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Common Lecture Notes Nurture Course (11th Appearing)
Topic : Basic Maths Total Lectures / Hours allotted : 14 L/21 Hrs

LECTURE # 01
1. Trigonometry
1.1 Angle
Consider a revolving line OP. P
Suppose that it revolves in anticlockwise direction starting from its initial position OX .
The angle is defined as the amount of revolution that the revolving line makes with its
initial position.
q
From fig. the angle covered by the revolving line OP is q = ÐPOX O X
The angle
is taken positive if it is traced by the revolving line in anticlockwise direction and
is taken negative if it is covered in clockwise direction.
1° = 60' (minute)
1' = 60" (second)

p
1 right angle = 90° (degrees) also 1 right angle = rad (radian)
2
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to the
o
180
radius of the circle. 1 rad = » 57.3°
p
r

To convert an angle from degree to radian multiply it by

p q=1rad l=r
180°

180°
To convert an angle from radian to degree multiply it by
p

p p
Ex. (i) Convert 45° to radians. Sol. 45° ´ = rad
180° 4

p p 180°
(ii) Convert rad to degrees. Sol. ´ = 30°
6 6 p

p p
Ex. Convert 30 to radians. Sol. 30° ´ = rad
180° 6

p p 180°
Ex. Convert rad to degrees. Sol. ´ = 60°
3 3 p

Standard values
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p p p
(1) 30° = rad (2) 45° = rad (3) 60° = rad
6 4 3
p 2p 3p
(4) 90° = rad (5) 120° = rad (6) 135° = rad
2 3 4
5p
(7) 150° = rad (8) 180° = p rad (9) 360° = 2p rad
6

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Ex. Convert into radian
(1) 330° (2) 450° (3) 750°
(Check these values yourself to see that the satisfy the conversion formulaes)
1.2 MEASUREMENT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ANGLES
y
y

x
Positive Negative
measure measure
x

An angle in the xy-plane is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the origin and its initial ray lies along
the positive x-axis (Fig.). Angles measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis are assigned positive measures;
angles measured clockwise are assigned negative measures.
y y y y
5p
–
2

x x x x
3p
3p
9p –
4
4

1.3 Trigonometrical ratios (or T ratios)

Let two fixed lines XO X' and YOY' intersect at right angles t o e ach othe r at po int O.
Then,
(i) Point O is called origin.
(ii) XOX' is known as X-axis and YOY' as Y-axis.
(iii) Portions XOY, YOX', X'OY' and Y'OX are called I, II, III and IV quadrant respectively.
Consider that the revolving line OP has traced out angle q (in I quadrant) Y
P
in anticlockwise direction.From P, draw perpendicular PM on OX. Then, side
OP (in front of right angle) is called hypotenuse,side MP (in front of angle q) is 90°
q
called opposite side or perpendicular and side OM (making angle q with X'
O M
X

hypotenuse) is called adjacent side or base.

The three sides of a right angled triangle are connected to each other through
Y'
six different ratios, called trigonometric ratios or simply T-ratios :

perpendicular MP base OM
sin q = = cos q = =
hypotenuse OP hypotenuse OP

perpendicular MP base OM
tan q = = cot q = =
base OM perpendicular MP
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hypotenuse OP hypotenuse OP
sec q = = cosec q = =
base OM perpendicular MP
It can be easily proved that :

1 1 1
cosec q = sec q = cot q =
sinq cos q tan q
sin2q + cos2q = 1 1 + tan2q = sec2q 1 + cot2q = cosec2q

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Ex. Given sin q = 3/5. Find all the other T-ratios, if q lies in the first quadrant. P
3
Sol. In D OMP , sin q = so MP = 3 and OP = 5
5 5
3
Q OM = (5)2 - (3)2 = 25 - 9 = 16 = 4
q
OM 4 MP 3 O M
Now, cos q = = tan q = =
OP 5 OM 4

OM 4 OP 5 OP 5
cot q = = sec q = = cosec q = = y
MP 3 OM 4 MP 3 æ 1 3ö
çç– , ÷÷
Ex. Find the sine and cosine of angle q shown in the unit circle è 2 2 ø
if coordinate of point p are as shown. P
3
1 1 q
Sol. cos q = x-coordinate of P = - 2
x
2 1
2
3
sin q = y-coordinate of P = .
2

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Ex.1 Q. 3

Race-1 Q.1, 2, 7

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Ex.1 Q. 3

Race-1 Q.1, 2, 7
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LECTURE # 02
1.4 Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule*
90°
In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive.
nd
II quadrant Ist quadrant
In second quadrant, only sinq and cosecq are positive. S in All
0°
180° 360°
In third quadrant, only tanq and cotq are positive. Tan Cos
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

In fourth quadrant, only cosq and secq are positive

270°

* Remember as Add Sugar To Coffee or After School To College.

1.5 Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles (Reduction Formulae)

(i) Trigonometric function of an angle (2np + q) where n=0, 1, 2, 3,.... will be remain same.
sin(2np +q) = sinq cos(2np+q) = cosq tan(2np+q)=tanq

æ np ö
(ii) Trigonometric function of an angle ç + q÷ will remain same if n is even and sign of trigonometric
è 2 ø
function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.
sin(p–q) = + sinq cos(p-q) = –cosq tan(p-q)= –tanq
sin(p+q)= –sinq cos(p+q)= –cosq tan(p+q)= +tanq
sin(2p-q)= –sinq cos(2p-q)= +cosq tan(2p-q)= –tanq

æ np ö
(iii) Trigonometric function of an angle ç + q÷ will be changed into co-function if n is odd and sign of
è 2 ø
trigonometric function will be according to value of that function in quadrant.

æp ö æp ö æp ö
sin ç + q÷ = + cos q cos ç + q÷ = - sin q tan ç + q÷ = - cot q
è2 ø è2 ø è2 ø

æp ö æp ö æp ö
sin ç - q÷ = + cos q cos ç - q÷ = + sin q tan ç - q÷ = + cot q
è2 ø è2 ø è2 ø

Values of sin q, cos q and tan q for some standard angles.

Degree 0 30 37 45 53 60 90 120 135 180
Radians 0 p / 6 37p /180 p / 4 53p / 180 p / 3 p / 2 2 p / 3 3p / 4 p
sin q 0 1/2 3/5 1/ 2 4/5 3 /2 1 3 /2 1/ 2 0
cos q 1 3 /2 4/5 1/ 2 3/5 1/ 2 0 -1/ 2 -1/ 2 -1
tan q 0 1/ 3 3/4 1 4/3 3 ¥ - 3 -1 0
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3
Ex. Evaluate sin 120° Sol. sin 120° = sin (90° + 30°) = cos 30° =
2

3
Aliter sin 120° = sin (180° – 60°) = sin 60° =
2

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1
Ex. Evaluate cos 135° Sol. cos 135° = cos (90° + 45°) = –sin 45° = -
2

3
Ex. Evaluate cos 210° Sol. cos 210° = cos (180° + 30°) = –cos30° = -
2

1
Ex. Evaluate tan 210° Sol. tan 210° = tan (180° + 30°) = tan 30° =
3

3
Ex. Evaluate cos 330° Sol. cos (360°–30° ) = cos 30°=
2

1
Ex. Evaluate sin 750° Sol. sin (720°+30°) = sin 30° =
2
Ex. Evaluate tan 480° Sol. tan (540°–60°) = –tan 60° = – 3

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.#1 Complete
Race -1 Q.No.3, 5, 17, 19
Ex-1 Q.No.1

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.#1 Complete
Race -1 Q.No.3, 5, 17, 19
Ex-1 Q.No.1
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LECTURE # 03
1.6 A few important trigonometric formulae
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
sin ( A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B tan A - tan B
tan ( A + B ) = tan ( A - B ) =
1 - tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
Ex. Find sin 105° Sol. Sin (60° + 45)
3 +1
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin45° =
2 2

Ex. Find cos 15°

Reduction formula
sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A cos 2 A = cos2 A – sin2 A

2 tan A
tan 2 A = cos 2 A = 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2sin2 A
1 - tan2 A
A A
1 + cos A = 2 cos2 , 1 – cos A = 2sin2
2 2

Ex. Find sin 22.5°

Ex. Find cos 106°

1.7 Range of trigonometric functions

P
As sin q = and P £H so –1 £ sin q £ 1
H

B H
P
As cos q = and B £ H so –1 £ cos q £ 1
H q
B
P
As tan q = so – ¥ < tan q < ¥
B

Remember : - a2 + b2 £ a sinq + b cosq £ a 2 + b2

Ex. a sinq + bcosq = A sin (q + a) find A and a.

æ a b ö
sin q + cos q ÷
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a 2 + b2 ç a 2 + b2 2
a +b 2
è ø

b
Qsin a =
a + b2
2

a
Q cos a =
a + b2
2

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æ bö
= a 2 + b 2 [cos a sin q + sin a cos q] çQ tan a = ÷
è aø

= a 2 + b 2 sin (q + a)

so, – a 2 + b 2 £ a sinq + b cosq £ a 2 + b 2

1.8 Small Angle Approximation

If q is small (say < 5°) then sinq » q, cosq » 1 & tanq » q. Here q must be in radians.

p
Ex. Find sin 2° =
90
Ex. Find cos 4° = 1
p
Ex. Find tan 3° =
60

Ex. y = –5 sinq + 12 cosq. Find ymax and ymin Sol. y max = 52 + 12 2 = 13

ymin = –13
Ex. 3 cos q + 4 sinq = = A sin (q + a) find A and a.
Sol. a = 4, b = 3
A= 32 + 4 2 = 5

3
tan a =
4
a = 37°

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Ex.1 Q.No.2
Race 4, 6, 8 & 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Ex.1 Q.No.2
Race 4, 6, 8 & 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20
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LECTURE # 04

2. Coordinate Geometry
To specify the position of a point in space, we use right handed rectangular axes coordinate system. This system
consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If a point is known to be on a given line or in a particular direction, only one
coordinate is necessary to specify its position, if it is in a plane, two coordinates are required, if it is in space
three coordinates are needed.

· Origin : This is any fixed point which is convenient to you. All measurements are taken w.r.t. this fixed point.

· Axis or Axes : Any fixed direction passing through origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the
position of a point or position of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular direction,
then only one axis is required. This is generally called the x-axis. If the positions of all the points under consideration
are always in a plane, two perpendicular axes are required. These are generally called x and y-axis. If the points
are distributed in a space, three perpendicular axes are taken which are called x, y and z-axis.
2.1 Position of a point in xy plane
The position of a point is specified by its distances from origin along (or parallel to) x and y-axis as shown in
figure. Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa and ordinate respectively.

y
x (x,y)

y y

origin x
x
(0,0)

2.2 Distance Formula

The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by d = (x 2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 )
2 2

Note : In space d = (x 2 - x1 )2 + (y 2 - y 1 ) 2 + (z2 - z1 ) 2

2.3 Slope of a Line y

B(x2, y2)
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is denoted y2

by m and is given by Dy
(x1,y1) q
y1
Dy y 2 - y1 A Dx
m= = = tan q [If both axes have identical scales]
Dx x 2 - x1
x
x1 x2
Here q is the angle made by line with positive x-axis.
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Slope of a line is a quantitative measure of inclination.

Ex. For point (2, 14) find abscissa and ordinate. Also find distance from y and x-axis.
Sol. Abscissa = x-coordinate = 2 = distance from y-axis.
Ordinate = y-coordinate = 14 = distance from x-axis.

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Ex. Find value of a if distance between the points (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3cm) is 13 cm.

(x - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 ) Þ 13 = éë3 - ( -9) ùû + [ 3 - a ]
2 2 2 2
Sol. By using distance formula d = 2

Þ 132 = 122 + (3–a)2 Þ (3–a)2 = 132 – 122 = 52 Þ (3–a) = ±5 Þ a = –2 cm or 8 cm

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B# 2m Q.No.1, 2, 3

Race Q.No. 10, 11, 22, 23, 24

Ex.-1 Q.no. 9

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B# 2m Q.No.1, 2, 3

Race Q.No. 10, 11, 22, 23, 24

Ex.-1 Q.no. 9
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LECTURE # 05
3. FUNCTION
Constant: A quantity, whose value remains unchanged during mathematical operations, is called a constant
quantity. The integers, fractions like p ,e etc are all constants.
Variable: A quantity, which can take different values, is called a variable quantity. A variable is usually represented
as x, y, z, etc.
Function: A quantity y is called a function of a variable x, if corresponding to any given value of x, there exists
a single definite value of y. The phrase 'y is function of x' is represented as y = f (x)
For example, consider that y is a function of the variable x which is given by y = 3x 2 + 7x + 2
If x = 1, then y = 3 (1)2 + 7(1) + 2 = 12 and when x = 2, y = 3 (2)2 + 7(2) + 2 = 28
Therefore, when the value of variable x is changed, the value of the function y also changes but corresponding
to each value of x, we get a single definite value of y. Hence, y = 3x2 + 7x + 2 represents a function of x.
4. DIFFERENTIATION
4.1 FINITE DIFFERENCE
The finite difference between two values of a physical quantity is represented by D notation.
For example :
Difference in two values of y is written as Dy as given in the table below.
y2 100 100 100
y1 50 99 99.5
Dy = y2 - y1 50 1 0.5

INFINITELY SMALL DIFFERENCE :

The infinitely small difference means very-very small difference. And this difference is represented by 'd'
notation insted of 'D'.
For example infinitely small difference in the values of y is written as 'dy'
if y2 = 100 and y1 = 99.99999999........
then dy = 0.000000...................00001

4.2 DEFINITION OF DIFFERENTIATION

Another name for differentiation is derivative. Suppose y is a function of x or y = f(x)
Differentiation of y with respect to x is denoted by symbol f'(x)
dy
where f'(x) = dx is very small change in x and dy is corresponding very small change in y.
dx
4.3 AVERAGE RATES OF CHANGE :
dy
Physical meaning of
dx
(i) The ratio of small change in the function y and the variable x is called the average rate of change of y
w.r.t. x.
For example, if a body covers a small displacement Ds in small time Dt, then

Ds
average velocity of the body, vav =
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Dt
Also, if the velocity of a body changes by a small amount Dv in small time Dt, then average acceleration

Dv
of the body, aav =
Dt

Dy QR
Geometricaly, = = tan q = Slope of the line PQ
Dx PR

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therefore we can say that average rate of change of y with
respect to x is equal to slope of the line joining P & Q.

Q
y + Dy

Dy

y P q
R
Dx
x x + Dx
Dy
In triangle QPR tan q = Secant of curve
Dx
4.4 THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
Dy Dy dy
(ii) When D x ® 0 The limiting value of is Lim =
Dx Dx ®0 Dx dx
It is called the instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x.
The differentiation of a function w.r.t. a variable implies the instantaneous rate of change of the function
w.r.t. that variable.

4.5 GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF DIFFERENTIATION

The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much useful in the analysis of graphs in physics. To understand
the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of secant and tangent to a curve

Secant and tangent to a curve

Secant : A secant to a curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at any two points.
y

q Secant

Tangent :-
Atangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at a particular Q
y+Dy
point. Tangent is a limiting case of secant which intersects the
curve at two overlapping points.
Dy
In the figure-1 shown, if value of Dx is gradually reduced then the
point Q will move nearer to the point P. If the process is y P q R
continuously repeated (Figure - 2) value of Dx will be infinitely Dx
x
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small and secant PQ to the given curve will become a tangent at x+Dx
point P . Figure - 1

æ Dy ö dy
Therefore Dlim = = tan q
x ®0 ç D x ÷
è ø dx

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æ dy ö
we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x,i.e. ç ÷ is
è dx ø Q
y+Dy

dy Q
equal to slope of the tangent at point P (x, y) or tanq =
dx Q Dy
P Q
(From fig. 1, the average rate of change of y from x to x + Dx is y q
R
identical with the slope of secant PQ.) Dx

4.6 RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION x x+Dx

RULE NO. 1 : DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT Figure-2

The first rule of differentiation is that the derivative of every constant function is zero.

d
If c is constant, then (c) = 0 .
dx

Ex. d
(8) = 0 ,
d æ 1ö
-
dx çè 2 ÷ø
= 0,
d
dx
( 3) = 0
dx

RULE NO. 2 : POWER RULE

d n
If n is a real number, then x = nxn -1
dx
To apply the power Rule, we subtract 1 from the original exponent (n) and multiply the result by n.

f x x2 x3 x 4 .....
Ex. f ' 1 2x 3x 4x 3 .....
2

d æ 1 ö d -1 1
Ex. (i) ç ÷ =
dx è x ø dx
( )
x = ( -1 ) x -2 = - 2
x

d æ 4ö d -3 12
(ii)
dx çè x 3 ÷ø
=4
dx
( )
x = 4 ( -3 ) x -4 = - 4 .
x

RULE NO. 3 : THE CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE

d du
If u is a differentiable function of x, and c is a constant, then ( cu ) = c
dx dx

Ex. Differintiate with respect to x.

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d d
(i) (3x 2 ) (ii) (4x)
dx dx

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RULE NO. 4 : THE SUM RULE

The derivative of the sum of two differentiable functions is the sum of their derivatives.
If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then their sum u + v is differentiable at every point where u and v are
both differentiable functions is their derivatives.
d d du dv du dv
( u - v ) = éë u + ( -1) v ùû = + ( -1) = -
dx dx dx dx dx dx
The sum Rule also extends to sums of more than two functions, as long as there are only finitely many functions
in the sum. If u1, u2,.........un are differentiable at x, then so is u1 + u2 + ........+ un, and
d du du du
( u1 + u2 + ...... + un ) = 1 + 2 + ..... + n .
dx dx dx dx

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Ex. (a) y = x4 + 12x (b) y = x3 + x - 5x + 1
3

dy d 4 d dy d 3 d æ4 2ö d d
=
dx dx
( )
x +
dx
(12x ) =
dx dx
x + x -
dx çè 3 ÷ø dx
( 5x ) + dx (1)

4
= 4x3 + 12 = 3x2 + .2x - 5 + 0
3
8
= 3x2 +
x-5.
3
Notice that we can differentiate any polynomial term by term, the way we differentiated the polynomials in
above example.

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.#3 Q.No. 1, 2, 3

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.#3 Q.No. 1, 2, 3
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LECTURE # 06

RULE NO. 5 : THE PRODUCT RULE

d dv du
If u and v are differentiable at x, then so is their product uv, and ( uv ) = u + v .
dx dx dx
The derivative of the product uv is u times the derivative of v plus v times the derivative of u. In prime notation
(uv)' = uv' + vu'.
While the derivative of the sum of two functions is the sum of their derivatives, the derivative of
the product of two functions is not the product of their derivatives. For instance,
d d 2
dx
(x x) =
dx
( )
x = 2x, while d ( x ) . d ( x ) = 1.1 = 1 .
dx dx
Ex. Find the derivatives of y = (x + 1) (x + 3).
2 3

Sol. From the product Rule with u = x2 + 1 and v = x3 + 3, we find

d é 2
we find,
dx ë
( )( )
x + 1 x3 + 3 ù = (x2 + 1) (3x2) + (x3 + 3) (2x)
û

= 3x4 + 3x2 + 2x4 + 6x

= 5x4 + 3x2 + 6x.
Example can be done as well (perhaps better) by multiplying out the original expression for y and differentiating
the resulting polynomial. We now check : y = (x 2 + 1) (x3 + 3) = x5 + x3 + 3x2 + 3

dy
= 5x 4 + 3x 2 + 6x .
dx
This is in agreement with our first calculation.
There are times, however, when the product Rule must be used. In the following examples. We have only
numerical values to work with.

Ex. Let y = uv be the product of the functions u and v. Find y'(2) if u(2) = 3, u'(2) = –4, v(2) = 1, and v'(2) = 2.
Sol. From the Product Rule, in the form
y' = (uv)' = uv' + vu',
we have y'(2) = u(2) v'(2) + v(2) u'(2)
= (3) (2) + (1) (–4) = 6 – 4 = 2.

RULE NO. 6 : THE QUOTIENT RULE

If u and v are differentiable at x, and v(x) ¹ 0, then the quotient u/v is differentiable at x,

du dv
v -u
d æuö dx dx
and =
dx çè v ÷ø v2
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Just as the derivative of the product of two differentiable functions is not the product of their derivatives, the
derivative of the quotient of two functions is not the quotient of their derivatives.

t2 - 1
Ex. Find the derivative of y =
t2 + 1

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Sol. We apply the Quotient Rule with u = t2 - 1 and v = t2 + 1 :

dy
=
( )
t2 + 1 .2t - t2 - 1 .2t ( ) d æ u ö v ( du / dt ) - u ( dv / dt )
=
( ) dt çè v ÷ø
2
dt t2 + 1 v2

2t 3 + 2t - 2t 3 + 2t 4t
= =
(t ) (t ) .
2 2
2
+1 2
+1

RULE NO. 7 : DERIVATIVE OF SINE FUNCTION

d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx

dy d
Ex. (a) y = x2 – sin x ; = 2x - ( sin x ) Difference Rule
dx dx
= 2x – cos x
dy d
(b) y = x2 sin x ; = x2 ( sin x ) + 2x sin x Product Rule
dx dx
x2cos x + 2x sin x
d
sin x dy
x. ( sin x ) - sin x.1
(c) y= ; = dx Quotient Rule
x dx x2

x cos x - sin x
=
x2

RULE NO. 8 : DERIVATIVE OF COSINE FUNCTION

d
( cos x ) = - sin x
dx

Ex. (a) y = 5x + cos x

dy d d
= ( 5x ) + ( cos x ) Sum Rule
dx dx dx
= 5 – sin x
(b) y = sin x cos x
dy d d
= sin x ( cos x ) + cos x ( sin x ) Product Rule
dx dx dx
= sin x(– sin x) + cos x (cos x)
= cos2x – sin2x
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RULE NO. 9 : DERIVATIVES OF OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Because sin x and cos x are differentiable functions of x , the related functions
sin x 1
tan x = ; sec x =
cos x cos x
cos x 1
cot x = ; cosec x =
sin x sin x
are differentiable at every value of x at which they are defined. There derivatives are calculated

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from the Quotient Rule, are given by the following formulas.
d d
( tan x ) = sec2 x ; ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
( cot x ) = -cosec 2 x ; ( cosec x ) = -cosec x cot x
dx dx

Ex. Find dy/dx if y = tan x.

d d
d d sin x ö
cos x ( sin x ) - sin x ( cos x )
Sol. ( tan x ) = æç ÷=
dx dx
dx dx è cos x ø cos2 x

cos x cos x - sin x ( - sin x ) cos2 x + sin2 x 1

= = = = sec2 x
cos2 x 2
cos x cos2 x

d d
Ex. (a) ( 3x + cot x ) = 3 + ( cot x ) = 3 - cosec2 x
dx dx

d æ 2 ö d d
(b) ç ÷ =
dx è sin x ø dx
(
2 cosec2 x = 2
dx
)
cosec 2 x ( )
= 2 (–cosec2 x cot x) = –2 cosec2 x cot x
RULE NO. 10 : DERIVATIVE OF LOGARITHM AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
d 1
( loge x ) =
dx x

d x
dx
( )
e = ex

Ex. y = ex. loge(x)

dy d x d dy ex
=
dx dx
( )
e .log ( x ) + é log e ( x ) ùû e x Þ
dx ë dx
= e x .log e ( x ) +
x
RULE NO. 11 : CHAIN RULE OR "OUTSIDE INSIDE" RULE
dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
It sometimes helps to think about the Chain Rule the following way. If y = f(g(x)),
dy
f ' ég ( x ) ùû .g ' ( x ) .
dx ë
In words : To find dy/dx, differentiate the "outside" function f and leave the "inside" g(x) alone ; then multiply by
the derivative of the inside.
Ex. Differentiate w.r.t x
(1) y = tan 2x (2) y = sin 2x (3) y = sin (2x + 3) (4) y = log sin(x2 + 2x + 1)
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RULE NO. 12 : POWER CHAIN RULE

If u(x) is a differentiable function and n is an integer, then un is differentiable and
d n du
u = nu n -1 .
dx dx

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d d
Ex. (a) sin 5 x = 5 sin 4 x ( sin x )
dx dx
= 5 sin4 x cos x
d d
(2x + 1) = –3(2x + 1)–4 (2x + 1)
-3
(b)
dx dx
= -3 ( 2x + 1) ( 2 ) = -6 (2x + 1)
-4 -4

d d
( ) ( ) ( )
7 6
(c) 5x3 - x 4 = 7 5x3 - x 4 5x3 - x 4
dx dx

( ) ( 5.3x - 4x )
6
= 7 5x 3 - x 4 2 3

= 7 ( 5x ) (15x - 4x )
6
3
- x4 2 3

d æ 1 ö d -2 d
( 3x - 2 ) = -1 ( 3x - 2) ( 3x - 2 )
-1
(d) =
dx çè 3x - 2 ÷ø dx dx
3
= -1 ( 3x - 2 ) (3) = -
-2

( 3x - 2 )
2

In part (d) we could also have found the derivative with the Quotient Rule.

d
( Ax + B )
n
Ex. (a)
dx

du
Sol. Here u = Ax + B, =A
dx

d
( Ax + B ) = n ( Ax + B ) .A
n n-1
\
dx

d
(b) sin ( Ax + B ) = cos ( Ax + B ) .A
dx

d 1
(c) log ( Ax + B ) = .A
dx Ax + B

d
(d) tan ( Ax + B ) = sec2 ( Ax + B ) .A
dx

d ( Ax +B ) ( Ax+ B )
(e) e =e .A
dx

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.#3 Q.No. 6
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HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.#3 Q.No. 6

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LECTURE # 07
4.8 DOUBLE DIFFERENTIATION
If f is differentiable function, then its derivative f' is also a function, so f' may have a derivative of its own, denoted
by (f')' = f". This new function f" is called the second derivative of f because it is the derivative of the derivative of
f. We write the second derivative of y = f (x) as

d æ dy ö d2 y
=
dx çè dx ÷ø dx 2

Another notation is f"(x) = D2f(x).

INTERPRETATION OF DOUBLE DERIVATIVE

We can interpret f"(x) as the slope of the curve y = f'(x) at the point (x, f'(x)). In other words, it is the rate of
change of the slope of the original curve y = f (x) .
In general, we can interpret a second derivative as a rate of change of a rate of change. The most familiar
example of this is acceleration, which we define as follows.
If s = s(t) is the position function of an object that moves in a straight line, we known that its first derivative
represents the velocity v(t) of the object as a function of time :

ds
v (t ) = s ' ( t) =
dt
The instantaneous rate of change of velocity with respect to time is called the acceleration a(t) of the object.
Thus, the acceleration function is the derivative of the velocity function and is therefore the second derivative of
the position function :

dv d 2s
a(t) = v'(t) = s"(t) or in Leibniz notation, a= =
dt dt 2
Ex. If f(x) = x cos x, find f"(x).
Sol. Using the Product Rule, we have
d d
f ' (x) = x ( cos x ) + cos x ( x )
dx dx
= – x sin x + cos x
To find f"(x) we differentiate f'(x) :
d
f "( x) = ( -x sin x + cos x )
dx
d d d
= -x ( sin x ) + sin x ( - x ) + ( cos x )
dx dx dx
= – x cos x – sin x – sin x = – x cos x – 2 sin x
4.9 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
4.9.1 DIFFERTIATION AS A RATE OF CHANGE
dy
is rate of change of 'y' with respect to 'x' :
dx
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dx
(i) v = this means velocity 'v' is rate of change of displacement 'x' with respect to time 't'
dt
dv
(ii) a = this means acceleration 'a' is rate of change of velocity 'v' with respect to time 't'.
dt
dp
(iii) F = this means force 'F' is rate of change of momentum 'p' with respect to time 't' .
dt

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Ex. The position of a particle is given by the equation

s = f (t) = t3 – 6t2 + 9t
where t is measured in seconds and s in meters.
(a) Find the acceleration at time t. What is the acceleration after 4 s ?
Sol. (a) The velocity function is the derivative of the position function :
s = f (t) = t3 – 6t2 + 9t
ds
Þ v ( t) = = 3t 2 - 12t + 9
dt
The acceleration is the derivative of the velocity function :
d2 s dv
a (t) = = = 6t - 12
dt 2 dt
Þ a(4) = 6(4) – 12 = 12 m/s2
Ex. A particle is moving along x axis its position time relation is given as x = (t 2+2t–3) m
Find : (1) Initial velocity
(2) Initial acceleration
Ex. Momentum of body is given as p = 2t2 – t when (t) is time in sec. then
Find : (1) Force time relation
(2) Force applied at t = 5 sec.
p 2
Ex.29 The area A of a circle is related to its diameter by the equation A = D .
4
How fast is the area changing with respect to the diameter when the diameter is 10 m?
Sol. The (instantaneous) rate of change of the area with respect to the diameter is
dA p pD
= 2D =
dD 4 2
When D = 10 m, the area is changing at rate (p/2) 10 = 5p m2/m. This means that a small change DD m
in the diameter would result in a change of about 5p DD m2 in the area of the circle.

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.#3 Q.No. 4, 5
Ex.1, Q.No. 6, 11

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.#3 Q.No. 4, 5
Ex.1, Q.No. 6, 11, 5, 7
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LECTURE # 08
4.9.2 MAXIMA AND MINIMA y
Suppose a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner
shown in the figure. It becomes maximum at x 1 and minimum at x2.
At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the x-axis and
hence its slope is tan q = 0. Thus, at a maximum or a minimum,
dy x
slope = = 0. x1 x2
dx
y
MAXIMA
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum
dy 3
it is zero and just after the maximum it is negative. Thus, 2
dx 4 q4
q2
dy 1
q1 5 q5
decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is
dx slope = mi = tan qi
m1>m2>m3=0>m4>m 5
d æ dy ö x
negative at a maximum i.e. dx ç dx ÷ < 0 at maximum. O For maxima, as x increases the slope
è ø decreases

d æ dy ö d2 y
The quantity dx ç dx ÷ is the rate of change of the slope. It is written as .
è ø dx 2

dy d2y
Condition for maxima are : (a) =0 (b) <0
dx dx 2
y
MINIMA
Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative slope = mi = tanqi
q1 m1<m2<m3=0<m4<m5 q5
to positive.
Hence with the increases of x. the slope is increasing that q2 5 q4
means the rate of change of slope with respect to x is 1

d æ dy ö 2 4
positive hence > 0. 3 q3 = 0
dx çè dx ÷ø

dy d2y x
Condition for minima are : (a) =0 (b) >0 O For minima, as x increases the slope
dx dx 2 increases

Quite often it is known from the physical situation whether the quantity is a maximum or a minimum. The test on
d2 y
may then be omitted.
dx 2

Ex. Particles position as a function of time is given as x = 5t 2 – 9t + 3. Find out the maximum value of position
co-ordinate? Also, plot the graph.
Sol. x = 5t2 – 9t + 3
dx
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= 10t - 9 = 0 \ t = 9/10 = 0.9

dt
d2 x
Check, whether maxima or minima exists. = 10 > 0
dt 2
\ there exists a minima at t = 0.9
Now, Check for the limiting values.
When t=0; x=3
t=¥; x=¥
So, the maximum position co-ordinate does not exist.
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Ex. Find maximum or minimum value for given value y = x2 –2x + 5
dy
Sol. = 0 Þ 2x –2 = 0
dx
x=1

d2y
= 2 = positive minima
dx
Ex. Find maxima and minima for given value y
y = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 10
dy
Sol. (I) = 6x2 –30x + 36 = 0
dx
x = 2 and x = 3

d2y
(II) = 12x – 30
dx 2
at x = 2

d2y
= –6 < 0
dx 2
maxima
ymax = 2(2)3 –15(2)2 + 36(2) +10
ymax = 38
at x = 3

d2y
=6>0
dx2
Minima
ymin = 37

5. INTEGRATION
In mathematics, for each mathematical operation, there has been defined an inverse operation.
For example- Inverse operation of addition is substruction, inverse operation of multiplication is division and
inverse operation of square is square root. Similarly there is a inverse operation for differentiation which is
known as integration
5.1 ANTIDERIVATIVES OR INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Definitions :
A function right is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if F´(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of f. The set of all
antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by

ò f ( x ) dx .
The symbol ò is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral and x is the variable of integration.
For example f(x) = x3 then f'(x) = 3x2
So the integral of 3x is x
2 3

Similarly if f(x) = x3 + 4 then f'(x) = 3x2

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So the integral of 3x2 is x3 + 4

there for general integral of 3x2 is x3 + c where c is a constant
One antiderivative F of a function f, the other antiderivatives of f differ from F by a constant.We indicate this in
integral notation in the following way :

ò f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C . .....(i)
The constant C is the constant of integration or arbitrary constant, Equation (1) is read, "The indefinite integral
of f with respect to x is F(x) + C." When we find F(x)+ C, we say that we have integrated f and evaluated the
integral.

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Ex. Evaluate ò 2x dx .
an antiderivative of 2x
Sol. ò2xdx = x 2
+C
the arbitary constant
The formula x2 + C generates all the antiderivatives of the function 2x. The function x 2 + 1, x2 – p, and
x2 + 2 are all antiderivatives of the function 2x, as you can check by differentiation.
Many of the indefinite integrals needed in scientific work are found by reversing derivative formulas.

5.2 Few basic formulae of integration

Following are a few basic formulae of integration :

x n +1
1. ò x n dx =
n +1
+ c , Provided n ¹ – 1

d
2. ò sin x dx = - cos x + c (Q
dx
(cos x)= – sin x)

d
3. ò cos x dx = sin x + c (Q
dx
(sin x)= cos x)

1 d 1
4. ò x
dx = loge x + c (Q
dx
(loge x)= )
x
d x
5. ò e x dx = e x + c (Q
dx
(e )= ex)

Ex. Examples based on above formulas :

x6
ò x dx =
5
(a) +C
6

1
(b) ò x
dx = ò x -1/ 2 dx = 2x1/ 2 + C = 2 x + C

- cos 2x
(c) ò sin 2xdx = 2
+C

Question for Integration

1
(i) ò - x2 dx = ? (ii) ò t dt = ? (iii) ò cos t dt (iv) ò xdx = ?

If y = u ± v ± w

ò ydx = ò udx ± ò vdx ± ò wdx

Ex. Integrate y with respect to x
2
1 æ 1 ö
Find : (1) y = x +5 (ii) y = e +x
(iii) y = sinq + cosq (iv) y = ç x + ÷
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x è xø

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.-3 Complete

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.-3 Complete

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LECTURE # 09
Special Question :
cos(ax + b) sin(ax + b)
(i) ò sin(ax + b)dx = - a
+c (ii) ò cos(ax + b)dx = a
+c

e (ax + b) 1 1
(iii) ò e dx =
(ax + b)
a
+c (iv) ò ax + b dx = a log(ax + b)
1 (ax + b)n+1
(v) ò (ax + b) dx =
n
a (n + 1)
Questions :

(i) ò sin(3x + 4)dx ò

(ii) sin3t dt (iii) ò cos2q dq (iv) ò cos(5x - 6)dx
1 1
(v) ò 5e dx
5n
(vi) ò e dx
pn
(vii) ò ( 3 – 2x ) dx (viii) ò ( 2 q – 1) dq
Ex. We can sometimes use trigonometric identities to transform integrals we do not know how to evaluate in to
integrals we do know how to evaluate. The integral formulas for sin2 x and cos2 x arise frequently in
applications.
1 - cos2x 1 - cos2x
ò sin = ò dx sin2 x =
2
Sol. (a) xdx
2 2

1 1 1 1 æ 1 ö sin 2x x sin 2x
= ò (1 - cos2x ) dx = ò dx - ò cos 2xdx = 2 x ç - 2 ÷ 2 + C = 2 - 4 + C
2 2 2 è ø

1 + cos 2x 1 + cos2x
(b) ò cos
2
xdx =ò dx cos2 x =
2 2
x sin 2x
+ =
+ C As in part (a), but with a sign change
2 4
Ex. A particle is moving in such a way that its acceleration time relation is given as
a= (2t+3) m/s2 find velocity at time t if initial velocity is 4 m/sec.
v t

Sol. ò dv = ò a dt
4 0
t
é 2 ù
v - 4 = ê 2t + 3t ú v = t2 + 3t + 4 m/sec.
ë 2 û0
Ex. Find position time relation if body starts from origin.
v = (3t2 – 2t+1) m/sec.
s t

Sol. ò ds = ò vdt
0 0

t
é 3t 3 2t 2 ù
s=ê - + tú s = t3 – t 2 + t
ë 3 2 û0
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HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.# 4 Complete

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.# 4 Complete

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LECTURE # 10

5.3 DEFINITE INTEGRATION OR INTEGRATION WITH LIMITS

The function is the integrand

Upper limit of integration x is the veriable of integration
Integral sign ò ba f x dx
Lower limit of integration Integral of f
from a to b

ò f ( x ) dx = éëg ( x )ùû = g (b) - g (a)

b

a
a

where g(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) i.e. g'(x) = f(x)

4 4
3dx = 3ò dx = 3 éëx ùû-1 = 3 éë4 - ( -1) ùû = ( 3 )(5 ) = 15
4
Ex. ò -1 -1

p/2 æpö
= - cos ç ÷ + cos ( 0 ) = -0 + 1 = 1
p/2
ò 0
sin xdx = éë- cos x ûù0
è2ø
6.4 APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL : CALCULATION OF AREA OF A CURVE
From graph shown in figure if we divide whole area in infinitely small strips f(x)
of dx width.
We take a strip at x positon of dx width.
Small area of this strip dA = f(x) dx dx

a x
b x b
So, the total area between the curve and x–axis = sum of area of all strips = ò f ( x ) dx
a

Let f(x) ³ 0 be continuous on [a,b]. The area of the region between the graph of f and the x-axis is
b
A = ò f ( x ) dx
a

Ex. Example of definite Integration

p p p
5 p
4 2 2
ò x dx
2
(i)
0
ò
(ii) sin x dx ò
(iii) sin x dx (iv) ò cosx dx = [sin x]02 = sin 90° – 0 = 1
0 0 0

0
p/2
òp cos xdx = [sin x ]p
0

(v) 2
= –1 (vi) ò cosxdx
2 –p/2

+2 2
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é x3 ù
(vii) ò 3x dx
2
Sol. = 3 ê ú = [8 + 8] = 16
-2 ë 3 û -2
2

(viii) 2 ò 3x dx
2
Sol. = 2[8] = 16
0

x2 y2 1 1
(ix) + =1 Sol. = - [ r -1 ]r2 =
r -
3 3 1 r1 r2

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Ex. The gravitation force of attraction between 2 mass m1 and m2 at the distance r then find integration of f w.r.t to
R from R1 to R2
r2
Gm1m 2dr é1 1 ù
Sol. ò r 2
= Gm1m 2 ê - ú
ë R1 R 2 û
r1

Ex. Find area under the graph : y = 3x2 from x = –2 to 2.

2
é 3x3 ù
Sol. = ê ú
–2 ë 3 û

é 3 ´ 8 ù é 3 ´ (–8) ù
=ê –
ë 3 úû êë 3 úû
é 3 ´ 8 ù é –24 ù é 24 24 ù
=ê – = + ú
ë 3 úû êë 3 úû êë 3 3û
48
= = 16
3
Ex. Find area under the graph : y = x3 from x = –2 to 2
2
é x4 ù
ê ú
–2 ë 4 û

16 é 16 ù
= – =0
4 êë 4 úû

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.#5 Complete

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.#5 Complete
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LECTURE # 11

Ex.

2 2 5
1
(1) ò ydx Sol. ò 30 dx = 60 (2) ò ydx Sol.
2
´ 2 ´ 30 = 30
0 0 3

7 5
1
(3) ò ydx Sol. ´ 2 ´ –10 = –10 (4) ò ydx Sol. 60 + 45 = 105
5 2 0

7 7

(5) ò ydx Sol. 50 (6) ò ydx Sol. 110

2 0

(7) ò ydx Sol. 55

2

Ex. Find out the area bounded by the curve y = sin x with x axis when x varies axis from 0 to p.

= ò sin xdx
0

= –(cosx)0p

=2
Ex. To find -
Displacement or change in position
ds = vdt

t2

Sol. s2 – s1 = ò vdt
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t1

Displacement of Ds = Area under (v–t) graph

Change in velocity

v2 t2

ò dv = ò adt
v1 t1

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t2
v2 - v1 = ò adt
t1

Dv = area under (a–t) graph

Change in momentum
pf t2

ò dp =ò Fdt
pi t1

t2
p f – p i = ò Fdt
t1

Dp = Area under (F – t) graph

a
ds dv

s v
or slope of or slope of
dt (s–t) graph dt (v–t) graph

òvdt or Area under òadt or Area under

(a–t) graph (a–t) graph
3. To find average value of y.
x2

ò ydx x2

< y >=
x1
x2
ò y dx
= x1 m
ò dx x 2 - x1
x1

Area under(y - x)graph

=
(x 2 - x1 )
Ex. Find average velocity of v = (2t + 5) m/s for t = 0 to t = 2. second
2

ò0 (2t + 5)dt (4 + 10) - 0

Sol.
2
= = 7 m/s
2
ò dt
0

Ex. A force F = (t2) N is applied on a particular then find average force applied on the particle in first 3 sec.
3

ò0 t
2
dt
27
= = 3N
Sol.
3
3´ 3
ò dt
0
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HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Race-3 Q.No.1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Race-3 Q.No.1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

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LECTURE # 12

6. GRAPHS :
6.1 Straight line :-
General Equation :- y = mx + c
Where,
m = slope of the line
m = tan q
q = slope angle
c = Intercept on y-axis
Different values of m :
Å 0° < q < 90°
(For acute slope angle)

! 90° < q < 180°

m (For obtuse slope angle)
Zero q = 0°
(For line || to x axis)
¥ q = 90°
(For line || to y axis)
Different value of c :

(2)

(1)

Ex.
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For line 1 For line 2

m=Å m=Å
c=! c=Å
eg ® y = 2x – 3 eg : y = 2x + 3

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(3) y

(4)

Ex. x

For line 3 For line 3

m–! m–!
c–Å c–!
y = –x + 5 y = –x–5

6 5

Ex.

For line 5 For line 6

m=Å m=!
c=0 c=0
y = 2x y = –2x

y
m=0
c=Å
7
(0, 2) y=2

Ex. (0, 0)
x

8
m=0
c=!
y = –5

Ex.
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Note : All the || to x-axis have equation

y = constant
All the lines || to y axis have
equation x = constant
Equation of x axis ® y = 0
y axis ® x = 0

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Ex. Find slope, slope angle and y-intercept

1
(i) y= mx + 2
3
y = mx + c

1 1
m= tan q = Þ q = 30°
3 3
c= 2
(ii) y = – 3x – 5
y = mx + c
m = – 3 , 120°
c = –5
(ii) 3x + 4y = 5

5 – 3x
y=
4
m = 143°

5
c=
4
Ex. Find slope and y-intercept :
lx + my + n = 0

– lx - n
y=
m

-l
slope =
m

–n
y intercept =
m
Ex. x+y=2
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Intercept form of straight line :

(0, b)

(a, 0)

x y
+ =1
a b

eg. 2x + 3y = 5

5 5
intercepts y = ,x=
3 2

2x + 3y = 5

3y = 5–2x

–2x 5
y= +
3 3

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Race-4 Q.no. 1(v, vi), Q.No.2(i, iv, v) Q.No.3, Q.No.4, Q.No.8

Ex-1 Q.no. 10

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Race-4 Q.no. 1(v, vi), Q.No.2(i, iv, v) Q.No.3, Q.No.4, Q.No.8

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Ex-1 Q.no. 10

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LECTURE # 13
6.2 Parabola
standard Equation
y

y = 2x2

(1) y = kx 2 x
O

O x
y = – 2x2

y
(2) x = ky2

2
x=y

General equation :-

2
x = –y
x

6.3 Circle
(i) Equation of circle centered at origin
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x2 + y2 = R2
Centre Þ (0, 0), Radius (R)
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(ii) Circle not centered at origin

(x–x1)2 + (y–y1)2 = R2

Centre = (x1, y1)

Radius = R

eg : (x+2)2 + (y–1)2 = 9

6.4 ELLIPSE :-

a = semi major axis

b = semi minor axis
Standard Equation :-

x 2 y2
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+ =1
a 2 b2
a – semi horizontal axis
b – semi vertical axis

x 2 y2
eg. + = 1 , Find length of major axis minor axis
16 9
® 8, 6 Ans.

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x 2 y2
Ex. + =1
9 25
Sol. 5 × 2 = 10
3 ×2 = 6

Ex. Find centre coordinate and radius of :

x2 y2
+ =1
3 3

é 2 2
ù
3 ´ ê x + y = 1ú
ë3 3 û
Centre - (0, 0)

Radius - ( 3 )

6.5 Exponential Graphs

y = ekx

eg Þ y = ex

kX Y
–2 1/e2
–1 1/e
0 1
1 e
2 e2

y
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Exponential Growth Curve

(0,1)
x x

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x – –¥
y–0 } }
x–¥
y–¥ y

eg : y = ekx
Exponential Decay Curve

kX Y
–2 e2 (0,1)
–1 e x
0 1
1 1/e
2 1/e2

6.6 Rectangular Hyperbola

xy = constant

1
xµ
y

C1 > C2

2 2
eg. y = eg y = –
x x

6.7 TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

(1) y = sin x

X Y +1
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0 0
p /2 1
p 0 0 p p 3p
3p 2p 5p 7p
3 p /2 –1 2 2 2 2
2p 0 –1 x

Time period of sin x ® 2p

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(2) y = cos x
X Y
0 1
p /2 0
p –1
3 p /2 0
2p 1
y

x Time period = 2p
p p 3p 2p
2 2
–1

(3) y = |sinx|

HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

Race-4 Complete
Ex.-1 Qno. 4, 8, 12

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

Race-4 Complete
Ex.-1 Qno. 4, 8, 12
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LECTURE # 14
7. Algebra
7.1 Quadratic equation and its solution :
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a quadratic equation.
Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the general quadratic equation.
The general solution of the above quadratic equation or value of variable x is

- b ± b2 - 4ac - b + b2 - 4ac - b - b2 - 4ac

x= Þ x1 = and x 2 =
2a 2a 2a
b c
Sum of roots = x1 + x2 = - and product of roots = x1x2 =
a a
For real roots b2 – 4ac ³ 0 and for imaginary roots b2 – 4ac < 0

7.2 Binomial Approximation :-

n(n - 1) 2 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3
* (1+x)n = 1+nx + x + x
2 ´1 3 ´ 2 ´1

If x < < 1
(1+x)n ; 1+nx
(1–x)n ; 1–nx
(1+x)–n ; 1–nx 1+x
(1–x)–n ; 1+ nx 1–x
eg1: (1.001)10
(1+0.001)
1+10(0.001)
1+0.01 = 1.01
1
eg2 :
0.98 2
1
(1 – 0.2) 2

1
1 - ´ 0.2
2
1 10 – 9
1- = = 0.9
2 10
Ex. If the value of height and gravity is given as
g
gh = 2
æ hö
ç1 + ÷
è Rø
then find gh at h = 30 km
g
gh =
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2
æ hö
ç1 + ÷
è Rø
-2
æ hö
gh = g ç1 + ÷
è Rø

æ 2h ö
gh = g ç1 - ÷
è R ø

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Ex. Solve the equation 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0
Sol. By comparison with the standard quadratic equation a = 2, b = 5 and c = –12

-5 ± (5)2 - 4 ´ 2 ´ (-12) -5 ± 121 -5 ± 11 +6 -16 3

x= = = = , or x= ,–4
2´2 4 4 4 4 2
7.3 Logarithm
Common formulae :
m
• log mn = log m+log n • log =logm-log n • log mn = n log m • loge m = 2.303 log10m
n
p a p+q a+b
7.4 Componendo and Dividendo Rule : If = then =
q b p-q a-b
7.5 Arithmetic progression (AP)
General form : a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n–1)d. Here a = first term, d = common difference
n n n
Sum of n terms Sn = [a+a+(n–1)d] = [2a+(n–1)d] = [Ist term + nth term]
2 2 2
Ex. Find the sum of given Arithmetic Progression 4 + 8 + 12 +.........+ 64
(1) 464 (2) 540 (3) 544 (4) 646
Sol. Ans. (3)
n 16
Here a = 4, d = 4, n = 16 So, sum = [First term + last term] = [4 + 64] = 8(68) = 544
2 2
Note :
n n ( n + 1)
(i) Sum of first n natural numbers. Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 +....+n = é1 + n ûù =
ë
2 2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
(ii) Sum of first n squared natural numbers Sn2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + .......+ n2 =
6
7.6 Geometric Progression (GP)
General form : a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 Here a = first term, r = common ratio

Sum of n terms Sn =
(
a 1 - rn ) For 0 £ r < 1 Sum of ¥ term S ¥ =
a
(Q r < 1 \ r¥ ® 0)
1-r 1-r
Ex. Find the sum of given series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 +..............+ 256
(1) 510 (2) 511 (3) 512 (4) 513
Sol. Ans.[2]
(1)(1 - 29 )
Here a = 1, r = 2, n = 9 (Q 256 = 28). So S9 = = 29 – 1 = 512 – 1 = 511
(1 - 2)
1 1 1
Ex. Find 1 + + + + ....upto ¥ .
2 4 8
(1) ¥ (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 1.925
Sol. Ans.[3]
1 a 1
Here, a = 1, r = So, S¥ = = =2
2 1-r 1
1-
2
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HOMEWORK (Module - 2019-20)

B.B.-6 Complete
B.B.-7 Complete
Ex.1 Q.No.13, 14
Ex.3 Q.No. 4

HOMEWORK (Module - 2018-19)

B.B.-6 Complete
B.B.-7 Complete
Ex.1 Q.No.13, 14
Ex.3 Q.No. 4
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