Visvesvaraya Technological University,

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018

KLS Vishwanathrao Deshpande Institute

of Technology,
Haliyal – 581 329
(Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade)

Mini Project Report

Mini Project Title

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by
Aishwarya S G - 2VD21EC009
Sahana M Nayak - 2VD21EC074
Shruthi Bagi - 2VD21EC091
Sripriya HR - 2VD21EC101

VI – Semester / III – Year

Under the guidance of

Prof. Suraj Kadli
2023 – 24
 Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018

KLS Vishwanathrao Deshpande Institute of

Technology,
Haliyal – 581 329
(Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade)

Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering
Mini Project Report

Arduino Based Radar System

Submitted by
Aishwarya S G - 2VD21EC009
Sahana M Nayak - 2VD21EC074
Shruthi Bagi - 2VD21EC091
Sripriya HR - 2VD21EC101
VI – Semester / III – Year
Under the guidance of
 Prof. Suraj Kadli
2023 – 24

Visvesvaraya Technological University,

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018

KLS Vishwanathrao Deshpande Institute of

Technology,
Haliyal – 581 329
(Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade)
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Project Work entitled “Arduino Based Radar System” carried out by
Ms. Aishwarya S G USN 2VD21EC009
Ms. Sahana M Nayak USN 2VD21EC074
Ms. Shruthi Bagi USN 2VD21EC091
Ms. Sripriya HR USN 2VD21EC101
are bonafide students of KLS VDIT, Haliyal, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering, of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023-2024. It is certified that all
corrections / suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
Report deposited in the Departmental Library. The Project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project Work prescribed for the said
Degree.

GUIDE HOD PRINCIPAL

 (Prof. Suraj Kadli) (Dr. Mahendra M D) (Dr. V. A. Kulkarni)

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1. _______________________ _______________

2. _______________________ _______________
 Acknowledgement

I express my deepest gratitude to the honorable Principal, Dr V A. Kulkarni KLS’s

Vishwanath Rao Deshpande Institute of Technology, Haliyal for providing all required
resources for the successful.

I express my profound sense of gratitude of Prof. Mahendra M Dixit Head of the

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for giving us this opportunity.
His sincere guidance untiring cooperation, valuable advice, and endless inspiration enabled
the entire problem.

My heartfelt gratitude to my guide, Prof. Suraj Kadli Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering for his valuable suggestion and guidance in the preparation of
project report.

Thirdly our grateful thanks for the mini project co-ordinator, Prof. Vijaylaxmi Kalal for
guiding us by providing all the materials necessary for the presentation

I express my thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and co-ordinates
extended in bringing out this internship successfully in time. Finally, I am very thankful to
my parents who guided me in every step which I took.

I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use
gained skill and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order and attain desired career objective.
 Abstract

Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided
missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna
transmits pulses of radio waves or micro waves which bounce off any object in their path.

The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually
located at the same site as the transmitter.

The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy,
air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radar start locate landmarks and other
ships; aircraft anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance
and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight
control systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for
geological observations. High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal
processing and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels.

The Arduino based project requires a ultrasonic sensor, the sensor released the waves which
we want to measure the distance of a object. The microcontrollers of the Arduino board can
be programmed using C , C++ , JavaScript languages. When a code is written in Arduino
UNO IDE software and connected to the board through a USB cable, Arduino boards have
lot of applications in the present-day scenario, so we have decided to do a small project on
them.
 Content

Title Page No

Introduction 1-3

Block Diagram 4-5

Working 6-7

Objectives 8

Advantages 9

Hardware specification and software 10-13

tools used

Results and Discussion 14-15

Conclusion 16-17

References 18
 Arduino Based Radar System

Chapter - 1
Introduction

Defining Arduino: An Arduino is actually a microcontroller-based kit which can be either

used directly by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the components,
owing to its open-source hardware feature. It is basically used in communications and in
controlling or operating many devices.

1. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

2. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects
to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike.

3. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As
soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new
needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IOT
applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are
completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt
them to their particular needs. The software, too, is opensource, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

PRINCIPLE OF METHODOLOGY

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called a radar signals in
predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually
reflected or scattered in many directions Example: - let us take example of a Bat.
Bat released the eco sound while travelling if any object came in middle and it reflect to the
bat

Applications and Usages: -

The development of the radar technology took place during the World War Il in which it was
used for detecting the approaching aircraft and then later for many other purposes which
finally led to the development of advanced military radars being used these days. Military
radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as
well as ground. Military radar should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control
functions. It is specially designed to be highly mobile and should be such that it can be
deployed within minutes.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

HERE’S THE SUMMARY OF HOW RADAR WORKS :

 Magnetron generates high-frequency radio waves.
 Duplexer switches magnetron through to antenna.
 Antenna acts as transmitter, sending narrow beam of radio waves through the air.
 Radio waves hit enemy airplane and reflect back.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Chapter - 2
Block Diagram

Fig 2.1

Figure shows the system’s block diagram. Here, it shows that how the work-flow in this radar
system. The sensor is going to sense the obstacle and determine the angle of incident and its
distance from the radar. The servo motor is regularly revolving to and fro, thus assemble the
sensor movable. The data acquire, is then encoded and given to the processing IDE which is
used to represents it’s on the panel. After that results are display on this paper. These
complete tasks are done by Arduino micro-controller from the rotary motion of the servo
motor, collecting of the data from the sensor; feed the data to encoder for moving it to the
display.The main purpose to design this project is to find out the distance location and rate of
the barrier situated at several distance coming from the sensor. Ultra-sonic sensor transmits
the ultra-sonic wave in the different directions by revolving by using the servo motors. These
waves transmitted in air and gets return back subsequent to striking several object. This wave
is again sense by the same sensor and its standards are examine and output is display in
screen representing parameters. The result of the functioning of this project is shown in the
software named as processing, and it will show the input/output and the area of the object.
Implementations of the sensors are done in this way that the ultrasonic sensor is connected on
peak of the servo-motor since it has to sense the object.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Fig 2.2

The above flow chart explains the working and the decision flow of this framework. As it can
be seen the system starts with an input i.e. when the ultrasonic sensor detects an object, or
does not detects any object, at any condition the encoder feeds the information in the
controller while the servo keeps constantly rotating. As soon as any obstacle or object is
sensed by the ultra-sonic sensor the data is immediately processed by the controller and is
feed to the IDE which shows us it on the monitor screen. Here the procedure ends with a
predictable distance of the object from the system with the angle at which it is located.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

.Chapter -3
Working

3.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig.3.1

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION:

A. Making an Arduino Board

Since, we believe in learning by doing. So, we decided to make our own Arduino board
instead of using the readymade board. So, the steps required to make an Arduino board are as
follows:

Boot-loading an Atmega328 using the Arduino board/AVR Programmer by uploading the

boot loader to the Microcontroller. Making the connections on a general-purpose PCB,
connecting the crystal oscillator, capacitors, connectors for the connections to Arduino board
etc. Providing the power supply, usually 5 volts. Arduino is Ready to use. After you have
done all this, then only the minimum circuitry like crystal oscillator, capacitors, connectors,
power supply is required to complete the board. The same circuit can be made on the PCB,

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 Arduino Based Radar System

either designed or general purpose. Since, Arduino is an Open-Source. Hence, it is easy to

make and can have any enhancements as per the requirements.

B. Connecting Servo Motor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position, velocity
and acceleration. A normal servo motor has three terminals:

1.VCC 2. GND 3. PULSE

A servo motor works at normally 4.8 to 6 volts. Ground is provided by connecting it to the
Ground of the Arduino. The total time for a servo motor pulse is usually 20ms. To move it to
one end of say 0-degree angle, a Ims pulse is used and to move it to other end i.e 180 degrees,
a 2ms pulse is applied. Hence, according to this to move the axis of the servo motor to the
center, a pulse of time 1.5 ms should be applied. For this, the pulse wire of the servo motor is
connected to the Arduino that provides the digital pulses for pulse width modulation of the
pulse. Hence, by programming for a particular pulse interval the servo motor can be
controlled easily.

C. Connecting Ultrasonic Sensor

An Ultrasonic Sensor consists of three wires. One for Vec, second for Ground and the third
for pulse signal. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the servo motor and both of them
further connected to the Arduino board. The ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection principle for
its working. When connected to the Arduino, the Arduino provides the pulse signal to the
ultrasonic sensor which then sends the ultrasonic wave in forward direction. Hence, whenever
there is any obstacle detected or present in front, it reflects the waves which are received by
the ultrasonic sensor. If detected, the signal is sent to the Arduino and hence to the PC/laptop
to the processing software that shows the presence of the obstacle on the rotating RADAR
screen with distance and the angle at which it has been detected.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Chapter – 4

Objectives

The primary objective of this Arduino-based radar system project is to develop a

comprehensive and multifunctional platform that integrates advanced object detection,
tracking, distance measurement, speed calculation, and environmental sensing capabilities.
By harnessing the power of radar sensors coupled with Arduino microcontrollers, the system
will be able to detect and monitor the movement of objects within a specified range,
providing accurate real-time data on their position, distance, and speed. This system is
designed to cater to a wide range of applications, from automotive safety and industrial
automation to security and robotics, making it a versatile solution for various industries.

One of the standout features of this radar system is its environmental sensing capability,
which allows it to detect intrusions or unauthorized movements within a designated area. This
functionality is particularly valuable for security applications, where real-time detection of
potential threats is crucial. The system will be designed with a high degree of customizability,
enabling users to tailor the radar's features to their specific requirements. Whether for use in a
home security system, a research project, or an industrial setting, the radar can be adjusted to
fit different operational contexts, providing flexibility and adaptability.

In addition to its practical applications, this Arduino-based radar system is also intended to
serve as an educational and experimental tool. It offers students, hobbyists, and researchers
an accessible platform to explore and experiment with radar technology. Users can modify
and adjust various parameters, test different algorithms, and experiment with sensor
configurations, gaining hands-on experience and a deeper understanding of key concepts in
electronics, signal processing, and environmental sensing. The project’s modular design will
make it easy for users to expand and build upon the system, fostering creativity and
innovation.

Ultimately, this Arduino-based radar system provides not only a functional solution for real-
world applications but also a rich learning resource for those interested in exploring the
intricacies of radar technology. By combining practical utility with educational value, the

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 Arduino Based Radar System

system serves as a gateway to both technological innovation and academic exploration,

making it a powerful tool for anyone interested in the field of radar-based systems.

Chapter - 5

Advantages

 Long Range Detection:

Arduino-based radar systems can detect objects at significant distances, which is crucial for
applications like air traffic control, military surveillance, and weather monitoring. The ability
to track objects over large areas increases the system's utility in both professional and
educational environments.

 All-Weather Capability:

Unlike optical sensors, these radar systems can function effectively in adverse weather
conditions, including rain, fog, and darkness. This ensures reliable, uninterrupted monitoring,
which is essential for continuous operations like security surveillance and navigation.

 High Precision:

Modern radar systems integrated with Arduino platforms can provide high-precision
measurements of object locations, velocities, and even shapes. This accuracy is valuable for
detailed analysis in applications such as traffic monitoring, environmental sensing, and
scientific research.

 Versatility:

Arduino-based radar systems can be adapted for a wide range of applications, including: Air
and Maritime Navigation: Enhances safety by providing precise tracking and navigation
support. Weather Forecasting: Allows for accurate monitoring of weather conditions,
contributing to better prediction models.

 Safety Enhancement:

Real-time data on object speed and movement provided by the radar system can help prevent
dangerous incidents, improving safety in various operational environments. This is
particularly useful in high-risk areas such as industrial sites, busy roadways, and sensitive
security zones.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

 Cost-Effective and Educational:

Arduino-based radar systems offer a low-cost, accessible platform for learning about radar
technology, making them ideal for students, hobbyists, and researchers.

Chapter - 6

Hardware Specifications and Software Tools Used

4.1 Arduino UNO

Fig. 4.1

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware, open-source software and microcontroller-

based device building kit and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.
Arduino designs and manufactures software, software and software. The project is focused on
the design of the microcontrollers. The board contains a combination of digital and analog
input / output (I / O) pins, which can connect to specific expansion boards (termed shields).
The plates have serial communication interfaces for loading programs from personal
computers, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) in the UNO model. The Arduino project
provides the built-in development environment (IDE) for the programming of microcontroller
systems to allow code writing and uploading to the board. It runs on Mac OS X, Linux and
Windows. The code is written in Java, which is based on open-source software and
processing. You can use this program on any board of the Arduino

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 Arduino Based Radar System

4.2 Ultrasonic Sensor

The ultrasonic sensor emits ultrasound at 40,000hz, which passes through the air, while it
bounces back into the module if there is an object or obstacle in its way.

Fig. 4.2

The distance can be determined based on the travel time and the speed of the sound. The
sound speed is around 341 meters per second (1100 feet) in air. This information and the time
difference between transmitting and receiving the sound pulse are used by the Ultrasonic
Sensor to calculate the distance from an object. The mathematical equation used is the
following: Distance =Time x Speed of Sound / 2 (1) Time = the time between when an
ultrasonic wave is transmitted and when it is received. You divide this number by 2 because
the sound wave has to travel to the object and back.

4.3 Servo Motor

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Fig. 4.3

A servo motor is a type of motor that can rotate with great precision. Normally this type of
motor consists of a control circuit that provides feedback on the current position of the motor
shaft, this feedback allows the servo motors to rotate with great precision.

If you want to rotate an object at some specific angles or distance, then you use a servo
motor. It is just made up of a simple motor which runs through a servo mechanism. If motor
is powered by a DC power supply then it is called DC servo motor and if it is AC-powered
motor then it is called AC servo-motor. For this tutorial, we will be discussing only about the
DC servo motor working.
Tiny and lightweight with high output power. The servo will rotate about 180 degrees (90 in
each direction) and operate just as small as the regular types (Figure 6). To monitor these
services, you can use any servo code, hardware or library.
The Specifications of servo motor:
• Weight: 9 g
• Dimension: 22.2 x 11.8 x 31 mm approx.
• Stall torque: 1.8 kg f cm
• Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree • Operating voltage: 4.8 V (~5V) • Temperature range: 0
ºC – 55 ºC

4.4 Processing Software

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Fig. 4.4

Processing is an open-source programming language and integrated development

environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design community
with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context,
and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks.

The project was initiated in 2001 by Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the
Aesthetics and Computation Group at the MIT Media Lab. One of the stated aims of
Processing is to act as a tool to get non-programmers started with programming, through the
instant gratification of visual feedback. The language builds on the Java language, but uses a
simplified syntax and graphics programming models.

4.5 Arduino IDE

Fig. 4.5

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a versatile software tool used for programming
Arduino microcontrollers. It provides a user-friendly interface for writing, compiling, and uploading code to
various Arduino boards. The IDE supports a wide range of libraries and functions, facilitating the development
of diverse electronic projects. It features a built-in text editor with syntax highlighting, a serial monitor for
debugging, and an easy-to-navigate file structure. The Arduino IDE also simplifies code management and
troubleshooting, making it an essential tool for both beginners and experienced developers in the Arduino
ecosystem.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Chapter - 7
Results and Discussions

Fig 5.1

Figure 5.1 shows the Processing IDE Screen displaying output of the system which we tested
by placing objects.

In this project we have mentioned that our system is designed consisting following
components such as, a servo-motor, an ultra-sonic sensor and a micro-controller(Arduino).
System’s objective is to track the distance and angle of the object and to represent this
information graphically, means its output should be in graphical form which will be

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 Arduino Based Radar System

represented through processing software. We can have an idea of an efficiency of this radar
by testing objects at different levels and observe how faster or smoothly it detects an object
that it finds in a way and gives us an expected range of the obstacle.

Following figure show the results of the monitor screen of our design when the sensor rotates
through the area and detects obstacle in the way. The red area indicates the presence of
obstacle and below the angle of incident and distance is being displayed.

Testing of the system:

Object 1 is placed 30.5 far from the radar, radar gives the distance 32 cm, so:

Error = (32-30.5)/30.5)*100 = 4.918%

Efficiency = (100-Error) = 95.08%

After the observation and calculation we can conclude the system is 95.08% efficient.

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 Arduino Based Radar System

Chapter - 8
Conclusion

In conclusion, the Arduino-based radar system project has demonstrated the potential for
creating an accessible and cost-effective radar solution using readily available components
and open-source technology. This project illustrates how combining basic hardware with
Arduino’s versatile programming environment can lead to the development of functional and
innovative systems.

Through the design and implementation of this radar system, we have achieved several key
objectives. Firstly, the integration of an ultrasonic sensor with the Arduino microcontroller
enabled the accurate measurement of distances, effectively simulating radar-like
functionality. This demonstrates the feasibility of using low-cost components to achieve
reliable distance measurement and object detection.

Secondly, the project underscored the importance of calibration and signal processing. Fine-
tuning the system parameters and implementing noise reduction techniques were crucial in
enhancing the accuracy and stability of the radar readings. This aspect highlights the critical
role of software development in optimizing hardware performance, even in projects with
relatively simple components.

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The radar system's user interface, which provides real-time feedback and visual
representation of distance data, further exemplifies the project’s effectiveness. By utilizing
the Arduino’s serial monitor or external display modules, users can easily interpret the radar’s
outputs, making the system practical for various applications such as obstacle detection in
robotics or basic surveillance.

Additionally, the project serves as a foundation for more advanced radar applications. By
extending this basic setup with additional sensors or more sophisticated signal processing
algorithms, it is possible to explore more complex radar functionalities. This scalability aligns
with the project’s educational value, offering a stepping stone for students and hobbyists to
delve deeper into radar technology and embedded systems.

Overall, the Arduino-based radar system project exemplifies how innovative solutions can be
crafted from simple components. It showcases the practical application of theoretical
concepts in electronics and programming while providing a platform for further exploration
and development in the field of radar and sensing technologies.

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Chapter - 9
References

1. Translation Bureau (2013). "Radar definition". Public Works and Government Ser18, 2017.
Canada. Retrieved March 18, 2017
2. McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms / Daniel N. Lapedes, editor in
chief. Lapedes, Daniel N. New York; Montreal: McGraw-Hill, 1976. [xv], 1634, A26 p.
3. Anuj Dutt (Author), 2014, Arduino based RADAR System, Munich, GRIN Verlag.
4. Srijan Dubey,Supragya Tiwari, Simit Roy -“ IMPLEMENTATION OF RADAR USING
ULTRASONIC SENSOR” Indian J.Sci.Res. 2017
5. Antonio Tedeschi ; Stefano Calcaterra , Francesco Benedetto-“ Ultrasonic Radar System
(URAS): Arduino and rtual Reality for a Light-Free Mapping of Indoor Environments” IEEE
Sensors Journal Volume: 17 , Issue: 14 ,July15, 15 2017
6. Ahman Emmanuel Onoja, Abdu salaam Maryam Oluwadamilola, Lukman Adewale
AJAO-“Embedded System Based Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) System Using
Arduino and Ultra-Sonic Sensor” American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications.
7. Mohanad Mahdi Abdulkareem, Qusay Adil Mohammed, Muhanned Mahmood Shakir-“A
Short Range Radar System “Rangefinder”.
8. Kiruthikamani.G, Saranya.B, Pandiyan.P-“Intelligent Driver Monitoring and Vehicle
Control System” IJSRD International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5,
Issue 09, 2017

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