towards the pharynx away from the lungs
91. Name the respiratory surface in mammals  It is tubular to allow passage of respiratory gases
Alveoli 109.
92. List 3 components of the breathing system in mammals RESPIRATION
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles 1. State 2 sources of food substrates from which
93. List the 3 components of the chest cavity in man organisms obtain energy
Ribs, intercostal musces, diphragm  Obtained from other plats or animals
94. List the components of the air passage in man during  Manufactured through photosynthesis
breathing 2. Define the term respiration
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles It refers to the chemical process in which food
95. State 4 adaptations of the nose to its functions substances are chemically broken down in all living
 cells to release energy, carbon IV oxide, water,  Digestion of food
ethanol, lactic acid 13. Name 4 body organs which reuire energy supply for
3. During respiration energy is released in small amounts proper functioning
gradually in stages. Explain why Brain, lings, kidney, heart
To avoid burning of cells as the total amount of 14. State one importance of energy produced during
energy released through respiration is high respiration in plants
4. Differentiate between respiration and gaseous Used in active uptake of minerals salts from the soil
exchange 15. State 2 importances of energy produced during
Respiration refers to the chemical process in which respiration in green plants
food substances are chemically broken down in all Active uptake of nutrients, secretion of enzymes,
living cells to release energy, carbon IV oxide, water, translocation of photosynthetic products
ethanol, lactic acid while gaseous exchange refer to 16. State 4 processes/activities during digestion of food
the process by which respiratory gases move across which require energy
respiratory surfaces along a concetrations gradient Peristalsis, churning, absorption of digested food,
5. State 2 differeces between respiration and gasesous secretion of enezymes
exchange 17. Explain the importance of respiration in digestion of
 Respiration refers to the chemical process in food
which food substances are chemically broken 18. Study the diragram below and answer the questions
down in all living cells to release energy, carbon that follow
IV oxide, water, ethanol, lactic acid while gaseous (a) Name the cell organelle above
exchange refer to the rocess by which respiratory Mitochondrion
gases move across respiratory surfaces along a (b) State the function of the cell organelle above
concetrations gradient Offers site for respiration
 Respiration is a chemical process while gaseous (c) Name the patts labelled A-F
exchange is a physical process A- Outer memebrane
6. State one difference between respiration in animas and B- Inner membrane
in plants C- Crista
Food substrates used n respiration in animals is D- Matrix
obtained from diet while in plants it is obtained from E- Space between the membrane
autotrphic reactions F- Cristae
7. Explain why gaseous exchange is also called external (d) Explain the function of the part labelled C
respiration Provides a large surface area for respiration
To differntiate it with respiration which occur in cells (e) State the function of the part labeled D
8. Name the food substance used in respiration during Offes site for chemical reactions that yield
starvation energy
Proteins (f) State 3 adaptations of the cell organelle above
9. State what happens when Refer to the cell
(a) Carbohydrates are in short supply- fats are (g) Name 4 cells in which the cell organelle above is
mobilized and broken down to yield energy in abundance
(b) Fats are used up- tissue proteins are broken down Brain cell, liver cell, sperm cell, muscle cell,
to amino acids which are deaminated and residue kidney cell
carbohydrate used in respiration (h) Name 3 cells in plants in which the cell organelle
10. State the difference between repiration and metabolism above in abundance
Respiration refers to the chemical process in which Apical meristem cell, root hair cell
food substances are chemically broken down in all 19. Study the diragram below and answer the questions
living cells to release energy, carbon IV oxide, water, that follow
ethanol, lactic acid while metabolism refers to the (a) State the aim of the experiment
sum total of all processes necessary to maintain life To investigate which gas is given off when food is
in living organisms burnt
11. Explain how respiration is related to metabolism (b) State 3 observations made during the experiment
Respiration produces energy used in metabolism  Effervescence in lime water due to production of
12. State 4 importnaces of repsitation cabon IV oxide gas
 It produces energy used for  White precipitate forms in the lime water due to
 Contraction of muscles the presence of carbon IV oxide gas
 Impulse transmission in animals  Droplets of colorless iquid are observed on
 Secretion of enzymes and hormones cooler parts of the boiling tube due to the
 Growth and repair of worn out body tissues production of water vapr which condenses on
 Functionaing of body organs e.g. kidney cooler parts of the boiling tube forming droplets
 Active uptake of nutrients e.g. in plants of liquid water
 Some quiz from masterpiece It refers to the first phase of aerobic respiration
20. State 6 differnces between respiration and during which glucose is broken down in the cell
photosynthesis cytoplasm in absence of oxygen to give pyruvic acid
and energy
Respiration Photosynthesis 34. What is the fate of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) produced
Occur in all living cells Occur in cells with during glycolysis
chloroplasts  If oxygen is not supplied to the cell then the
Occurs continually in Occurs oly in presence of pyruvate is partially broken down to lactic acid
presence or absence of light I animals and ethanol in plants
water  If oxygen is supplied to the cell then the
Leads to breakdown of Leads to sysnthesis of pyruvic acid enters into the kreb’s cycle where
complex organic complex organic it is further broken down to water, carbon IV
compounds into simpler molecules from simple oxide and energy
inorganic compounds inorganic compounds 35. State the eefect if deficieny of oxygen on glycolysis
Uses up energy Releases energy The rate of glycolysis increases as it is oxygen
Releases carbon IV oxide Uses carbon IV oxide independent
and water and water 36. Name 2 products of glycolysis
Occur in mitochondrion Occur in chloroplast Pyruvate, energy
21. Diffenrtiate between the two main types of respiration 37. State 2 sources of glucose in
Aerobic respiration occur in presence of oxygen (a) Plants
while anaerobic respiration occur in absence of  Hydrolysis of starch
oxygen  photosynthesis
22. Define aerobic respiration (b) Animals
It refers to the process by which glucose is broken  Diet
down in presence of oxygen in tissue cells to release  Breakdown of stored glycogen
energy water and carbon IV oxide 38. State one factor that determines the fate of pyruvic acid
23. Comment on the energy released during aerobic produced during glycolysis
respiration Presence or absence of oxygen
The enegy released is high as it involves compete 39. What is the fate of pyruvate in the following
breakdown of glucose (a) Plants , yeast and mould carrying out anaerobic
24. Write a word and a chemical equation to summarize respiration
the process of aerobic respiration Broken down partially to form ethanol
25. State the fate of energy released during respiration (b) Animals and bacteria carrying out anaerobic respiration
 Some converted to ATP and stored Broken down partially to form lactic acid
 Some is dissipated in form of heat (c) plants carrying out aerobic respiration
26. Write a word and a chemical equation to shpw the converted to carbon IV oxide and water with the
formation of an ATP molecule release of energy
27. Write an equation to show the release of energy stored (d) animals carrying out aerobic respiration
in an ATP molecule converted to carbon IV oxide and water with the
28. Name the energy storage comound in body cells release of energy
Adenosine triphosphate 40. fill in the blank spaces
29. Explain how ATP is formed in body cells initial breakdown of glucose is by a process called
Energy from the breakdown of the respiratory _____ . this process takes pace in the _____ of the cell.
substrate is used to bring about a reaction between It eventually produces two molecules of _____
adenosine diphosphate molecule and an iorganic from each molecule of glucose. Under aerobic
phosphate to form ATP and the enrgy in locked in conditions this product may then entte the second stage
between the bond of respiration called ____ which occurs in special
30. Explain how ATP releases energy organelles called ____ in absence of oxygen this
When ATP is broken down to ADP a phosphate product is changed to ___ in animals and to ___ in
molecule the energy which was locked in the bond is plants
released glycolysis, cytoplasm, pyruvate, Kreb’s cycle,
31. Write an equation to show aerobic respiration in mitochondria, lactic acid, ethanol
(a) Plants 41. name the enrgy producing process that statts in the
(b) Animal cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria
32. State the two stages/phases of aerobic respiration aerobic respiration
 Glycolysis 42. as a result of complete breakdown of glucose
 Kreb’s cycle molecules 114 ATP molecules were produced. How
33. Define glycolysis many glucose molecules were broken down to achieve
this
43. write an equation to show the process of glycolysis 57. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
44. where does kreb’s cycle occur in living cells follow
mitochondrion (a) Name product A
45. explain what happens to pyruvic acid in Kreb’s cycle (b) Name te process B and C
it is broken down to carbon IV oxide, water and (c) Name substance D
energy (d) Explain the fate of carbon IV oxide produced
46. list the end products of Kreb’s cycle during animals
energy, carbon IV oxide, water  Diffuse into the capillaries dissolves in blood
47. not all the energy present in a glucose molecule is and transported to the lungs for exhalation
converted to ATP. Explain  Diffuses into blood capillaries then transported
some of the enrgy is dissipated as heat to liver cells for urea formation
48. rapidly respiring tissues such as the liver and muscles 58. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that
produce a lot of heat. Explain follow
these tissues have high rates of respiratin. Some of (a) Write an eqautoion for the reaction tht occurs in the
the energy from respiration is converted to ATP and mitochondrion
some is released in form of heat (b) Name the products A, B, C
49. state the role of heat energy released during respiration (c) Where does C come from in CO2 during respiration
it is used in thermoregulation Glucose (carbohydrate)
50. toxic substances such as rotenone, cyanide, CO2 and 59. What is anaerobic respiration
oligomycin are very toxi to aerobic organism. Explain It refers to the prcess by which food substances are
they inhibit the production of energy broken down without using oxygen to produce energy
51. state 5 conditions necessary for the Kreb’s cycle to ad lactic acid in animals or energy, ethanol and
occur carbon IV oxide in plants
 availability of oxygen 60. Where does anaerobic respiration occur in a cell
 availability of glucose Cytoplasm
 availability of respiratory enzymes 61. Explain why lactic acid in animals require immediate
 favorable temp for enxymatic activity elimination
 constant removal of respiratory products It becomes toxic if left to accumulate in cells
52. diagram below is a representation of aerobic 62. Write both a word and a chemical equation to show
respiration anaerobic respiration in
(a) name the process named X and the part where it (a) Plants
occurs in a cell (b) Animals
(b) name the products A1, B1, C1 ; A2 B2 63. Name the rype of respiration carried out by yeast cells
(c) Name the process Y and name where it occurs in a Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
cell 64. Name the end products of anaerobic respiration in the
53. State 4 differneces between Kreb’s cycle and following
glycolysis (a) Plants- ethanol . carbon IV oxide, water
(b) Animals- lactic acid, energy
Kreb’s cycle Glycolysis 65. Give a condition in which muscle cells in human
Requires oxygen It does not require oxygen carries out anaerobic respiration
It occurs in the It occurs in the cytoplasm Oxygen debt
mitochondrion 66. State 2 forms of anaerobic respiration/fermentation
It produces a lot of It produces less energy  Alcoholic fermentation
energy (36ATP) (2ATP)  Lactic acid fermentation
Involves complete Involves partial 67. List 3 examples of organisms that carry out alcoholic
breakdown of pyruvic breakdown of glucose to fermentation
acid to carbo IV pyruvic acid Plants, yeast, some moulds
oxide, water and 68. Give an examles of anorganisms that breaksdown
energy ethanol/alcohol to ethanoic acid
54. State 4 conditions necessary to maintain respiration in Some Bacteria
living cells 69. Write equations to show
Refer to quiz 51 (a) Alcoholic fermentation
55. Name the stage of aerobic resptation that is driven by (b) Lactic acid fermentation
enzymes 70. Name 3 prducts of alcoholic fermentation
Kreb’s cycle ethanol . carbon IV oxide, water
56. Explain the eefect of accumulation of carbon IV oxide 71. Differntiate between the energy produced during
in the matrix of the mitochondria aerobic respiration and that produced during alcoholc
It will result in acidic conditons thus resuting in fermentation
unfavorable Ph conditions of enzymes actions
 That produced durin aerobic respiration is highe as it Allows energy production even in cases of oxygen
involves complete breakdown of glucose while in deficiency and this enables the animals to survive
alcoholic fermentation some of the energy is locked active exercises and to inhabit even with limited
within the intermediate compound formed,; ethanol oxygen supply
72. Diffenrtiate between alcoholic fermentation and lactic 83. State 2 differences between the products of anaerobic
acid fermentation respiration in plants and animals
alcoholic fermentation refers to the process by which
food substances e.g. glucose is broken down to froma plants Animals
ethanol, carbon IV oxide ans water while acid Ethanol is produced Lactic acid is produced
fermentation refers to the process by which food Carbon IV oxide is Carbon IV oxide is not
substances e.g. glucose is broken down to form lactic produced produced
acid and energy 84. Explain why carbon IV oxide is not produced during
73. Explain how sour milk in milk is obtained anaerobic respiration in animals
Milk sugar is broken down by bacteria to form energy To prevent blockage of blood vessels
and lactic acid. The lactic acid is rteponsible for the 85. Name the only one stage of anaerobic respiration
sour taste Glycolysis
74. State one advantage of lactic acid fermentation over 86. State 6 differences between aerobic and anaerobic
alcoholic fermentation respiration
In lactic acid fermentation the lactic acid can further
Aerobic respriation Anaerobic respiration
be broken down to yield energy unlike in alcoholic
Oxygen is necessary for Oxygen is not
fermentation
the process to ocur necessary
75. Explain why lactic acid fermentation makes an
High amount of energy Low amount of energy
organisms experience oxygen debt
is released (38 ATP) is released (2 ATP)
lactic acid can further be broken down to yield
energy The substrate is broken Substrate is broken
76. 34 glucose molecules were broken down during lactic down completely down partially
acid fermentation. How many lactic acid molcules End products are water , End prodcuts are
were produced carbon IV oxide and alcohol and enery in
68 energy plants and lactic acid
77. Explain the difference between fermentation and and energy in animals
glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Occurs in the
Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of pyruvic and mitochondrion cytoplasm only
acid from glycolysis in absece of oxygen while Occurs in 2 stages e.g. Occurs in oe stage only
glycolysis refers to the chemical breakdown of glycolysis and Kreb’s ;Kreb’s cycle
glucose in absence of oxygen to foe pyruvic acid and cycle
ATP energy 87. Define oxygen debt
78. Study the diragram below and answer the questions It refers to the extra amount of oxygen required to
that follow get rid of the lactic acid that accumulated in the body
(a) Name the substance A, K , L, M tissues when the supply of oxygen was less than the
(b) State one condition for the formation of lacic acid demand
Absence of oxygen 88. Explain how strenuous exercise causes fatigue
79. Explain why obligate anaerobes may not survive in During strenuous exercise the oxygen demand
presence of oxygen becomes higher than the suppy thus the muscle cells
 Production of enzyme catalase yet they do ot respire anaerobically resulting in production and
have enzyme catalase to break it down accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles. Lactic
 Oxidation of enzymes which work well in acid lowers the pH and this decreases the enzyme
reduced forms activity thus stops muscles proteins/fbres from
80. Explain how lactic acid production during vigorous working effectively
exercise cause muscle fatigue 89. A short distance runner/diver holds his breath while
Lactic acid lowers the pH and this decreases the running/diving. Explain why
enzyme activity thus stops muscles proteins/fbres To prevent the lactic acid oxidation while running
from working effectively which uses some energy and disrupts the oxygen
81. Lactic acid usually continues to risein blood after supply to the muscles. Lactic acid produces small
exercise ceases. Explain amount of energy while its oxidation uses energy
Because it is stil diffusing out of te muscles where it 90. Explain why a short distance runner pnats at the ened
was made a few minutes earlier of a race
82. Explain the im;ortance of anaerobic respiration to To pay back oxygen debt by providing extra amount
animals of oxygen for oxidation of lactic acid which
accumulated in the muscles when the muscles cells
respired anaerobically
91. State 4 side effects of lactic acid accumulation in the  Used in bread baking industry
body  Used in brewing industries in production of
 Fatigue/maucle crumps beverages like beer
 Can lower the pH of blood  Appied in the production of organic acids such
 Can increase the osmotic pressure of blood as oxalic acid
 It is toxic and can affect muscle acitivity  Used in the dairy industry to make milk porducts
92. How does the body deal with lactic acid such as yoghurt
 Can be excreted through the kidnety in urine  Applied in the pharmceutical industry in making
 It is taken to the liver and converted to fat fro drugs such as penicillin
storage  Used in seeage treatment
 It can be broken down to carbon IV oxide, water  Applied in the production of biogas
and energy  Production of compost manure
93. State 3 ways in which the body adjusts to high  Silage formation
concentration of lactic acid 102. What is the scientific name for yeast
 Ventilation rate increases Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 Breahing deepens 103. Name the product of femrebntation essential in
 Heart pumps vigorously and blood circulation (a) Bread making- carbon IV oxide
increases (b) Brewing industry – ethanol
94. Explain tow mechanisms in which the oxygen debt is 104. What happens to the alcohol during leavening of
paid back bread
 Oxygen is paid back by the person breathing more It evaporates
deeply and faster in order to increase the supply of 105. Name the enzyme produced by yeast cells which
oxygen to tissues ferments sugar to produce alcohol in bread baking
 The rate of heartbeat increases so as to increase Zymase
the blood circulation ensuring that oxygen in 106. Give 2 examples of beverages produced during
blood reaches the tissues faster fermentation in breweries
95. Explain how ncrease in heartbeat rate pays back Beer, wine, spirits
oxygen debt 107. Give 4 examples of organic acids produced during
 Transport of oxygen of oxygen to the muscles breakdown of ethanol by bacteria
becomes fast Acetic acid, oxalic acid, ethanoic acid/ vinegar,
 Removes lactic acid from the muscles to the liver butanic acid
96. Explain what happens to lactic acid that accumulates I 108. Give 3 examples of milk products produced due to
the muscles during exercise to restore lactic acid fermentation of sgar in milk
concentration back to normal Butter, cream, ghee, yorghurt
Oxidized to produce energy, carbon IV oxide and 109. Name the sugar present in milk that isfermented in
water dairy industries
Transported to the lover and converted to glycogen Lactose
and stored 110. Name the product of anaerobic respiration useful in
97. Differentiate between aerobes and anaerobes silage formation
Aerobes refers to organisms that cannot survive in Lactic acid; it preserves the silage
absence of oxygen while anaerobes refers to 111. Explain the role of anaerobic respiration in
organsims that repire anaerobically (a) Baking industry
98. State the two types of anaerobces (b) Brewing industry
 Facultative anaerobes (c) Production of organic acids
 Obligate anaerobes (d) Dairy industry
99. With examples differntiate between facultative (e) Pharmaceutical industry
anaerobes and obligate anaerobes (f) Sewage treatment
Facultative anaerobes refers to organisms that (g) Bigas production
repsire in presence or absence of oxygen e.g. yeast (h) Production of compost manure
while obligate anaerobes refers to organisms that (i) Silage formation
repire in absence of oxygen e.g. Clostridium bacteria (j) Production of power alcohol
100. Name the type of organisms described below Refer to the essay book
(a) Survive only in absence of oxygen- obligate 112. State 2 dsdavantages of anaerobic respiration
anaerobe  Causes food spoilage by microbial attacks
(b) Survive only in presence of oxygen- aerobes  Enables parasites to survive in tissues of plants
(c) Survive in presence or absence of oxygen- and animals where there is low oxygen
facultative anaerobe concetration
(d) Respires anaerobically- anaerobe 113. Explain how anaerobic respiration is used in
101. State 5 applications of anaerobic respiration (a) Production of beer
 Fermentation of mal extract from germinating 128. An athlete will be given glucoe and not sucrose after
barley seeds a race. Explain
(b) Production of cider  Glucose is highly soluble thus easily and faster
Fermentation of cider transported to the repistation sites
(c) Production of wine  Glucose has a simpler structure thus easily
Fermentation of grape juice oxidized
114. Describe the manufacture of brandy
Grape juice undergoes fermentation to form ethanol, 129. Define respiratory quotient
energy and carbon IV oxide;the ethanol is in the It refers to the ratio showing the relationship between
form of wine;wine is then distilled to form brandy the volume of carbon IV oxide produced against the
volume of oxygen used in repiration
130. Write an equation showing how RQ is calculated
115. What respiratory substrates 131. State 2 uses/significance of RQ
These are food substances that are broken down  It shows the type of food substrate that ws
during repiration to yield energy oxidized
116. List 3 examples of respiratory substrates  It shows the type of respiration that took place
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins 132. What is the RQ of
117. Give 3 examples of respiratory substrates which are (a) Proteins- 0.9
carbohydrates (b) Carbohydrates- 1.0
Fructose, glucose, galactose (c) Lipids – 0.7
118. Give a reason wy reducing sugars are preferred as 133. Describe how RQ is used to show the type of
respiratory substrates respiration that took place
They are soluble If the RQ value is less than one then the amount of
119. State a condition undrr which proteins are used a oxygen is more thus aerobic respiration took place
respiratory substrates 134. Calculate the RQ in the equations below
Starvation 135. Study the equation below
120. Explain why lipids are not the main/primary (a) Calculate the RQ
respiratory substrates (b) State the type of food substrate that was broken
 They are not soluble and thus not easily down- lipids
transpoted to respiration sites (c) State the type of respiration that took place. Give a
 They require more oxygen for oxidation reason
121. Give 3 reasons why glucose a carbohydrate is the Aerobic respiration.; the amount of oxygen used
most preferred as a respiratory substrates is more
 Highly soluble thus easily transported to 136. State 3 factors affecting respiratory quotient
respiratory sites  The type of food substrate
 Require less oxygen for oxidation  The type of respiration
 Do not produce toxic products  The age
122. Fats produce more energy on oxidation than glucose.  Temperature of the surrounding
However they are not preffered as the primary  State of health
respiratory substrate. Explain why 137. State 2 advantages of using fats as respiratory
123. Name the enregy yield per molecule on combustion substrates
of  The release large amounts of energy on complete
(a) Carbohydrates- 17 kJ per gram oxidation
(b) Fats- 38 kJ per gram  On oxidation it produces metabolic water which
(c) Proteins- 22 kJ per gram can be sued for other metabolic processes
124. Give one advantage of proteins over carobhydrates 138. Explain why there is a range of values of RQ of
They yield more energy when oxidized proteins
125. Proteins are rarely used for respiration. Justify this Each protein is made up of different aminoa acids.
statement. /give reasons Each of the one of the 20 amino acids has a different
 Protein etabolism leads to production of number of carbon atoms; in repiration reactions
substances which are toxc to cells e.g. urea which break each one down produces different
 Proteins oxidation requires a lot of oxygen volumes of carbon IV oxide and uses different
126. State the effect of respiration on proteins by an volumes of oxygen
animal 139. The RQ for fermentation is infinity. Explain
It leads to wasting of muscles/weight loss Carbon IV oxide is procude but no oxygen is used up.
127. Name the complex substance in plants that is later Any number divided by 0 is infinity
broken down toyield energy 140. RQ of a normal person is usually a range from 0.85
Starch to 0.9. if a person is deprived of food for 24 hours the
RQ drops to 0.75. explain why
 Because there is less food to be oxidized and hence To investigate the gas produced during
low volume of carbon IV oxide evolved yet oxygen fermentation
intake remains high (b) Why was glucose boiled before being mixed with
141. Greener plants tend to have very low RQ compared yeast
to animals of the same weight. Explain To expel oxygen to ensure that only aneorbic
Some of the carbon IV oxide from respiration respiration/fermentation occurs
inplants is used in photosynthesis producing more (c) State 2 reaosn why after boiling glucose s allowed to
oxygen. A decrease in the volume o carbon IV oxide cool to 40℃ before yeast suspension is added
evolved results into comparatively low RQ values  To prevent denaturing yeast cells
142. State 4 factors affecting the rate of respiration  To prevent denaturing respiratory enzyes in
 State of health yeast cells
 Age (d) State the role of the paraffin/oil
 Body size To prevent atmospheric air with oxygen from
 Sex renetering the glucose-yeast suspension thus
 Physical activity/occupation ensuirn only aneroibic respiration occurs
 Basal metabolic rate (e) State 3 observations made in the experiment
 Oxygen concetration  Effervescenece in lime water
 Substrate concetration  A white precipitate is formed in lime water
 Hormones  Pleasant smell of alcohol
 Temperature (f) Account for change in test tube containing calcum
See essay book for explanation hydroxide
143. Name 2 hormones which increase the rate of Calium hydroxide turns milky. This is because the
respiration yeast cells breakdown glucose anaerobically
 Thyroxine forming carbon IV oxide which reacts with the lime
 Adrenaline water forming a white precipitate
144. Study the diagram below and answer the questions (g) Account for temperature change in the boiling tube
that follow There is a rise in temperature reading because
(a) State the aim of the experiment anaerobic respiration produces energysome of
(b) State the observations made which is dissipated in form of heat
There is a rise in the thermometer reading
(c) Explain the observations made in (b) above (h) Suggest a control experiment for the setup
The seeds respire to produce energy required for Use boiled yeast on glucose
germination. Some of the energy is inform of heat. (i) Write an equation for the process taking place in the
The heat energy raises the temperature in the flask boiling tube
(d) Why was the vacuum flask used/significance (j) Briefly explain hwo the setup can be used to
Vaccum flask does not allow enerty or exit of heat i. Investigate the effect of temperature on
(e) Give a reason why the seeds were washed in ethanol respiration
To kill pathogens around the seeds which may ii. Investigate the effect of glucose
respire producing carbno IV oxide hence resulting concentration on respiration
into wrong results. The pthogens may also cause iii. Investigate the effect of pH on respiration
rotting of seeds 146. Study the experimental setup below and answwee
(f) Give another chemical that may be used in place of the questions that follow
methanol (a) Name the physiological process being investigated
formalin Respiration.
(g) What is the role of cotton wool (b) State the role of potassium hydroxide in flask K.
Allow free circulation of air It removes/absorbs CO2 from atmospheric air.
(h) Why was the flask inverted (c) Account for the observation in boiling tube L and flask N.
To allow lighter oxygen to get in and the heavier Boiling tube L- Lime water remains clear because
carbon IV oxide to come out carbon (IV) oxide has been removed.
It also prevents heat loss by rising warm air Flask N- Lime water turns milky/cloudy because
(i) What alteration would be made in the set up to make the respiring cockroaches produce carbon (IV)
results be more reliable oxide.
Flask should e filled with seeds to ensure the bulb (d) State the likely cotrol experiment for the above
of the thermometer is fully covered setup
(j) Suggest a control experiment for the above Same setup without cockroch
Use boild seeds; use dry leaves (e) Name the solid that can be used in place of calcium
145. Study the experminetal setup below and answer the hydroxide
questions that follow Soda lime may be used. It is a mixture of sodium
(a) State the aim of the experiment hydroxide ad calcium oxide
 (f) What change would occur if lve leaves are ethanol.
introduced into the setup with grasshopper and the (d) Why was the vacuum flask used?
setup transferred to light The vacuum flask are used because they do not
Lime water in both flasks will remain clear as the allow heat to enter or leave.
leaves use up carbon IV oxide produced in (e) Why was oil/ paraffin layer added to the
respiration suspension?
147. The figure below represents an experiment on  It was added to prevent entry of air so as to
Germinating allow anaerobic respiration take place.
(f) Suggest a control for the experiment.
A similar set up without yeast
149. Cyanide is a very effective metabolic toxin because
it inhibits respiratory enzymes. Some plants still
produce cyanide in the leaves. Explain why
To prevent them from being eaten by herbivores
150. To mve our muscles we neeed energy to be available
on demand. However we use ATP as intermediate
(a) What changes are observed at the end of the source instead of glucose. Explain why
experiment in figure b? It would take too long to break glucose down. ATP
The level of potassium hydroxide in the retort flask releases energy when one phosphate group is
has risen. removed
 This is because germinating seeds use oxygen in 151. The table below shows the concetration of some
aerobic respiration to produce carbon (IV) oxide substances in a person’s leg muscle. The measruements
which is absorbed by potassium hydroxide. were made at rest and after vigorous exercise.
 Pressure in the retort flask is reduced, Concentration in leg muscle
atmospheric pressure forces potassium Substance in At rest After vigorous
hydroxide to rise up the retort flask. leg muscle exercise
(b) What chemical change is taking place in the ATP 4.8 3.5
germinating peas? Lactate 0.9 23.5
Aerobic respiration. glycogen 75.0 22.0
(c) If water had been used instead of potassium
(a) Explain the change in concetration of
hydroxide solution in the experiment, what would be
i. ATP
observed?
ATP is used to release energy faster than it is
The level of water would almost be the same
produced
because the space left is by oxygen is occupied by
ii. Lactate
carbon IV oxide
Anerobic respiration occurs
148. The diagram below illustrates an experimental setup
iii. Glycogen
that was used to investigate a certain physiological
Glycogen is broken down to glucose and
process
used in respiration
152. Suggest a reason for high rate of lactic acid
production during exercise
Oxygen demand becomes higher than the supply and
the body enters into oxygen debt. Anaerobic
respiration occurs in the boy tissues resulting into
production of lactic acid
153. Suggest how the body adjusts to increase in the
cocetration of lactic acid during exercise
 Ventilation rate increases
 Breathing depens
(a) What was the aim of the experiment?  The heart pups blood vigorously and blood
To investigate aerobic respiration in yeast. circulation increases
(b) State the observations made in the vacuum flask. 154. Not all the enrgy released during respiration is
 Rise in thermometer reading/ rise in converted to ATP. Consequently percentage efficiency
temperature. of respiration is in all cases less than 100%. Account
 Air bubbles in the flask. for this statement
 Smell of ethanol/ alcohol in the flask. Some of the energy released in respiration is lost as
(c) Explain the observations made in the flask. heat
 Yeast cells break down glucose anaerobically to 155. State 2 adaptations of the leaf to assist it in the
produce heat energy, carbon (IV) oxide and process of respiration
alcohol/
  Have stomata that allow in oxygen for oxidation More carriers/different rates of action of carriers
of food substances and exit f the resultant carbon 161. Name 2 products produced by anerobic respiration
IV oxide in animals
 Have starch grains for starch storage which are Lactic acid, Adenosine Triphosphate
easily converted to glucose to provide respiratory 162. Name the two substances produced by anaerobic
substrate for respiration respiration in humans.
156. When glucose is burnt in air it yields energy in form
163. (2 marks)
of heat and light very rapidly. How does this compare
164. When an athlete runs in a 100 metre race, 90 % of
with oxidation of glucose in living cells
In living cells oxidation of glucose by cell respiration the energy needed is provided by anaerobic respiration.
produces chemical energy in form of ATP (a) Explain why most of the energy is provided by
This happens more slowly than in the release of heat anaerobic respiration rather than aerobic respiration
from burning Energy demand s very high yet the body is unable to
157. How are chemical substances ADP and ATP supply enough oxygen to muscle cells
involved in gathering up energy released form There is insufficient time for oxygen to reach the
oxidation of glucose in living cells cells hence insufficient oxygen in cells
The energy causes ADP to form energy rich (b) The athlete continues to breathe deeply for several
compound ATP minutes after the race ends. Explain why this is
158. Why is anaerobic respiration much less efficient necessary.
than aerobic respiration
To supply extra amount of oxygen to pay back
Some of the energy remains locked up in the
intermediate products like lactic acid and alcohol. oxygen debt by breaking down lactic acid which
159. Cell respiration in yeast is used in industry in accumulated in muscle cells
manufacture of 2 entirely different products 165. Give a reason for the high rate of production of
(a) Name the two different products lactic acid during exercise:
Bread, wine Oxygen suppy to the msuckes is lower than the
(b) Name the useful substance produced by yeast cells in demand thus energy is supplied by anaerobic
each case respiration resulting into lactic acid production
Bread- carbon IV oxide 166. Give a reason for the decrease in the concentration
Wine- alcohol of lactic acid after the exercise.
(c) Explain the difference in condition under which Oxygen debt is repaid/the body undergoes faster and
respiration occurs in each case deeper breaths that supplies extra amounts of oxygen
Bread- aerobic respiration
used to breadwon the lactic acid
Wine- anaerobic respiration
167. Study the diagram below and answer the questions
160. A biologist investigated the rate of absorption of
sugars by the ileum before and after the addition of a that follow
respiratory inhibitor. The results are shown in the table (a) State and explain the observatios made in vessel B
and D
B-Lime water remains clear since carbon IV oxide
present in the atmospheric air is absorbed by lme
water
D-a white precipitate is formed is formed in lime
water due to carbon IV oxide produced during
respiration
(b) State 2 modifications that should be made if a potted
plant is used instead of the rat I order to obtain
(a) Name the process by which xylose was absorbed by correct results
the ileum.  The pot must be enclosed in a polythene bag. This
Diffusion prevents carbon IV oxide produced by
(b) Explain how glucose and fructose are absorbed by the microorganism in the soil from interfering with the
ileum when no inhibitor is present. results and also prevent evaporation of soil water
Active transport which require energy which is into the bell jar
hindered by respiratory inbitors  The bell jar must be covered with a black paper or
(c) The concentration of sugars in the ileum and in the aluminium foil to prevent photosynthesis from
surrounding medium was standardized in this taking place as this would consume the carbon IV
investigation. The rate of absorption of glucose by oxide produced
the ileum was different from the rate of absorption of 168. Study the diagram below and answer the questions
fructose. Explain what caused this difference. that follow
(a) Explain why bean seeds are soaked overnight 2. list 3 examples of metabolic waste excreted by living
To activate the germination process organisms
(b) Explain the role of the following in the setup carbon IV oxide, excess mineral salts, excess water,
i. Soda lime nitrogenous waste, excess quinine
Absorbs carbon IV oxide present 3. give 4 reason why excretion is
ii. Cotton wool necessary/need/important
 to remove waste products whose accumulation in
Holds the soda lime in position
the body would be toxic hence death of cells
iii. Water bath maintained at 25℃
 for maintainance of optimum osmotic pressure in
Helps to maintain temperature in the trst tube cells
constant as small change in temperature causes  for maintainance of optimum body temperatures for
large changes in the volume of gases proper functioning of the enzymes
(c) State and explain the observations made  it aids in the release of useful substances produced
The level fo fluid in the capillary tube connected to by cells such as enzymes
the test tube rises up 4. define the following terms
Germinating sees respire using up oxygen and (a) osmoregulation
producing carbon IV oxide. The carbon IV oxide s it refers to the maintainance of optimum osmotic
absorbed by soda lime. The overalleffect is fall of air pressure in body fluids by balancing salts and water
pressure in the test tube which causes atmospheric (b) thermoregulation
pressure to push fluid up in the capillary fluid it refers to the maintenance of constant bosy
temperature
(d) Explain the effect of during the experiment when the
(c) secretion
water bath is maintained at it refers to the release of useful substances produced
i. 0℃ by cells e.g. hormones
No changes in level of the fluid as at 0℃ the (d) egestion
respiratorty enzymes are deactivated it refers to the removal of undigested food substances
ii. 50℃ from the body
No change in the level of the fluid as these (e) homeostasis
temperatures are extremely high and are it refers to the maitainance of constant internal
beyond the optimum temperatures for environment despite changes in the external
enzymes and t 50℃ the respiratory enzymes environment
are denatured 5. state 3 importances of homeostasis
169. Name 2 solutrions that may be used to test for  it provides a favorable internal environment for
optimum function of cells
carbon IV oxide
 it prevents disruption of metabolic processes in the
 Calcium hydroxide solution
body which would adversely affect the organisms
 Bicarbonate solution health
170. State the RQ value for  it enables the organism to adapt to a wide range of
(a) Proteins- 0.9 environments
(b) Carbohydrates- 1.0 6. name 4 secretory products in boey cells
(c) Lipids – 0.7 hormones, enzymes, mucus, sebum, saliva, oxalates
171. Give 2 reasons why accumulation of lactic acid 7. state the major diffrences between excretory products
during vigorous exercise leads to an increase in and egestion products
heartbeat excretory products have gone through cell
 Lactic acid is poisonous to tissue and must be metabolism while egestion products have not
removed 8. state 6 reasons why plants lack complex excretory
 To increase the supply of oxygen to tissue to products
 plants metabolic activities are low thus metabolic
oxidize the accumulated lactic acid
waste products accumulate slowly
172. Name the end products of anaerobic respiration in
 plants produce less toxic wastes because they
animals breakdown carbohydrates to produce carbon IV
Energy, lactic acid oxide and water
 some excretory products in plants are reutilized.
EXCRERTION AND HOMEOSTASIS E.g. carbon IV oxide from respiration is reutilized
1. define the term excretion in photosynthesis
it refers to the process by which living organisms  some excretory products are converted into non
separate and eliminate waste products formed toxic form in plants
during metabolic processes from their bodies  plants waste are stored in temporary structures
which then fall off e.g.g leaves
9. state 2 reasons why plants are able to accumulate their  Derived from plants used in genetics in plants and
waste products for long animals
 most of the waste products are less toxic  It is used in cancer therapy
 most products are converted into non-toxic form  It is used in plants and animals breeding research
10. state 6 ways/methods of excretion in plants and for (e) Khat
each give 3 waste products that are eliminated  Leaves and twigs of miraa
 Transpiration- excess water  Chewed as a mild stimulant
 Guttation- excess water  Used for medicinal purposes
 Deposition/accumulation in tissues- calcium (f) Quinine
oxalate, caffeine, nicotine, quinine  Barks of cinchona tree;leaves of aloe plant
 Diffusion- carbon IV oxide, oxygen  Used in the manufacture of antimalarial drugs
 Exudation- calcium pectate, resin, latex, gum, (g) Nicotine
salts  Leaves of tobacco plant
 Recycling- carbon IV oxide, oxygen  Manucature of isnectides
See essay book for explanation  Manufacture of narcotic drugs
11. State the importance of guttation (h) Ephedrine
Facilitate excretion of excess water from plants  Ephedra sap
12. List 4 examples of exudates  Bronchidilator in cough syrups
calcium pectate, resin, latex, gum, salts  CNS stimulant
13. A student pricked the stem of a plant and a semi solid (i) Arecoline
substance was produced. name the likely identity of the  Areca sap
plant and the name given to the semi-solid substance  CNS stimulant
Acacia tree; exudate e.g. gum arabica (j) Morphine
14. Give 3 examples of alkaloids  Opium poppy plant
Caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, colchicine, khat,  Induces sleep and halucination
quinine, nicotine, ephedrine, morphine, strychnine (k) Strychnine
15. What name is given to the nitrogenous waste in plants  Seeds of strychenes nurxvomica
Alkaloids  CNS stimulant
16. Give 3 examples of non-alkaloids  Induces convulsions
Gum arabica, papain, rubber, tannin (l) Heroin
17. State the importance of the following in plants  obtained from morphine
(a) Alkaloids  used as a narcotic drug
Used in protein synthesis above were alkaloids
(b) Antocyanins 20. what is the scientific name for miraa
Give various parts of the plant its color e.g. petals Khat edulis
18. Explain how plants handle the following excretory 21. state the source and economic importance of the
products following plant excretory products
(a) Tannins (a) gum arabica
Stored in barks by most plants and then gotten rid  exudate of some variety of acacia trees
of through bark fall  used in food industry as a stabilizer
(b) Non-gaseous waste  used in printing industry
Converted to insoluble non toxic compounds and  manufacture of glue
often remain in cels as granules and droplets  used in paint production
19. State the source and economic importance of the (b) papain
following plant excretory products  sap of raw pawpaw
(a) Caffeine  used in the food industry as a meat tenderizer
 Coffee berries;tea leaves (c) rubber
 Taken as a mild stimulant to reduce fatigue and  made from latex of rubber plant
mental activity  It is used in shoe industry
(b) Cannabis  sapodhila produces a type of latex used in making
 Leaves of cannabis sativa chewing gum
 Manufacture of drugs (d) tannins
 Manufacture of insecticides  deposited in dead tissues of wood and barks of
(c) Cocaine trees such as black watte, acacia
 Leaves of coca plant  used in leather tanning to treat hides and skins
 Used as a local anaesthetic  making patterns in pots
 Induces euphoria/false sense of well being 22. name the plant excretory product described below
(d) Colchicine (a) combines with animal prtein producing a though
undigestible complex which proteases cannot digest
 rubber 34. Explain why Amoeba does not burst when paced in
(b) produces an enzyme used as a meat tenderizer fresh water yet it is an animal cell
papain (enzyme papain) 35. State how an Amoeba is adapted to a fresh water
23. identify 5 nitrogenous waste in plants and in each state ecosystem
the use by man It has contractile vacuole for elimination of excess
24. name a nitrogenous waste product in each of the water
following plants 36. State reasons why excretion in animals does not
(a) sapodilla- latex depend on simple diffusion
(b) yellow acacia- Gum arabica They have more cells and thus smaller surface area
(c) poppy plant- morphine to volume ratio and thus simple diffusion will not be
(d) wattle – tannin able to cater for excretory requirements
37. Stte 4 reasosn why animas have complex excretory
products
 Animals are more active thus waste products
accumulate faster
25. name the process by which unicellular organisms carry  Animals do not recycle their waste as plants do
out excretion. Give a reason  Animal metabolic wastes are mainly from
diffusion, they have a large surface area to volume breakdown of proteins thus toxic
ratio rhus diffusion is able to meet their excretory  Animals have complex bodes with several cells
needs which produce a lot of waste which then
26. name 3 examples of waste producs elimintated by accumulate fast
unicellular organisms that live in water such as 38. State 4 reasons why animals have comlex excretory
paramecium and Amoeba products and plants do not
carbon IV oxide, excess water, nitrogenous waste 39. List 4 metabolic wastes in animals
such as Ammonia Carbon IV oxide, ammonia, urea, uric acid,
27. name 2 main methods of excretion in unicellular trimethylamine oxide
organisms 40. Name the metabolic waste describe below in animals
 diffusion across cell membrane (a) Produced during respiration- carbon IV oxide
 use of contractile vacuole (b) Is a nitrogenous waste excreted by water animals
28. name 2 waste products eliminated through the cell such as tilapia- ammonia
membrane by unicellular organisms (c) It is a nitrogenous waste excreted y mammals and
excess water, carbon IV oxide amphibians- urea
29. describe the mechanism of excretion through the cell (d) Nitrogenous waste ecreted by animals in arid and
mebrane by diffusion semi arid regions- uric acid
 carbon IV oxiee is at a higher concetration in the (e) Is a nitrogenous waste excrted by marine animals
cytoplasm than in the surrounding water thus the Trimethylamine oxide
carbon IV oxide diffuses into the surrounding water 41. Give reasons for the following
across the cell membrane where it is lowly (a) Water animals e.g. tilapia excrete ammonia as
concentrated nitrogenous waste
30. state the role of the contractile vacuole in unicellular Ammonia is very toxic and requires a lot of water
organisms such as amoeba for elimintation
osmoregulation (b) Mammals and amphibians excrete nitrogenous waste
31. name 2 excretory products elimindated through the as urea
conteactile vacuole It is soluble and smaller thus easily filtered
excess wter, excess salts through the kidney
32. explain the role of contractile vacuole in excretion in It is less toxic thus requires less water for
Amoeba (3 mks) elimintation
 it is used to excrete excess water and dissolved (c) Arid and semi arid animals e.g. birds, insects and
chemicals reptiles eliminate their nitrogenous waste in form of
 excess water and dissolved salts accumulate in the uric acid
contractile vacuole and after reaching its maximum It is less toxic thus requires less water for
size the contractile vacuole moves to the cell elimintation
memebrane and merges with the cell memebrane (d) Marine animals eliminate waste in form of TMO
 it bursts releasing its contents to the surrounding trimethylamine oxide
 soon afterwards another contractile vacuoe forms It is less toxic than ammonia thus requires less
and waste starts accumulating and the process water for elimintation
repeats itself 42. Name 4 internal conditions kept constant during
33. Name the osmoregulatory structure in Amoeba homeostasis
Contractile vacuole
 Osmotic pressure, body temperature, Ph of body  Nervous coordination
fluids, blood sugar concentration, 51. Explain the osmoregulatory changes that would occur
43. Name the part of the brain that controls homeostasis in a marine Amoeba if it was transferred to a frsh water
Hypothalamus environment
44. Define the term feedback mechanism More water ill enter the Amoeba through osmosis
It refers to any mechanism involved in regulating and more contractile vacuoles will be formed to
internal environment of a organism eliminate excess water through exocytosis
45. Differiate between positive and negative feedback 52. Name the nitrogenous waste excreted by marine fish
mechanism Trimethylamine Oxide (TMO)
Positive feedback mechanism is a non-corrective 53. Explain how a marine fish regulates its osmotic
measure where a factor that is above or below normal pressure
is not coorected but is left to further rise or drop  It swallows plenty of water to increase the amount of
while negative feedback mechanism is a corrective water in the body
mechanism where a fctor tht is above or below  It has choride secretory cells in the gills to secrete
normal is corrected by being lowred or raised back to chloride in order to raise the osmotic pressure of the
normal body
46. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that  It elimintates nitrogenous waste in form of TMO
follow which requires less water for elimintation
(a) Name the corrective measure labelled A, B, and C  It has small and few glomeruli thus slowing down
A- Positive feedback machnism the rate of ultrafiltration in the kidneys thus less
B- Negative feedback mechanism water is lost
C- Positive feedback machnism  High intake of salt and accumulation of salt in the
47. Name 3 fluids whose osmotic pressure is kept constant body to rase its osmotic pressure
in the body  By retention of urea in their bodies to oncrease the
Tissue fluid, blood, cytoplasm osmotic pressure of their body cells above that of the
48. State the importance of the following processes sea water
(a) Osmoregultion 54. State 4 adaptations of a marine fish to osmoregulation
Helps in maintainanece of optimum osmotic Refer to the answer above
pressure in body fluids for the proper functioning 55. Marine fish has small and few glomeruli explain
cells Refer to the answer above
(b) Thermoregulation 56. Name the excretory organs used by the following
Maintains optimu temperatures for the proper organisms
functioning of enzymes. Enzymes work at a narrow (a) Platyhelminthes i.e. tapeworm
range of temperatures i.e. 35-40℃. Temperature Flame cells
beyond optimum denatures enzymes and (b) Annelids i.e. earthworm
temperatures below optimum inactivates enzymes Nephridia
(c) Ionic content regultation (c) Insects
It facilitates proper functioning of various body Malpighian tubules
processes such as protein synthesis, respiration and (d) Mammals
muscle contraction Kidney, liver, skin, lungs
49. Explain the effect of the following (e) Birds
(a) Osmotic pressure of tissue fluid below that of cells Kidney, liver, skin, lungs
Cells will take in water by osmosis and haemolyse (f) Reptiles
(b) Osmotic pressure of tissue fluid higher than that of Kidney, liver, skin, lungs
cells (g) Amphibians
Cells will loose water to the tissue fluid and crenate Kidney, liver, skin, lungs
(c) High blood sugar in blood (h) Fishes and tadpoles
The osmotic pressure of tissue fluid would be high Gills
thus the cells will loose water to the tissue fluid and 57. Name the major excretory products in the folliwng
crenate organisms
(d) Low blood sugar in blood (a) Birds- uric acid
The osmotic pressure of tissue fluid would be low (b) Man- urea
thus the cells will loose water to the tissue fluid and (c) Amoeba- ammonia
crenate (d) Insects – uric acid
50. State 3 processes that depend on a constant ionic 58. State 4 ways through which organisms living in semi
content in the body/functions of body ions arid areas conserve water in their bodies
 Muscular cnstraction  Excreting nitrogenous waste in form of uric acid
 Protein systhesis  Reduced sweating
 Respiration  Aestivation
 Metabolism of fats to produce metabolic water