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Q. 1 – Q. 5 carry one mark each

1.) The fishermen, ________________ the flood victims owed their lives, were rewarded by the
government.

(A) whom

(B) to which

(C) to whom

(D) that

Ans: C

2.) Some students were not involved in the strike.

If the above statement is true, which of the following conclusions is/are logically necessary?

1. Some who were involved in the strike were students.

2. No student was involved in the strike.
3. At least one student was involved in the strike.
4. Some who were not involved in the strike were students.
(A) 1 and 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 2 and 3

Ans: C

3.) The radius as well as the height of a circular cone increases by 10%. The percentage
increase in its volume is _____________

(A) 17.1

(B) 21.0

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(C) 33.1

(D) 72.8

Ans: C

4.) Five numbers 10, 7, 5, 4 and 2 are to be arranged in a sequence from left to right following
the directions given below:

1. No two odd or even numbers are next to each other.

2. The second number from the left is exactly half of the left-most number.
3. The middle number is exactly twice the right-most number.
Which is the second number from the right?

(A) 2

(B) 4

(C) 7

(D) 10

Ans: C

5. Until Iran came along, India had never been ______________ in kabaddi.

(A) defeated

(B) defeating

(C) defeat

(D) defeatist

Ans: A

Q. 6 – Q. 10 carry two marks each.

6.) Since the last one year, after a 125 basis point reduction in repo rate by the Reserve Bank
of India, banking institutions have been making a demand to reduce interest rates on small
saving schemes. Finally, the government announced yesterday a reduction in interest rates
on small saving schemes to bring them on par with fixed deposit interest rates.

Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the given passage?

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(A) Whenever the Reserve Bank of India reduces the repo rate, the interest rates on small
saving schemes are also reduced

(B) Interest rates on small saving schemes are always maintained on par with fixed deposit
interest rates

(C) The government sometimes takes into consideration the demands of banking institutions
before reducing the interest rates on small saving schemes

(D) A reduction in interest rates on small saving schemes follow only after a reduction in
repo rate by the Reserve Bank of India

Ans: C

7. In a country of 1400 million population, 70% own mobile phones. Among the mobile
phone owners, only 294 million access the Internet. Among these Internet users, only half
buy goods from e-commerce portals. What is the percentage of these buyers in the country?

(A) 10.50

(B) 14.70

(C) 15.00

(D) 50.00

Ans: A

8.) The nomenclature of Hindustani music has changed over the centuries. Since the
medieval period dhrupad styles were identified as baanis. Terms like gayaki and baaj were
used to refer to vocal and instrumental styles, respectively. With the institutionalization of
music education the term gharana became acceptable. Gharana originally referred to
hereditary musicians from a particular lineage, including disciples and grand disciples.

Which one of the following pairings is NOT correct?

(A) dhrupad, baani

(B) gayaki, vocal

(C) baaj, institution

(D) gharana, lineage

Ans: C

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9.) Two trains started at 7AM from the same point. The first train travelled north at a speed
of 80 km/h and the second train travelled south at a speed of 100 km/h. The time at which
they were 540 km apart is _________ AM.

(A) 9

(B) 10

(C) 11

(D) 11.30

Ans: B

10.) “I read somewhere that in ancient times the prestige of a kingdom depended upon the
number of taxes that it was able to levy on its people. It was very much like the prestige of a
head-hunter in his own community.”

Based on the paragraph above, the prestige of a head-hunter depended upon

__________________________

(A) the prestige of the kingdom

(B) the prestige of the heads

(C) the number of taxes he could levy

(D) the number of heads he could gather

Ans: D

END OF THE GA PAPER

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Q. 1 – Q. 25 carry one mark each

1.) Let r and θ be the modulus and argument of the complex number z = 1 + i, respectively.
Then (r, θ) equals
π
(A) (√2, )
4

π
(B) (2, )
2

π
(C) (2, )
3

(D) (√2, π)

Ans: A

Exp: We know that 𝐳 = 𝐫𝐞𝐢𝛉 = 𝐫(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉)

Therefore, 𝟏 + 𝐢 = 𝐫(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉)

𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 = 𝟏

𝛑 𝛑
𝐫 = √𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 = √𝟐, and 𝛉 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 ) =
𝟒 𝟒

Hence correct option is A.

0 −1
2.) Let λ1 and λ2 be the two eigen values of the matrixA = [ ].
1 1
Then λ1 + λ2 and λ1 . λ2 are respectively

(A) 1 and 1

(B) 1 and -1

(C) -1 and 1

(D) -1 and -1

Ans: A

Exp: We know that sum of the eigen values is equal to sum of the diagonal elements of
the given matrix A

That is 𝛌𝟏 + 𝛌𝟐 = 𝟎 + 𝟏 = 𝟏

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Also, product of eigen values is equal to the det(A)

𝟎 −𝟏
𝛌𝟏 . 𝛌𝟐 = | | = 𝟎 − (−𝟏) = 𝟏.
𝟏 𝟏
Hence, correct option is A.

3.) The Laplace transform of the function f(t) = e−t is given

1
(A) (s+1)2

1
(B)
s−1

1
(C)
s+1

1
(D) (s−1)2

Ans: C
𝟏
Exp: We know that 𝐋{𝐞𝐚𝐭 } =
𝐬−𝐚

𝟏
Therefore, 𝐋{𝐞−𝐭 } =
𝐬+𝟏

Hence, correct option is C

1 dq
4.) The relative decline rate of oil is given by = −𝑎𝑞𝑏, where q is the oil production rate, a
q dt
(> 0) is the decline rate and b is a constant. The equation gives harmonic decline curve when
b is

(A) 1.5
(B) 1
(C) 0.5
(D) 0

Ans: B

5.) Which of the following provides a vertical stab for the flow lines and annulus access lines
from multiple wells in offshore subsea completion?

(A) Moon pool deck

(B) Spider beams

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(C) Telescopic Joints

(D) Manifold

Ans: D

6.) In a faulted reservoir, the principle of superposition for the pressure drop using
diffusivity equation is applicable. This is due to

(A) High Reynolds number flow in the well.

(B) Constant permeability.
(C) Pressure dependent viscosity.
(D) Linearity of the diffusivity equation.
Ans: D

7.) Which one of the following parameters is measured using routine core analysis (RCA)?

(A) Porosity
(B) Relative permeability
(C) Capillary pressure
(D) Wettability
Ans: A

8.) Match the following

P. Induction log I. Equivalent water resistivity

Q. Dielectric Log II. Resistivity

R. Self-Potential Log III. Conductivity

S. Electrical Log IV. Permittivity

(A) P-II, Q-1V, R-III, S-I

(B) P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II

(C) P-II, Q- III, R-IV, S-I

(D) P-III, Q-IV, R-I, S-II

Ans: D

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9.) Which one of the following rocks and reservoir fluids are arranged in the decreasing order
of their electrical resistivity? Assume that rocks have equal porosity and are filled with brine.

(A) Shale > Brine > Sandstone > Limestone > Gas

(B) Gas > Shale > Sandstone > Limestone > Brine

(C) Gas > Limestone > Sandstone > Shale > Brine
(D) Shale > Brine > Limestone > Sandstone > Gas

Ans: C

10.) Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events for hydrocarbon generation
in the subsurface?

(A) Catagenesis → Metagenesis → Diagenesis

(B) Catagenesis → Diagenesis → Metagenesis

(C) Diagenesis → Catagenesis → Metagenesis

(D) Diagenesis → Metagenesis → Catagenesis

Ans: C

11.) Match the following:

P. Bingham plastic I. 𝜏 = 𝑘𝛾𝑛

Q. Power law II. 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑦 + 𝑘𝛾𝑛

R. Power law with yield stress III. 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑦 + 𝜇𝑝γ

Here

τ : shear stress

τy: yield value or yield stress

μp: shear viscosity

n: power law index

k: consistency index

γ: shear rate

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(A) P-II, Q-I, R-III

(B) P-I, Q-III, R-II

(C) P-III, Q-II, R-I

(D) P-III, Q-I, R-II

Ans: D

12.) Match the following for drill pipe failure:

P. Twist off I. due to excessive tension

Q. Parting II. due to excessive torque

R. Collapse III. due to cyclic loading

S. Fatigue IV. due to extensive external pressure

(A) P-III, Q-IV, R-I, S-II

(B) P-II, Q-I, R-IV, S-III

(C) P-I, Q-II, R-III, S-IV

(D) P-IV, Q-III, R-II, S-I

Ans: B

13.) Which one of the following flow regimes is more favourable for gas lift operation?

(A) Bubbly flow

(B) Annular flow

(C) Churn flow

(D) Stratified flow

Ans: A

14.) H2S gas is ________________

(A) Acidic.

(B) Non-corrosive.

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(C) Lighter than air.

(D) Non-flammable.

Ans: A

15.) Which one of the following offshore platforms DOES NOT use buoyant columns or
pontoons?

(A) Tension leg platforms

(B) Jack up platforms
(C) Spar platforms
(D) Semi-submersible platforms
Ans: B

16.) In which one of the following offshore platforms, the condition of the sea floor is a vital
consideration.

(A) Drill ship platforms.

(B) Tension leg platforms

(C) Concrete gravity platforms

(D) Floating, production, storage and offloading (FPSO) platforms

Ans: C

17.) The ‘Klinkenberg effect’ is related to

(A) Viscous fingering during water flooding in oil reservoirs.

(B) Hysteresis effect in relative permeability during drainage and imbibition process.

(C) Oil viscosity dependence on temperature.

(D) Slippage of gas phase at the sand grain surface.

Ans: D

18.) Favourable conditions for formation of gas hydrates are

(A) High temperature and high pressure.

(B) High temperature and low pressure.

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(C) Low temperature and high pressure.

(D) Low temperature and low pressure.

Ans: C

19.) Match the following quantities with their dimensions:

P. Viscosity I. M1 L-1 T-2

Q. Permeability II. M0 L2 T0

R. Compressibility III. M1 L-1 T-1

S. Pressure IV. M-1 L1 T2

(A) P-III, Q-II, R-IV, S-I

(B) P-II, Q-I, R-IV, S-III

(C) P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II

(D) P-I, Q-II, R-III, S-IV

Ans: A

20.) The plot of dissolved gas oil ratio (RS), defined as the “ratio of STP volume of gas
dissolved in the oil at pressure P, to the volume of the oil at STP” is given below.

For the same oil, the plot of produced gas oil ratio (RP) defined as the “ratio of STP volume of
the gas liberated from the oil at pressure P, to the volume of the oil at STP” is

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(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Ans: B

21.) Which one of the following denotes a regular four-spot flood pattern?

∆ represents injection well

O represents production well

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(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Ans: A
(x+1) sinx
22.) The value of lim is_________ (round off 2 decimal places).
x→0 (x2 +2x)

Ans: 0.49-0.51

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(𝐱+𝟏)𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐱 (𝐱+𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 (𝐱+𝟏) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝟎+𝟏 𝟏

Exp: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝐱+𝟐) × 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = × 𝟏 = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝐱→𝟎 (𝐱 𝟐 +𝟐𝐱) 𝐱→𝟎 𝐱(𝐱+𝟐) 𝐱→𝟎 𝐱→𝟎 𝐱 𝟎+𝟐 𝟐

1 2 1 a 3 1
23.) Let A = [ ],X = [ ] and Y = [ ], if AX = B, then a + b = __________.
2 1 b 0 3 2
Ans: 2.0

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝐚 𝟑 𝟏
Exp: 𝐀𝐗 = 𝐘 ⇒ [ ][ ]=[ ]
𝟐 𝟏 𝐛 𝟎 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝟐𝐛 𝐚 𝟑 𝟏
⇒[ ]=[ ]
𝟐 + 𝐛 𝟐𝐚 𝟑 𝟐
Equating both sides, we get

1 + 2b = 3 or b = 1 and 2 + b = 3 or b = 1

Therefore, a + b = 1 + 1 = 2

24.) Let u⃗ = î + ĵ + ak̂ and v

⃗ = a2 î + 4ĵ − 4k̂ where î, ĵ and k̂ are certain unit vectors. If
vectors u ⃗ are perpendicular, then a is equals to _________.
⃗ and v

Ans: 2.0

Exp: since vectors 𝐮

⃗ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐯⃗ are perpendicular

Therefore, 𝐮 ̂ ) . (𝐚𝟐 𝐢̂ + 𝟒𝐣̂ − 𝟒𝐤

⃗ . 𝐯⃗ = 𝟎 ⇒ (𝐢̂ + 𝐣̂ + 𝐚𝐤 ̂)=𝟎

⇒ 𝐚𝟐 + 𝟒 − 𝟒𝐚 = 𝟎

⇒ (𝐚 − 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐚 = 𝟐

Hence, a = 2.

25.) If the neutron log porosity (𝜙𝑁) is 0.09 and density log porosity (𝜙𝐷) is 0.24 in the cross-
over region, then the average porosity of the gas bearing region is (round off to 2
decimal places).

Ans: 0.17-0.20

Exp: Using the formula for gas bearing zone

𝛗 𝟐 +𝛗 𝟐
Φavg = √ 𝐝 𝐧
= 0.18
𝟐

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Q. 26 – Q. 55 carry two mark each

d2 y dy
26.) The general solution of the differential equation −2 + y = 0 is (here C1 and C2 are
dx2 dx
arbitrary constants)

(A) y = C1 ex + C2 e−x

(B) y = C1x ex + C2 xe2x

(C) y = C1 ex + C2 xe−x

(D) y = C1 ex + C2 xex

Ans: D

Exp: The given differential equation can be written as

𝐝
(𝐃𝟐 − 𝟐𝐃 + 𝟏)𝐲 = 𝟎; 𝐃 ≡
𝐝𝐱

The auxiliary equation is 𝐦𝟐 − 𝟐𝐦 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝐦 = 𝟏, 𝟏

∴ 𝐲 = 𝐂. 𝐅. = (𝐂𝟏 + 𝐱𝐂𝟐 )𝐞𝐱 = 𝐂𝟏 𝐞𝐱 + 𝐂𝟐 𝐱𝐞𝐱

Hence, the correct option is D.

27.) Consider the following system of linear equations (where p and q are constants)

x1 + x2 + x3 = 1; x1 − x2 + 2x3 = p ; 3x1 − x2 + 5x3 = q

This system has at least one solution for any p and q satisfying

(A) 2p – q + 1 =0

(B) 2q + p + 1=0

(C) 2p + q -1 =0

(D) 2q + p -1 =0

Ans: A

Exp: we write the given system of linear equations in matrix form

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐱𝟏 𝟏
[𝟏 −𝟏 𝐱 𝐩
𝟐] [ 𝟐 ] = [ ] ≈ 𝐀𝐗 = 𝐁
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟓 𝐱𝟑 𝐪

The augmented matrix

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
[A|B] = [𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐 |𝐩]
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟓 𝐪

1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
R2 → R2 − R1
  R3 → R3 − 2 R2  
0 −2 1 p − 1 0 −2 1 p − 1 
R3 → R3 −3 R1 
0 −4 2 q − 3 0 0 0 q − 2 p − 1

Since the given system of linear equations has at least one solution for p and q

Thus q – 2p – 1 = 0 or 2p – q +1 = 0.

Hence, the correct option is A.

28.) Three reservoirs P, Q and R have identical geometry and rock properties. The plot of the
height of the transition zone (h) above the free water level (FWL) against the water
saturation (Sw) is given in the figure. Assume 𝜎cos 𝜃 for all the three fluid combinations
remains the same. Which one of the following is the correct match of the reservoir fluids with
the reservoir (𝜎 is the interfacial tension between the respective fluid phases and 𝜃 is the
contact angle).

(A) P: low density oil – water, Q: gas – water, R: high density oil – water

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(B) P: gas – water, Q: low density oil – water, R: high density oil – water
(C) P: high density oil – water, Q: low density oil – water, R: gas – water
(D) P: gas – water, Q: high density oil – water, R: low density oil – water
Ans: C

29.) The fractional flow (fw) versus water saturation (Sw) curve for an imbibition process
(neglecting the capillary forces) in a given core for three different inclinations is shown in
the figure.

Which one of the following is the correct representation of the fractional flow curves?

(A) P: Down-dip, Q: No-dip, R: Up-dip

(B) P: Down-dip, Q: Up-dip, R: No-dip
(C) P: No-dip, Q: Down-dip, R: Up-dip
(D) P: Up-dip, Q: No-dip, R: Down-dip
Ans: A

30.) Match the following:

P. Dynamic positioning I. Self-contained drilling rig on a floating barge, fitted

with long support legs that can be raised or lowered
independently of each other.

Q. Mooring II. A system which automatically controls a vessel’s

position and heading exclusively by means of active
thrust.

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R. Jack-up III. Remains afloat by weight and buoyancy balance.

S. Semi-submersible platform IV. A system that is used for station keeping of a floating
platform or ship at any depth.

(A) P-IV, Q-II, R-I, S-III

(B) P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II

(C) P-II, Q-IV, R-I, S-III

(D) P-II, Q-IV, R-III, S-I

Ans: C

31.) Match the following:

P. Increase in sweep efficiency at the macroscopic- I. LPG injection

level by increasing water viscosity
Q. Increase in sweep efficiency at the II. Surfactant flooding
macroscopic-level by decreasing oil viscosity
R. Increase in displacement efficiency at the pore- III. In-situ combustion
scale by using a miscible displacing fluid
S. Increase in displacement efficiency at the pore- IV. Polymer flooding
scale by reducing interfacial tension

(A) P-I, Q-IV, R-III, S-II

(B) P-I, Q-II, R-IV, S-III
(C) P- IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
(D) P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III

Ans: C
32.) An exploratory well encountered three reservoir formations S1 (perfectly cemented),
S2 (poorly cemented) and S3 (fractured). The Formation Factor (F) is governed by the
equation 𝐹 = 𝑎𝜙−𝑚, where ‘𝜙’ is the porosity and ‘m’ is the cementation factor. The constant
‘a’, linked to tortuosity is assumed to be 1 for all the formations. The log-log plot between
Formation Factor (F) and porosity (𝜙) is shown

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Which one of the following represents the correct match of the formations with their
respective plots?

(A) S1-P, S2-Q, S3-R

(B) S1-R, S2-P, S3-Q

(C) S1-P, S2-R, S3-Q

(D) S1-R, S2-Q, S3-P

Ans: D

33.) Typical parameters obtained in the pyrolysis experiment of the source rock materials
are shown in the Figure. Which one of the following is NOT true about pyrolysis in source
rock analysis?

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(A) Peak S1 represents volatilization of existing hydrocarbons.

(B) Peak S2 represents breakdown of kerogen and generation of hydrocarbons.

(C) Peak S3 represents Tmax, the temperature at which most hydrocarbons are generated.

(D) S1/(S1+S2) represents the production index.

Ans: C

Exp:

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34.) A single well encounters multiple clean sands of exactly the same thickness, porosity
and permeability. Rw is the formation fluid resistivity and Rmf is the mud filtrate resistivity

P. Rmf > RW I. No deflection

Q. Rmf = RW II. Positive deflection

R. Rmf < RW III. Negative deflection

Which one of following match the relation between Rw and Rmf to that of Self-potential (SP)
log deflection

(A) P-I, Q-III, R-II

(B) P-III, Q-I, R-II

(C) P-II, Q-I, R-III

(D) P-I, Q-II, R-III

Ans: B

35.) Which one of the following options is NOT a part of the mudlogs prepared by the drill-
site geologist?

(A) Rate of Penetration (ROP)

(B) Chromatograph showing presence of C1 to C5 concentration

(C) Lithology from drill cutting and its interpretation

(D) Reservoir unit delineation based on volume of shale (Vsh)

Ans: D

36.) Match the following:

P. Location of storing the kelly on the trip I. Mousehole

Q. Location of storing the next drill pipe II. Rathole

R. Location of storing pump pressure gauges III. Top drive

S. Rotational system that controls a drill string without a kelly IV. Standpipe

(A) P-II, Q-I, R-IV, S-III

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(B) P-IV, Q-II, R-III, S-I

(C) P-II, Q-I, R-III, S-IV

(D) P-IV, Q-III, R-II, S-I

Ans: A

37.) A box contains 2 red and 3 black balls. Three balls are randomly chosen from the box
and are placed in a bag. Then the probability that there are 1 red and 2 black balls in the bag
is ____________.

Ans: 0.59-0.61

Exp:

The required probability is

𝟐𝐂𝟏 × 𝟑𝐂𝟐 𝟐 × 𝟑 𝟔
= = = = 𝟎. 𝟔
𝟓𝐂𝟑 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎

38.) The values of a function f(x) over the interval [0, 4] are given in the table below:

X 0 1 2 3 4
f(x)=y 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.06
4
Then, according to the Trapezoidal rule, the value of the integral ∫0 f(x)dx is ________ (round
off 2 decimal places).

Ans: 1.32-1.34

Exp: Here h = 1, 𝐲𝟎 = 𝟏, 𝐲𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝐲𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔.

Using Trapezoidal rule

𝟒
𝐡
∫ 𝐟(𝐱)𝐝𝐱 = [(𝐲 + 𝐲𝟒 ) + 𝟐(𝐲𝟏 + 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐲𝟑 )]
𝟎 𝟐 𝟎

𝟏
= [(𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔) + 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏)]
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔
= [(𝟏. 𝟎𝟔) + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎] = = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
39.) Oil is produced at a constant rate from a well in a bounded reservoir. The variation of
the bottom-hole pressure with time is shown in the given Table. The magnitude of the slope

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of the pressure vs time curve that you would use to find the drainage area is ___________
psi/day. (round off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 29-31

Exp:

Time (days) FBHP (psi) Slope (∆P/∆t), psi/day

0 3500

1 2864 -636

2 2725 -139

3 2644 -81

4 2587 -57

5 2542 -45

6 2512 -30

7 2482 -30

8 2452 -30

9 2422 -30

10 2392 -30

11 2362 -30

For a bounded reservoir having constant rate, well must be under pseudo-steady state
condition, therefore the slope is -30 psi/day

Magnitude of slope is 30 psi/day

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40.) In a core flood experiment of immiscible and incompressible displacement of oil (𝜇𝑜 = 1
cP) with water (𝜇𝑤 = 1 cP), only axial flow is observed. The relative permeability of water is
given by 𝑘𝑟𝑤 = 𝑆w2, where 𝑆 is water saturation. The relative permeability of oil is given by
𝑘𝑟𝑜 = (1 − 𝑆𝑤)2. The gravity and capillary pressure are neglected. From the fractional flow and
water saturation relationship, the saturation of water at the flood front is ________ % (round
off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 69-72

Solution
𝟏 𝟏
fw = µ 𝐤 = (𝟏− 𝐬𝐰 )𝟐
𝟏 + 𝐤𝐰 µ𝐫𝐨 𝟏+
𝐫𝐰 𝐨 𝟐
𝐬𝐰

Let fw be y and Sw = x

Therefore,

𝟏 𝐱𝟐
y= (𝟏− 𝐱)𝟐
=
𝟏+ 𝐱𝟐 + (𝟏−𝐱)𝟐
𝐱𝟐

𝐲 𝐱
=
𝐱 𝐱 𝟐 + (𝟏−𝐱)𝟐

𝐝𝐟𝐰 𝐝𝐲 𝟐𝐱−𝟐𝐱 𝟐
Slope = = =
𝐝𝐬𝐰 𝐝𝐱 (𝟐𝐱 𝟐 −𝟐𝐱+𝟏)𝟐

𝟐𝐱 − 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝐱
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
(𝟐𝐱 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏) 𝐱 + (𝟏 − 𝐱)𝟐

𝟐(𝟏 − 𝐱)
= 𝟏
𝟐𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱 + 𝟏

2 – 2x = 2𝐱 𝟐 – 2x + 1

2x2 = 1

x2 = 0.5

x = 0.707

Therefore, Sw = 0.707 = 70.7%

41.) In an oil well, the pressure at the gas oil contact (GOC) at a depth of 2000 m is 205 bar
(gauge), as shown in the figure.

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The static oil pressure gradient is 0.08 bar/m in the pay zone. If a constant hydrostatic
pressure gradient of 0.1 bar/m prevails throughout the subsurface, then the thickness of the
oil column is ______________ m (round off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 240-260

Exp:
𝐝𝐏
PWOC = PGOC + ( )o x D
𝐝𝐡

0.1 x (2000 + ho) = 205 + (0.08 x ho)

200 + 0.1 ho = 205 + 0.08ho

0.02ho = 5

ho = 250 m

42.) Oil is produced at a constant rate of 10 m3/day from a reservoir for 500 days. The
m3 gas
producing gas oil ratio (GOR) is constant at 10 for the first 100 days. Then, the
m3 oil
m3 gas
producing gas oil ratio increases linearly and on the 500th day the measured GOR is 50 .
m3 oil
The cumulative produced gas oil ratio after 500 days of production is ______________ (round off
to 1 decimal place). Assume that all volumes are measured at STP.

Ans: 25.5-26.5

Exp:

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Total gas produced is calculated by calculating area under the curve

Qg = [(10 x 500) + (0.5 x 400 x 40)] x 10 = 130000 m3

Qo = 10 x 500 = 5000 m3

𝐦𝟑 𝐠𝐚𝐬
Cumulative GOR = Qg/Qo = 13000/5000 = 26
𝐦𝟑 𝐨𝐢𝐥

43.) A pressure build-up test was conducted in a well after 1000 days of producing oil at a
constant rate of 0.01 reservoir-m3/s. The two shut-in bottom-hole pressure readings taken
at 0.5 day and 1 day after shut-in are 150 × 105 Pa and 151 × 105 Pa, respectively. These
pressure points correspond to the linear region of the Horner’s plot. The reservoir thickness
is 100 m and oil viscosity is 0.001 Pa.s. The permeability of the reservoir is _____________ mD
(round off to 1 decimal place). [1 mD = 10-15 m2].

Ans: 52-58

Exp:

Q = 0.01 m3/sec = 0.0629 bbl/sec = 5434.56 bbl/day

Tp = 1000 days

∆t1 = 0.5 days

∆t2 = 1 day

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P1 = 150 x 105 pa = 2175.56 psi

P2 = 151 x 105 pa = 2190 psi

h = 100 m = 328 ft

µo = 0.001 pa-sec = 1 cp

Horner time-1 = (1000+0.5)/0.5 = 2001

Horner time-2 = (1000+1)/1 = 1001

𝐏𝟐 − 𝐏𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟎−𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟓.𝟓𝟔
m= 𝐭 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟏 = - 48.13 psi/cycle
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭 𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏)
𝟏

− 𝟏𝟔𝟐.𝟔 𝐪 𝐁 𝛍 − 𝟏𝟔𝟐.𝟔 𝐱 𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟒.𝟓𝟔 𝐱 𝟏

k= = = 55.97 mD
𝐦𝐡 −𝟒𝟖.𝟏𝟑 𝐱 𝟑𝟐𝟖

44.) In an oil reservoir, the residual oil saturation in the volume flooded with polymer
solution is 20%. The initial water saturation is 20%. The volumetric sweep efficiency is 50%.
The maximum possible recovery factor for the reservoir is ___________ % (round off to 1
decimal place).

Ans: 36-39

Exp:
𝐒𝐨𝐢 − 𝐒𝐨𝐫 𝟖𝟎−𝟐𝟎
ER = ( ) x EV = ( ) x 0.5 = 0.375 = 37.5 %
𝐒𝐨𝐢 𝟖𝟎

45.) An electrical submersible pump (ESP) delivers well fluid with 100% water-cut. In the
ESP, the impeller diameter is 0.1 m and speed is 3600 rpm. The total head developed by the
ESP is 300 m (water column height). If the stage efficiency of the ESP is 60%, then the
minimum number of stages required is _______________ (round off to nearest integer).

[g = 9.81 m/s2]

Ans: 27-29

Exp:

𝐯𝟐
Head developed by Centrifugal pump is given by = where v (velocity) = 2 π r x n
𝟐𝐠

𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
{[𝟐×𝟑.𝟏𝟒×(𝟎.𝟎𝟓)× 𝟔𝟎 ]𝟐 } 𝟏𝟖.𝟖𝟒𝟐
H= = =18.10 m
𝟐×𝟗.𝟖 𝟏𝟗.𝟔

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𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩 𝟑𝟎𝟎

Minimum no of stages = = = 27.62
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫 × 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝟏𝟖.𝟏 × 𝟎.𝟔

46.) In a counter flow heat exchanger, hot fluid enters at 100°C and leaves at 50°C. Cold fluid
enters at 30°C and leaves at 40°C. If heat losses are ignored, then the logarithmic mean
temperature difference (LMTD) is ___________ 0C (round off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 35-38

Exp:

(T1 − t 2 ) − (T2 − t1 ) (100 − 40) − (50 − 30)

T −t 60
ln( 1 2 ) ln( )
Using the equation LMTD = T2 − t1 = 20 = 36.4 0C

47.) A model porous block of cross-sectional area (A) and length (L) is made up of N
independent capillaries of equal radii (r) and length (L). The porosity of the block is 10%,
and the permeability for a laminar, incompressible and steady state flow is 0.02 mD. If the
flow is only through the capillaries, then the value of r is ___________ x 10-6 cm (round off to

1 decimal place).

[1 mD = 10-15 m2].

Ans: 3-5

Exp:

k = (ϕr2/8)

0.02 x 10-11 = (0.1r2/8)

r = 4 x 10-6 cm

48.) A model porous medium of 5 cylindrical capillaries of radii varying from 60 to 100
micrometers (refer Table) is subjected to Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP)
treatment. The capillaries are being filled in an increasing order of their entry pressure. The
magnitude of (σ cos 𝜃)ai𝑟−𝐻𝑔 is 367 dyne/cm, where 𝜎 is the interfacial tension and 𝜃 is the
contact angle. The minimum applied mercury pressure to achieve 50% mercury saturation
in the sample is _______× 103 dyne/cm2 (round off to 1 decimal place).

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Ans: 81-83

Solution:

Minimum applied mercury pressure to achieve 50% mercury saturation is when the
cumulative area covered by mercury is 50%

Therefore 50% of the cumulative area covered by Hg is when the radius is 90 µm

Pc = 2σcosθ/r = (2 x 367)/(9 x 10-3) = 81555.5 dyne/cm2 = 81.55 x 103 dyne/cm2

49.) The sonic log parameters from an exploratory well in a reservoir are as follows:
Measured P-wave transit time (∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔) = 85 µs/ft

True resistivity (Rt) = 10 ohm-m

Matrix transit time (∆𝑡𝑚𝑎) = 45 µs/ft

Fluid transit time (∆𝑡𝑓𝑙) = 205 µs/ft

Formation water resistivity at reservoir temperature (Rw) = 0.1 ohm-m

The hydrocarbon saturation (in percentage) in the reservoir is _______________ (round off to 1
decimal place).

[Hint: Wyllie time average equation is ∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 = (1 − 𝜑)∆𝑡𝑚𝑎 + 𝜑∆𝑡𝑓𝑙 and formation water
1
resistivity has the correlation 𝑅𝑤 = 𝜑2𝑅𝑡𝑆w2 , where Sw is water saturation, 𝜑 is porosity and
a
a = 1]

Ans: 59-61

Exp:

Using the given eq

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∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 = (1 − 𝜑)∆𝑡𝑚𝑎 + 𝜑∆𝑡𝑓𝑙

85 = (1 – ϕ)45 + ϕ x 205

𝜑 = 0.25

Now,
𝟏
𝑅𝑤 = 𝜑2𝑅𝑡𝑆w2
𝐚

𝟏
0.1 = × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝐒𝐰
𝟐
𝟏

𝑆w = 0.4

Therefore Sh =1- 0.4 = 0.60 = 60%

50.) A vertical well of 8000 ft is producing below bubble point pressure. Oil and water each
is produced at the rate of 500 bbl/day. The indicated bottom hole pressure is 3000 psi. If the
same gas to liquid ratio (GLR) is maintained, using the given figure, the new bottom hole
pressure at 5000 ft is psi.

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Ans: 1600-1900

Exp:

As per the pressure gradient curve determine GLR for depth 8000 ft with BHP as 3000
psi. Now after finding the GLR curve use the same GLR curve move upward along the
curve to a depth of 5000 ft and draw a vertical line from that point on the GLR curve
at 5000 ft to reach 1750 psi as BHP.

51.) In a drilling rig, the crown block and the traveling block have three and two sheaves,
respectively. A single wireline connects the hoisting drum to the deadline anchor as shown
in the figure. Neglect the weight of the pulleys and the wireline, and friction between the
sheaves and wireline. The ratio of the deadline load to static crown load is _______ (round off
to 2 decimal places).

Ans: 0.16-0.18

Exp:
𝐰
𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 = 𝐰 𝟒 𝐰 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟔
+𝐰+
𝟒 𝟒
52.) Cement weighing 100 kg is mixed with 50 litres of water. The specific gravity of cement
is 3.14 and the density of water is 1000 kg/m3. Neglecting volume changes, the resulting
density of the slurry is _____ kg/m3 (round off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 1820-1880

Exp:

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𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎

𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 = = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑𝟐𝟔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟐. 𝟔 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟎
+ 𝟓𝟎
𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
53.) In an active water drive during a certain period, the rate of production and reservoir
pressure remain constant. The water influx into the reservoir from the aquifer is 6000
bbl/day. The surface oil and water production rates are 3000 STB/day and 1500 STB/day,
respectively. The current production gas to oil ratio is 825 SCF/STB, and the formation
volume factors at the current pressure for oil, water and gas are 1.375 bbl/STB, 1.04 bbl/STB
and 0.007 bbl/STB, respectively. The solution gas to oil ratio at the current pressure is
_________________ SCF/STB (round off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 739-815

Exp:

Note,

Unit of gas formation factor is either bbl/ft3 or bb/scf, but here in the question it is
given as bbl/stb, which is a silly mistake from GATE side

We ignore the above error to obtain the given answer by GATE

Np [Bo + (Rp − Rs) Bg] + Wp Bw = We

3000 [1.375 + (825 − Rs) x 0.007] + (1500 x 1.04) = 6000

Rs = 810

If the error is not ignored and unit of Bg is converted from bbl/stb to bbl/scf by diving
by a factor of 5.615 we obtain

Bg = 0.007 bbl/stb = 0.00125 bbl/scf

Np [Bo + (Rp − Rs) Bg] + Wp Bw = We

3000 [1.375 + (825 − Rs) x 0.00125] + (1500 x 1.04) = 6000

Rs = 741

Both the answers are accepted

54.) In a water flooding experiment, the pressure gradients in the displacing and displaced
phases are 400 psi/ft and 350 psi/ft, respectively. Assume that the displacement front is
stable in the absence of capillary and gravity forces. Consider that only water flows upstream

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and only oil flows downstream of the displacement front. Then the mobility ratio for this
immiscible displacement process is ______________ (round off to 2 decimal places).

Ans: 0.85-0.90

Exp:
𝐤 𝐫𝐰 𝛍𝐨 𝐝𝐥 𝐝𝐏𝐨
𝐌𝐰−𝐨 = ( )( )=( )( ) = 350/400 = 0.875
𝛍𝐰 𝐤 𝐫𝐨 𝐝𝐏𝐰 𝐝𝐥

55.) In a pressure draw-down testing, the well bore flowing pressure (𝑃𝑤𝑓) is given by
162.6 q B µ kt
Pwf = Pi - [log ( ) − 3.23 + 0.87 S]
kh ϕ Ct µ rw 2

The following data is given in the oil field units,

Initial reservoir pressure (𝑃𝑖) = 5000 psia

Pressure after 1 hr of production (P1hr) = 4000 psia

Oil flow rate (q) = 500 STB/day

Porosity (∅) = 0.25

Viscosity of oil (𝜇) = 2 cP

Formation volume factor of oil (B) = 1.2 bbl/STB

Formation thickness (h) = 20 ft

Total compressibility (𝑐) = 30 × 10−6 psi-1

Well bore radius (𝑟𝑤) = 0.3 ft

The slope of 𝑃𝑤𝑓 versus log t is −100 psi/cycle. Then, the skin factor (S) for this well is
_________________ (round off to 1 decimal place).

Ans: 5-7

Exp:
− 𝟏𝟔𝟐.𝟔 𝐪 𝐁 𝛍 − 𝟏𝟔𝟐.𝟔 𝐱 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏.𝟐 𝐱 𝟐
k= = = 97.56 mD
𝐦𝐡 −𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟐𝟎

𝐏𝟏𝐡𝐫 − 𝐏𝐢 𝐤
S = 1.15 [ - log ( ) + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑]
𝐦 𝛟 𝐂𝐭 𝛍𝐨 𝐫𝐰 𝟐

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𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟕.𝟓𝟔
S = 1.15 [ - log ( ) + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑] = 6.18
−𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝐱 𝟐 𝐱 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐱 𝟎.𝟑𝟐

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