GENERAL SEO (HTTPS://AHREFS.

COM/BLOG/CATEGORY/GENERAL-SEO/)

Google Search Operators: The

Complete List (44 Advanced
Operators)
By Joshua Hardwick (https://ahrefs.com/blog/author/joshua-hardwick/)

Updated: March 8, 2024 12 min read

Google advanced search operators are special commands and

characters that filter search results. They do this by making your
searches more precise and focused.

For example, the site: operator restricts results to those from a particular site:
In this post, you’ll learn all of Google’s search operators and how to master them
for SEO.

Contents
Search operators

Use cases

Google search operators: the

complete list
Below is a brief description of what every Google search operator does.

I’ve grouped them into three categories:

Working – Works as intended.

 Unreliable – Not officially deprecated by Google, but results are hit-and-
miss.
Not working – Officially deprecated by Google.

Here’s the full list:

Working
Search What it
Example
operator does

“ ” Search for “steve jobs” (https://www.google.com/search?

results that q=%22steve+jobs%22)
mention a
word or
phrase.

OR Search for jobs OR gates (https://www.google.com/search?

results &q=jobs+OR+gates)
related to X
or Y.

| Same as jobs | gates (https://www.google.com/search?

OR: q=jobs%7Cgates)

AND Search for jobs AND gates (https://www.google.com/search?

results &q=jobs+AND+gates)
related to X
and Y.
Search What it
Example
operator does

- Search for jobs -apple (https://www.google.com/search?

results that q=jobs+-apple)
don’t
mention a
word or
phrase.

* Wildcard steve * apple (https://www.google.com/search?

matching q=%22steve+*+apple%22)
any word
or phrase.

( ) Group (ipad OR iphone) apple

multiple (https://www.google.com/search?
searches. q=%28ipad+OR+iphone%29+apple)

define: Search for define:entrepreneur

the (https://www.google.com/search?
definition q=define%3Aentrepreneur)
of a word
or phrase.

cache: Find the cache:apple.com

most (https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
recent q=cache%3Aapple.com)
cache of a
webpage.
Search What it
Example
operator does

filetype: Search for apple filetype:pdf

particular (https://www.google.com/search?
types of q=apple+filetype%3Apdf)
files (e.g.,
PDF).

ext: Same as apple ext:pdf (https://www.google.com/search?

filetype: q=apple+ext%3Apdf)

site: Search for site:apple.com (https://www.google.com/search?

results q=site%3Aapple.com)
from a
particular
website.

related: Search for related:apple.com

sites (https://www.google.com/search?
related to a q=related%3Aapple.com)
given
domain.

intitle: Search for intitle:apple (https://www.google.com/search?

pages with q=intitle%3Aapple)
a particular
word in the
title tag.
Search What it
Example
operator does

allintitle: Search for allintitle:apple iphone

pages with (https://www.google.com/search?
multiple q=allintitle%3Aapple+iphone)
words in
the
title tag.

inurl: Search for inurl:apple (https://www.google.com/search?

pages with q=inurl%3Aapple)
a particular
word in
the URL.

allinurl: Search for allinurl:apple iphone

pages with (https://www.google.com/search?
multiple q=allinurl%3Aapple+iphone)
words in
the URL.

intext: Search for intext:apple iphone

pages with (https://www.google.com/search?
a particular q=intext%3Aapple)
word in
their
content.
Search What it
Example
operator does

allintext: Search for allintext:apple iphone

pages with (https://www.google.com/search?
multiple q=allintext%3Aapple+iphone)
words in
their
content.

weather: Search for weather:san francisco

the (https://www.google.com/search?
weather in q=weather%3Asan+francisco)
a location.

stocks: Search for stocks:aapl (https://www.google.com/search?

stock q=stocks%3Aaapl)
information
for a ticker.

map: Force map:silicon valley

Google to (https://www.google.com/search?
show map q=map%3Asilicon+valley)
results.

movie: Search for movie:steve jobs

information (https://www.google.com/search?
about q=movie%3Asteve+jobs)
a movie.
 Search What it
Example
operator does

in Convert $329 in GBP (https://www.google.com/search?

one unit to q=$329+in+GBP)
another.

source: Search for apple source:the_verge

results (https://www.google.com/search?
from a q=apple+source%3Athe_verge&tbm=nws)
particular
source in
Google
News.

before: Search for apple before:2007-06-29

results (https://www.google.com/search?
from q=apple+before%3A2007-06-29)
before a
particular
date.

after: Search for apple after:2007-06-29

results (https://www.google.com/search?
from after q=apple+after%3A2007-06-29)
a particular
date.

SIDENOTE. You can also use the _ operator, which acts as a wildcard in Google
Autocomplete.
Unreliable
Search
What it does Example
operator

#..# Search within a iphone case $50..$60

range of (https://www.google.com/search?
numbers. q=iphone+case+%2450..%2460)

inanchor: Search for pages inanchor:apple

with backlinks (https://www.google.com/search?
containing q=inanchor%3Aapple)
specific anchor
text.

allinanchor: Search for pages allinanchor:apple iphone

with backlinks (https://www.google.com/search?
containing q=allinanchor%3Aapple+iphone)
multiple words
in their anchor
text.

AROUND(X) Search for pages apple AROUND(4) iphone

with two words (https://www.google.com/search?
or phrases q=apple+AROUND(4))
within X words
of one another.

loc: Find results loc:”san francisco” apple

from a
given area.
Search
What it does Example
operator

location: Find news from location:”san francisco” apple

a certain (https://www.google.com/search?
location in q=loc:%22san+francisco%22+apple)
Google News.

daterange: Search for daterange:11278-13278

results from a (https://www.google.com/search?
particular q=steve+jobs+daterange%3A11278-
date range. 13278)

Not working (officially dropped by

Google)
Search operator What it does Exa

~ Include synonyms in the search. Dropped in 2013 ~ap

(https://searchengineland.com/google-drops-another-search-
operator-tilde-for-synonyms-164403).

"+" Search for results mentioning an exact word or phrase. job

Dropped in 2011. (https://searchengineland.com/google-
sunsets-search-operator-98189)

inpostauthor: Search for posts by a specific author in the discontinued inp

(https://searchengineland.com/google-blog-search-now- job
within-google-news-search-202202) Google Blog Search.

allinpostauthor: Same as inpostauthor: , but removes the need for quotes. alli
job
 Search operator What it does Exa

inposttitle: Search for posts with certain words in the title in Google’s inp
discontinued Blog Search. iph

link: Search for pages linking to a particular domain or URL. Dropped link
in 2017 (https://searchengineland.com/google-officially-killed-
off-link-command-267454).

info: Search for information about a specific page or website. info

Dropped in 2017 (https://searchengineland.com/google-
changes-info-command-search-operator-dropping-useful-
links-286422).

id: Same as info: id:a

phonebook: Search for someone’s phone number. Dropped in 2010 pho

(https://searchengineland.com/google-drops-phonebook-
search-operator-56173).

# Search for hashtags on Google+. Dropped in 2019 when #ap

Google+ shut down
(https://support.google.com/googlecurrents/answer/9195133).

11 ways to use Google search

operators
Let’s tackle a few ways to put these operators into action.

My aim here is to show that you can achieve almost anything with Google
advanced operators if you know how to use and combine them. So don’t be afraid
to play around and deviate from the examples below. You may just discover
something new.
Prefer video?

Check out nine actionable Google search operator tips in Sam Oh’s video
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWLD9139Ipc).

How to Google with Advanced Search Operators (9 Actionable Tips)

1. Find possible indexing issues

Eyeballing the results of a site: search for your website can uncover potential
indexing issues.

For example, if we combine it with the filetype: operator, we see that this 3D
printing company has quite a few PDFs indexed:
This isn’t a bad thing if it’s intentional, but I have a feeling it isn’t for some
of these.

For instance, its site has a lead-generation landing page for a white paper about
the total cost of ownership for 3D printers:
But this PDF is indexed, so you can easily access it without filling in your details:

The site owners should probably add an x-robots noindex tag

(https://ahrefs.com/blog/meta-robots/) to solve this.

2. Find and analyze your competitors

Use the related: operator to find websites related to yours, which are often
competitors.
You can then use other search operators to investigate these sites further.

For example, if we search for site:moz.com , we can quickly see that it has
published a lot of content on its blog, help section, and “SEO Learning Center.”
If we adjust our site: operator to focus on its Learning Center, we can start to
get a sense of the type of content published and what it’s about.
In this case, it looks like there are lots of definition-type posts.

In fact, if we add intitle:("what is"|"what are") to our search, we see 86

matching pages.

However, what Google can’t tell us is whether these pages get any organic traffic.
To find that out, we’ll need to use a third-party tool.

If you’re an Ahrefs user:

1. Go to Site Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/site-explorer)
2. Enter the competitor’s domain or subsection
3. Check the Top pages report

If you’re not an Ahrefs user, you can use our free traffic checker
(https://ahrefs.com/traffic-checker) to check pages one by one:

WEBSITE TRAFFIC CHECKER

See search traffic estimates

for any website or webpage
Enter domain or URL Subdomains Check traffic
Both of these methods show that many of its definition-type posts are getting in
excess of 20K estimated monthly organic visits. So this could be a good type of
content to create if you wanted to attract search traffic in this niche.

In fact, that’s exactly what we did with our SEO glossary

(https://ahrefs.com/seo/glossary).

Here’s its organic traffic growth over the last few months:

3. Find guest post opportunities

Most people find guest posting opportunities by searching for “write for us” pages
in their niche.

For example, if you have a website about coffee, you can search for something
like coffee intitle:"write for us" inurl:write-for-us :
However, as lots of people are using this method, you’ll often end up pitching the
same sites as everyone else. For that reason, a better method is to find a serial
guest blogger in your niche and look for sites they’ve written for.

You can do this by searching for [topic] inurl:author/[firstname-lastname] .

For example, this search finds websites Ryan Stewart has written for:
You can also do this in Ahrefs’ Content Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/content-
explorer) by searching for [topic] author:[firstname lastname"] .
The benefit of using Content Explorer over Google is that you can filter the results
to focus on high-quality websites. Plus, not every site will use the /author/firstn
ame-lastname/ footprint.

For example, we can easily filter for posts from websites with a Domain Rating
(DR) above 30 and an estimated website traffic of at least 5K per month.
SIDENOTE. This can sometimes generate a few false positives, depending on how common
the person’s name is.

You can even highlight results from domains that haven’t linked to you so you can
prioritize getting backlinks from more websites.
4. Find resource page opportunities
Resource pages curate and link to the best resources on a topic. This makes them
great link prospects if you have a fitting resource.

To find them in Google, search for: [topic] intitle:resources inurl:resources .

For example, if you want to build links to a coffee resource, you can search
for this:
However, not all of these pages will be worth pitching. You’ll find that some just
link to their own resources, so you’ll need to sift through them and pitch the
relevant ones.

If you want an even easier way to find resource pages, try this:

1. Go to Ahrefs’ Site Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/site-explorer)

2. Enter the domain of a big competitor
3. Go to the Backlinks report
4. Filter for backlinks with “resources” in the Ref. page URL
5. Find files you don’t want in Google’s
index
You probably don’t want Google to index every file you upload to your website.

For example, if you have PDFs behind lead magnets or content upgrades, you
probably want to protect those files to prevent people from finding them on
Google.

Let’s use the filetype: operator to check for these on ahrefs.com.

It looks like there’s one PDF indexed, which is an old resource from 2017.

If we were bothered about people finding this (we’re not), we’d want to set this
file to noindex with an x-robots header response (https://ahrefs.com/blog/meta-
robots/).

6. Find the email address of the person

you want to reach out to
People often share their email addresses on Twitter, so you can use search
operators to find those tweets.

For example, if you wanted to find Tim Soulo’s email address, you could search for
any of his tweets that mention the word “email” and “gmail.com” or “ahrefs.com”
(as his email address is almost certainly at one of those domains).

If you do this, his email address pops up right away:

FURTHER READING

6 Ways to Find Anyone’s Email Address (Tried & Tested)

(https://ahrefs.com/blog/find-email-address/)

7. Find opportunities to add internal

links
Internally linking to important content from other relevant pages on your website
can send it more traffic and potentially help it to rank higher in organic search.

For example, let’s say we wanted to add some internal links to our list of SEO tips
(https://ahrefs.com/blog/seo-tips/).

If we search in Google for site:ahrefs.com/blog "SEO tips" , we’ll find blog

posts mentioning the phrase “SEO tips” somewhere in their content.
In this case, we can ignore the first result, as this is the post we want to build
internal links to. But there are 99 other results mentioning SEO tips, and many of
them are perfect contextual internal link opportunities.

For instance, our guide to creating SEO content (https://ahrefs.com/blog/seo-

content/) has an unlinked mention of “SEO tips,” so this is the perfect opportunity
to add an internal link.

That said, the one downside of using search operators to find internal link
opportunities is that they don’t distinguish between linked and unlinked
mentions. In other words, they often find opportunities you’ve already taken
advantage of.

For example, our search found a mention of “SEO tips” in our list of SEO
techniques (https://ahrefs.com/blog/seo-techniques/):
But if we find that mention on the page, we see that it’s already internally linked:

If this happens a lot and you find it frustrating, sign up for a free Ahrefs
Webmaster Tools (https://ahrefs.com/webmaster-tools) account and try this
instead:

1. Crawl your website with Site Audit (https://ahrefs.com/site-audit)

2. Go to the Internal Link Opportunities tool in Site Audit
3. Add your target page’s URL to the search field
4. Select “Target page” from the dropdown next to the search field
5. Hit the return key
You should see a list of opportunities like this:

It tells you:

Where to link from (Source page).

Where to add the link (Keyword context).
Where to link to (Target page).

FURTHER READING

Internal Links for SEO: An Actionable Guide (https://ahrefs.com/blog/internal-

links-for-seo/)

8. Find “best” listicles that don’t

mention your brand
Let’s say you run an email marketing tool like ConvertKit.

If you search Google for “best email marketing tools,” you’ll find thousands of
results listing top picks:
Given that you probably want to be featured on these lists, it’ll be helpful to see
which ones do and don’t mention you already, right? That way, you can reach out
to the authors of lists not mentioning your tool and see if you can get them to
add you.

Luckily, you can do that by appending your search with -[your business name] :

Alternatively, if you want an even quicker method, you can use Ahrefs’ Content
Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/content-explorer).

If you’re not familiar with Content Explorer, it’s a search engine for marketers with
an index of over 11 billion pages. You can use this search to find listicles that
don’t mention your brand: title:"best [whatever]" -[yourbrand] .

For example, if we look for lists of the best email marketing tools that don’t
mention ConvertKit, we get 3,182 results:
What makes Content Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/content-explorer) more
convenient than Google is that you can filter the results by things like DR,
estimated website and page traffic, and more. Then you can export them in a few
clicks.

For example, if we restrict the results to one page per domain and filter for
websites with a DR of 30 or more, we narrow things down from 3,182 to
156 pages.
This is a much more manageable number of websites to review and potentially
reach out to.

9. Find websites that have reviewed

competitors
If a website posts a review of a competitor, chances are it may also be willing to
review you.

Here’s how to find competitor reviews: allintitle:review ([competitor 1] OR

[competitor 2]) .

For example, if we wanted to find reviews of ConvertKit competitors, we could

search for this:
If you like, you can add the after: operator into the mix to find recently
published posts. This way, you can focus on pitching websites that you know are
still active.

SIDENOTE. You can use Ahrefs’ SEO Toolbar (https://ahrefs.com/seo-toolbar) to download

search results.

However, all of this is once again easier in Content Explorer

(https://ahrefs.com/content-explorer) because you can filter and export the
results more easily.

Here’s how to run the same search there:

1. Choose “In title” as the search mode

2. Search for review (mailchimp OR aweber)
3. Filter for one page per domain
This gives us 2,948 results, which is a lot. So let’s prioritize our list by filtering for
pages published in the last 12 months on websites that get at least 1K monthly
search visits:

GET ALERTS FOR NEW COMPETITOR REVIEWS

Just set up a new “Mentions” alert in Ahrefs Alerts (https://ahrefs.com/alerts).

You can use the same search from Content Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/content-
explorer) and filters for DR and domain traffic too.
10. Find relevant Quora questions to
answer
Quora is a website where people ask questions, contributors post answers, and
the best ones get upvoted to the top.

As my colleague, Si Quan Ong, has proven, it’s a great place to build brand
awareness. He’s had over 2 million views on his answers and continues to get
over 25K views every month despite his recent inactivity:
When it comes to finding questions to answer, Quora’s search function works well.
The downside is that you can only search for one topic at once.

As Quora uses the question itself as the URL, you can overcome this problem with
this search operator: site:quora.com inurl:([topic 1] | topic 2) .

For example, if you have a health and fitness website, you can search for
something like this:

If you’re an Ahrefs user, you can even combine this with the SEO Toolbar
(https://ahrefs.com/seo-toolbar) to overlay traffic estimates on the SERP. That
way, you can focus on answering questions that already get organic traffic.
Or if you want an even faster method, try this:

1. Go to Ahrefs’ Site Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/site-explorer)

2. Enter quora.com
3. Go to the Top pages report
4. Filter for results with URLs that contain particular words

This will give you a list of relevant Quora answers, sorted by their estimated
monthly search traffic from high to low.
For example, one of the questions above asks whether it’s better to make a
protein shake with milk or water and gets an estimated 792 monthly visits. If you
can answer this question well and get upvoted, chances are hundreds of people
will see your answer every month.

Even better, as you can include links in your answers, these answers can send
some nice referral traffic your way.

11. Find how fast your competitors are

publishing new content
Combine the site: operator with before: and/or after: operators to find out
how much content any competitor has published in a given time period.

For example, here’s how many posts another SEO blog published in December
2022:
And here’s how many it published in the whole of 2022:

Just be aware that this operator isn’t always 100% accurate, as it includes
updated pages.

For example, the search below returns a post with January 25, 2022, attached
to it:

But if we plug that post’s URL into Ahrefs’ Site Explorer (https://ahrefs.com/site-
explorer), we see that it’s been attracting organic traffic since 2019. So it must
have existed long before 2022.
If you’re an Ahrefs user and want a more accurate way to see a competitor’s
publishing frequency, run a site: search in Content Explorer
(https://ahrefs.com/content-explorer) and filter for “Pages published once.”

Final thoughts
Google advanced search operators are super powerful. You just have to know how
to use them.

But I have to admit that some are more useful than others, especially when it
comes to SEO. I find myself using site: , intitle: , and inurl: often. Yet I
rarely use allintitle: and many of the other more obscure operators.

I’d also add that many operators are borderline useless unless paired with
another operator, or two, or three.
So do play around with them and let me know what you come up with.

I’d be more than happy to add any useful combinations you discover to the post.

Got questions? Ping me on Twitter (https://twitter.com/joshuachardwick).

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Article by

Joshua Hardwick
(https://ahrefs.com/blog/author/joshua-
hardwick/)
Head of Content @ Ahrefs (or, in plain English, I'm
the guy responsible for ensuring that every blog
post we publish is EPIC).

(https://twitter.com/JoshuaCHardwick)

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