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(Ujjwal Roy) Fluid Mechanics

The document explains Bernoulli's Equation, a principle in fluid mechanics that states the total mechanical energy of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid remains constant along a streamline. It discusses the interpretation of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy, as well as practical applications such as Venturi meters and Pitot tubes. Additionally, it covers Euler's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and body forces in fluid flow, serving as a foundation for Bernoulli's equation.

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13 views8 pages

(Ujjwal Roy) Fluid Mechanics

The document explains Bernoulli's Equation, a principle in fluid mechanics that states the total mechanical energy of an incompressible, non-viscous fluid remains constant along a streamline. It discusses the interpretation of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy, as well as practical applications such as Venturi meters and Pitot tubes. Additionally, it covers Euler's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and body forces in fluid flow, serving as a foundation for Bernoulli's equation.

Uploaded by

sudiptanathme
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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College Name –

Swami ViVekaNaNda iNStitute of SCieNCe &


teChNology
Interpretation of Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation is a fundamental principle in fluid mechanics derived
from the conservation of energy. It states that for an incompressible, non-
viscous (ideal) fluid in steady flow, the total mechanical energy (sum of
pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy) remains constant along a
streamline.
Mathematically, Bernoulli’s Equation is expressed as:

where:
P = Pressure energy per unit volume (Pa)
ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m³)
v = Fluid velocity (m/s)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
h = Height above a reference level (m)
Interpretation of Terms :
• Pressure Energy (P): Represents the energy due to the fluid’s pressure.
Higher pressure means more energy available to move the fluid.
• Kinetic Energy : Represents the energy due to fluid motion. Faster-
moving fluid has higher kinetic energy.
• Potential Energy (ρgh): Represents gravitational potential energy due to
the fluid's height.
Physical Interpretation :
• Energy Conservation: Bernoulli’s equation shows that if a fluid moves
without friction, its total energy remains constant along a streamline.
• Trade-Off Between Energy Forms: If velocity increases (higher kinetic
energy), either pressure or height must decrease to maintain total energy.
Practical Applications :
1. Venturi Meter (Flow Measurement) :
•A Venturi meter is used to measure the flow rate of a fluid through a
pipe.
•It has a constricted section where velocity increases and pressure
decreases (based on Bernoulli’s principle).
2. Pitot Tube (Airspeed Measurement) :
•A Pitot tube is used in aircraft to measure airspeed.
It compares stagnation pressure (total pressure) and static pressure to
determine the velocity of air.
This principle is also used in wind tunnels and weather stations.
3. Airplane Wing (Lift Generation - Bernoulli’s Principle
in Aerodynamics) :
•The shape of an airfoil (airplane wing) is designed so that air moves
faster over the curved upper surface than the lower surface.
•Faster air on top means lower pressure, while slower air below creates
higher pressure—this pressure difference generates lift, helping the
airplane stay in the air.
Interpretation of Euler’s Equation for Fluid Flow
Euler’s equation of motion describes the relationship between pressure,
velocity, and body forces (such as gravity) in an ideal (non-viscous) fluid
under motion. It is a fundamental equation in fluid mechanics and serves
as the basis for deriving Bernoulli’s equation.
Mathematical Form of Euler’s Equation :
For a fluid element moving in a streamline direction, Euler’s equation is
expressed as:

where:
P = Pressure (Pa)
ρ = Density of the fluid (kg/m³)
v = Fluid velocity (m/s)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
h = Height above a reference level (m)
Interpretation of Terms :

→Pressure Force Contribution


Represents the effect of pressure variations on a fluid element.
If pressure increases, the fluid decelerates, and if pressure decreases,
the fluid accelerates.
v dv→ Inertial or Convective Acceleration
Accounts for changes in velocity along the streamline.
A higher velocity requires a decrease in pressure or an increase in
height.
g dh → Gravitational Force Contribution
Represents the effect of gravity.
A fluid moving to a higher position gains potential energy at the cost
of kinetic or pressure energy.
Physical Interpretation :
•Euler’s equation is a statement of Newton’s Second Law (F = ma) for fluid
flow.
•It shows that a change in pressure, velocity, or height influences the
motion of the fluid.
•When integrated along a streamline (assuming incompressible, steady
flow), Bernoulli’s equation is derived.

Assumptions in Euler’s Equation :


i. The fluid is ideal (no viscosity).
ii. The flow is steady and along a streamline.
iii. Body forces (like gravity) are considered.
iv. No external forces (e.g., friction) act on the fluid.
THANK YOU

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