TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

AND ACCIDENT HOLY ANGEL COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

INVESTIGATION WITH
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PRELIM REVIEWER TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Traffic
It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system animal
drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.
It was derived from the word “trafficare” which means “to carry on trade”.

Management
It is the skillful use of means to accomplish purpose.

Accident
Any unexpected occurrence which results to unintended death, injury or damage to property.

Traffic Accident
Any accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.

Traffic Accident Investigation

Systematic process of establishing facts and circumstances pertaining to a traffic accident.

Operation
Pertains to a course or series of acts to affect a certain purpose; manner or action; or vital or natural
process of activity.

Roadway
It refers to that part of the traffic way over motor vehicles pass.

Shoulder
It refers to either part of the roadway, especially along highways.

Traffic way
It refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to
the use of the public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom.

I. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.

The study of the basic laws relative to traffic laws, rules and regulations.

It is the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic
system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.

Functions of Traffic Engineering

1. Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and regulations.
2. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices.
3. Planning of traffic regulations.

Objectives of Traffic Engineering

1. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
2. To prevent traffic accident.
3. To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
4. To show that good police actions and performance make engineering plans effective.
5. To present the close relationship of
6.

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7. the pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.

Agencies Concerned in Traffic Engineering

1. DPWH
a. National in scope.

b. Responsible for determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin, and destinations, studies of persons and
things, planning, approving, funding and construction of:
Nation roads – interconnecting cities and municipalities;
A network of national roads through cities and municipalities; and
A yearly maintenance and repair programs which include widening and redesigning of current
road system.

2. Provincial Government – municipalities within the province.

3. Municipal Government – network of streets and roads within the barangay.

4. Chartered Cities – barangay within the cities.

Application of the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

1. Habitually congested commercial areas

2. Heavily travelled thoroughfares
3. Congested local areas and intersections
4. Special occasions and events
5. Disaster or emergencies
6. School crossing

Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

1. Factors employed in planning and Geometric Design

a. Composition of traffic streams
b. Traffic volume for capacity
c. Origin and destination

2. Factors Influencing Design

a. Composition of traffic
b. Volume of traffic
c. Speed of vehicles
d. Starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units
e. Performance values

3. Regulation and control traffic regulation

a. Based and confined within the boundaries of safety, public welfare and convenience.
b. Limitations impose on road users and their load.
c. Basic general use of road use and conduct
d. Prohibitions and restrictions

II. TRAFFIC EDUCATION

It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.

Safety Training
The three principles that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accidents are
known as the three (3) E’s of traffic: Engineering, Education and Enforcement.

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Three Levels of Traffic Safety Education

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety.
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge.
3. Developing traffic safety morality.

Traffic Safety for Children

This is highly unsystematic and is usually carried out in the home through parental education and in
kindergarten and nurseries. This is now necessary to make it systematic to lessen the number of children
fatalities and injuries.
1. Elementary
a. Safety and guides stressing traffic safety.
b. Classroom discussion of accidents, incidents and safety rules.
c. Organize safety patrols.

2. Secondary
a. Initializing driver education program. Students have reached the age to drive; hence, proper driving
habits should be stressed.
b. School safety organizations.

3. Tertiary
a. Offer and conduct courses to public and private agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.

Traffic Safety Education for Adults

It is relatively easier because adults are in a better position to understand what is being thought to
them.
It is a general belief by being a better driver, it follows that one becomes a better pedestrian. By
knowing the limitations of the driver and the vehicle as a driving student, one learns to watch out from
dangerous cues such as pedestrians.
Driver Education

The basic purposes of these are:

To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in a motorized society and achieving traffic
safety.
To develop citizens who are legally eligible to get a driver’s license. In general, driver instruction
aims to primarily teach the rudiments of driving.

Secondary aims are as follows:

To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic.
To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.

Four Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver Education Program

1. Comprehensive
This method places the student into real life of driving situation from the beginning.

2. Traditional Instruction
This type of instruction depends on instruction-student communication.

3. Commentary Driving Method

The student-driver will be accompanied by an instructor. As the student-driver drives, the instruction
has to give comments on his driving.

4. Simulated Conditions and Off the Road Training

The premise of simulated conditions’ training is that the behavior the driver-subject placed in condition
will be relatively analogous to normal behavior.

Two Methods of Simulation Presently Adopted are:

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1. Portrait Simulation
This method has the specific aim of training for the subtask of the driving task.

2. Global Simulation
Training is simulated in traffic situations and conditions with the use of simulations. Simulators are the
most commonly used for the following types of training:
Training in basic car control skills.
Perceptual training
Emergency training

Simulator
It is a static machine with all the important features of a car used in driving method or driving training.

Classification of films as shown by the simulators

1. The analytical film which provides an objective analysis of the driving situation presented to the
student.
2. The didactic film which aims to show good driving behavior.
3. The simulation of film which offers visual realism to driving situations and therefore a good aid in
actual practice.

Biorhythm
The theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of life energy and mood states.

Controversial Theory of Biorhythm

1. 23 days cycle a.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (the male component of a person)

2. 28 days emotional cycle equivalent to a female 28-days menstrual cycle is also known as our cycle of
sensitivity, love and intuition (the female component of a person).

3. 33 days intellectual cycle.

Accordingly, when it curves the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “high” or a person has more energy to
spare i.e.:

1. Physical high – we tend to be more energetic, strong, and full of vitality.

2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and logically.

When the curve is bellow the center line, the biorhythm is said to be “low” or in charge period, i.e.:

1. Physical low – we tend to tire quickly and to succumb to illness easily.

2. Emotional low – we feel moody, irritable, or depressed.

3. Intellectual low – concentrating or remembering is difficult or we are likely to use poor judgment
when any of the curves crossed the center line. This is called a critical day wherein our system
seem to be in a state of transition. During critical day, people tend to get sick easily, seem to lack
coordination and tend to be accident prone.

Essential Component of the Driving Task

1. Collection of information
a. Perceptual scanning
b. Identification

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2. Processing of information
a. Predicting
b. Decision making

3. Action
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles

4. Knowledge and subjective interpretation

Public Information Programs

The public should be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to
traffic (dissemination of information)

Safety Campaign

This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users to behave more safely. This basically focuses on
public information attitudes, and particular or specific behaviors, or combination of these.
Road propaganda maybe intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware of
the recommended behavior by need to be persuaded into adopting it.

A. Safety Campaign Classification

1. According to purpose – may be categorized as informational, attitudinal, and behavioral.

2. Kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with authenticated factual data.

B. Safety Campaign Design

1. Initial campaign planning

2. Final campaign design
3. Campaign evaluation

C. Private and Government Entities responsible for safety campaign

1. Newspapers
2. Radio broadcasting network
3. Television broadcasting network
4. Public information agencies
5. Citizen Support Group (NGO’s)

a. Develop citizen’s responsibilities

b. Conduct organized educational campaign
c. Awareness of the traffic problems
d. Major traffic requirements and need

TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT, ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY

Agencies Responsible in Traffic Enforcement

A. Land Transportation Office

1. Vehicle registrations
2. Vehicle inspections
3. Driver’s licensing
4. Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles

B. Legislations – passing of laws and ordinances and appropriations of budget.

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1. Congress
2. Council (city of municipal)
3. Provincial boards

C. Police – direct enforcement of traffic laws

1. PNP
2. MMDA
3. Police Auxiliaries

What traffic laws are?

All traffic enforcement is based on the traffic laws.

1. The first law concerning driving behavior, which was developed mostly from experience over the
years, resulted from customs and common usage.

2. Traffic laws, like all other laws, reflect the beliefs, behavior and standard agreed on by the society.

Why people violate traffic laws?

1. Physical disabilities
2. Ignorance of traffic laws, rules and regulations
3. Mental disorders
4. Lack of training and experience
5. Wrong attitudes toward driving, risk taking, enforcement and traffic laws
6. Habitual traffic violators
7. Drivers of public utility vehicles for increase compensation and commission

Considerations that act as deterrent to motorists and pedestrians

1. Fear of fine of punishment
2. Loss of driving privileges
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
4. Positive area of good citizenship – doing what is right and setting an example

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Traffic law enforcement action is part of enforcement involving the arrest, issuance of Temporary
Operator’s permit (TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any persons who is believed to have
violated a law, ordinance or regulations pertaining to the use of traffic roads.

Scope of Traffic Law Enforcement

1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinances
regulating the movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful
behavior by all potential violators.
2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at controlling road used behavior by
preventive, persuasive and punitive methods in order to effect a safe and efficient movement.
3. It applies to all statues, ordinances and legally authorized regulations relating to the use of street and
highways and operation of motor vehicles.

Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement

1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement
The part of the traffic law enforcement performed by the police and other agencies with police power
including deterrent to law violation created by the presence of uniformed police officers and their special
equipment, special assistant to courts and prosecutors and incidental services to highway users.

2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement

The part of traffic law enforcement performed by the court by adjudication and penalization.

3. Police-Court Enforcement

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a. Detection
b. Apprehension
c. Prosecution
d. Adjudication
e. Penalization

Three Important Goals of Enforcement Activities

1. To increase safety level.
2. To increase traffic efficiency
3. To ensure harmonious and comfortable environment.

Objectives of traffic law enforcement activities can be achieved through:

1. Preventive activities
2. Persuasive activities
3. Punitive activities

Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System

1. Enforcement system
It consists of legislation, police, court, and penalties.
2. Road users system (traffic way users)
It includes pedestrians, drivers, passengers, and vehicles.
3. Road system (traffic system)
It consists of the entire road and vehicle complex.

Police Traffic Enforcement Action

The part of police traffic law enforcement involving arrest, citation or warning of any person believed
to have violated a law, ordinance or rules and regulations pertaining to the use of traffic ways, when the
person has knowledge of his action and when it s to:

1. Prevent such violation from endangering persons or property or inconveniencies other users of the
traffic way.

2. Prevent continued violation.

3. Discourage future violation.

Basis for Decision of Enforcement Action

1. Degree of violation
2. Accuracy of observation
3. Continuous or momentary action
4. Traffic and weather condition
5. Evidence gathered
6. A new law or not

Kinds of Enforcement Action

1.Traffic Arrest
It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of
holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.
Arrest is made when:

a. Offense committed is serious.

b. Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation.
c. There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in court.

` 2. Traffic citation- is made of having violator appear in court without physical arrest.

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3. Traffic warning- is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of
penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone.

Types of Traffic Warning

1.Visual warning- usually used when you have observed a minor violation but are more importantly
occupied at a moment. It is indicated by gesture of the hand and/or of the head.

2. Verbal warning- a form of traffic safety education. Tell the driver or violator that he violated a law
and explain the hazards of such violations.

3. Written warning- combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives the spirit of verbal and the
form citation.

IV. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENT

The study with potentially disastrous population explosion changes in urban environment due to scale
and density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out air pollution, water pollution and
crowding, especially transport congestion which result therein.

Kinds of Environment Effects of Urban Transportation

1. Noise
2. Vibration
3. Dirt
4. Visual intrusion
5. Loss privacy
6. Change in amount of light
7. Neighborhood severance both physical and sociological
8. Relocation
9. Distraction during planning and construction
10. Accident experience
11. Pedestrian journey
12. Congestion and other benefits to vehicles

External Factors that Influences the Existing and Future Behavior of Population
1. Rapidly increasing population growth
2. Rapidly increasing urbanization
3. Rapidly increasing motorization
4. Industrialization and technical modernization
5. Improvement of the transportation network that is the street network and the public transportation
facilities.
Schemes to limit traffic and to improve the efficiency and quality of service of buses and transport:
1. Pedestrian scheme should be introduced whenever possible to improve the environment and safety
for pedestrians. The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles should be encouraged like bicycle whenever
practical.
2. Motor vehicle reduction scheme should also be introduced.

V. TRAFFIC ECONOMY

It deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Traffic operation is designed to
expedite the movement of traffic. However, with the prevailing the traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.

One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in the world market. Somehow,
programs must be instituted in order to minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic commodities.

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Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of travel but the productivity of an individual
as well.

OFFICER-VIOLATOR RELATIONSHIP

In officer-violator relationship, the first reminder for an officer in traffic enforcement is to establish
pleasant relationship with the offending motorist or pedestrian.

Two Objectives in Dealing with a Violator

1. Immediate objective is enforcement action against the driver.
2. Ultimate objective is to change his future driving behavior.

Pleasant Relationship can be accomplished by:

1. The appearance of your uniform, equipment and person which will create the violator impression of you. A
neat, clean and properly worn uniform and well-groomed person will create a good impression.

2. Observance of the following rules when talking with violators:

a. Get your emotions under control. Do not appear before him when you are both at the peak of tension
or excitement.
b. Advise the violator the nature of the alleged violation in the manner that he can fully understand.
c. Allow that violator to talk and explain his side.
d. Be courteous and business like. You may introduce yourself or use only good morning, Sir or
Madam. Using Sir or Madam identifies you identified as a gentleman.
e. Request compliance. Use requesting words such as “May I”, “Please” and “Kindly” when directing
the violator.
f. Avoid telling the driver what not to do. If you want him to do something whenever possible, explain
why you want him to do it.

3. Never open your conversation in sarcastic or derogatory way.

4. Be alert at all times for the unexpected. Approach the violator with these cases:
a. Take time to get ready.
b. Know what you are going to say and do.
c. Have any equipment you will need such as flashlight, clipboard, or citation pad.
d. Review the facts which lead to your stopping the violator before you begin to talk.
e. Decide what enforcement action you are going to take before you approach the violator.

TRAFFIC DIRECTION

All men in the department should be trained to direct traffic at the following:
1. Accident scene
2. Other emergencies
3. Planned social events
4. Regular point and integration control
5. Directing pedestrian movement

All men in the department should be trained how to direct traffic on the following:
1. Unsignalized intersection (no traffic signal light)
2. Signalized intersection (with signal light)
3. Between intersections

Signaling:
1.Use hand signal to designate you decision to the motorist.
2. Signal must be uniformed and understood by the motorist and pedestrian.
3. Must be clear and positive.
4. Do not give them verbal signals or instructions.
5. Be alert and stand erect on both feet.

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6. Look to a person to whom you are signaling.

7. The arm signal should be shoulder high and a full circular motion of the arm.
8. Supplement the arm signal with whistle.
9. Stand sideways to incoming traffic while stopping vehicular traffic.
10. Let your hands hang at side when not using them.
11. Constant weaving of the hand is confusing and serves to distract or slow down traffic.
12. When changing phase, maintain a 90 degree turn of the body.
13. If turns are permitted, described the movement to be made with an arc of a man.
14. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intend to stop and give him or her opportunity to stop.
15. The hand signal should be with the arm extended and the palm facing the person to be stopped.

TRAFFIC DIRECTION
Traffic direction refers to the methods and techniques used by traffic control personnel, such as police officers
or designated traffic wardens, to manage and control the flow of vehicles and pedestrians on roadways. This
involves the use of signals, gestures, signs, and other tools to ensure safe and efficient movement, particularly
at intersections, during special events, or in emergency situations. The primary goals of traffic direction are to
prevent accidents, reduce congestion, and facilitate smooth traffic flow. Here are key aspects of traffic
direction:

Key Components of Traffic Direction

Hand Signals and Gestures:

Stop Signal: The officer stands facing the traffic with one arm raised and the palm facing the oncoming
vehicles.
Go/Proceed Signal: The officer faces the traffic that is to move, extends one arm out to the side, and waves it
towards their body.
Turn Signal: To signal a left turn, the officer extends their left arm out horizontally. For a right turn, the right
arm is extended out horizontally.
Slow Down Signal: The officer extends an arm with the palm down and moves it up and down, indicating that
drivers should reduce their speed.

Whistle Signals:
Whistle signals in traffic are used by traffic police to manage and control vehicular and pedestrian movement
at intersections or other critical points on the road. These signals are essential for maintaining order and
ensuring safety, especially when traffic lights are not functioning or additional control is required. Here are
some common whistle signals used in traffic control:

One Short Blast: Usually signals drivers to stop. It can also be used to get the attention of a driver or
pedestrian.

Two Short Blasts: Typically used to signal drivers to proceed or move forward. It indicates that the stopped
traffic can start moving.

Three Short Blasts: Often used to instruct traffic to speed up, indicating that vehicles should move quickly
through the intersection or area.

A Long Blast: This can serve as a warning or to signal a particular action, such as cautioning drivers of a
potential hazard ahead or instructing them to slow down.

Body Positioning:

Standing Position: The officer stands facing the direction of oncoming traffic to stop it. Turning their body to
face the direction they want the traffic to move indicates that the vehicles can proceed.

Arm Extension: Extending both arms sideways with palms facing down signals all approaching traffic to
stop.

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Light Signals and Devices:

Red Light: Indicates that the traffic must stop.
Green Light: Signals that the traffic can proceed.
Yellow Light: Warns drivers to prepare to stop as the signal is about to change to red.
Illuminated Batons: Used during nighttime or low visibility conditions, waving them up and down to indicate
a stop and moving them forward to signal proceed.

Temporary Traffic Control Devices:

Cones and Barriers: Used to direct traffic flow and indicate lane closures or detours.
Signs: Portable signs can be used to provide instructions or warnings, such as "Stop," "Yield," "Detour," or
"Road Closed."
Flags: Often used during construction or emergencies, a red flag signals to stop, and a green flag signals to
proceed.

Electronic Traffic Management Systems:

Traffic Lights: Automated signals at intersections that control the flow of traffic.
Variable Message Signs (VMS): Electronic signs that provide real-time information and instructions to
drivers.
Traffic Cameras and Sensors: Monitor traffic conditions and adjust signals to optimize flow.
Situations Requiring Traffic Direction
Intersections: Where manual control may be needed to manage heavy traffic flow or when traffic lights are
non-functional.

Construction Zones: Where lanes may be closed, and traffic must be directed around the work area.

Accidents: To manage the scene, ensure safety, and direct traffic around the incident.
Special Events: Such as parades, marathons, or public gatherings, where normal traffic patterns are disrupted.

Emergency Situations: Natural disasters or other emergencies requiring immediate and efficient traffic
control to ensure public safety.

SIGNALS AND GESTURES FOR DIRECTING TRAFFIC

Signals and gestures for directing traffic are standardized methods used by traffic officers to manage and
control the movement of vehicles and pedestrians. These signals are crucial for ensuring safety and smooth
traffic flow, especially in situations where traffic lights are not available or additional control is needed. Here
are some common signals and gestures used for directing traffic:

Objectives
1. Traffic law enforcers assigned to traffic control.
a. Expected to indicate the drivers and pedestrians how, when and where they should move.
b. An inexperienced traffic law enforcer immediately presents a problem of communication to
the people on what he wants them to do. This lead to chaos or confusion, and results to an
impassable traffic flow.

2. Purpose of the instruction receives is to make the meaning clear to drivers and pedestrians. The
instruction to start and stop at a given line of traffic must be clear.

3. Uniformity of signals and gestures to all traffic law enforcers and volunteers.

4. Attire and appearance of a traffic law enforcer directing traffics.

a. Be in the official uniform.
b. Clean shaved, haircut and clear uniform.
c. To enable the motorist and the pedestrian to recognize the traffic law enforcer.
d. the manner of his appearance and actions either gains or losses the respect of the citizens.

Gestures used to stop traffic

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1. Point your arm and index finger and look straight to the driver you want to stop and give him time to
stop. The raise your hand only so your palm is towards the driver.
2. Repeat the process for traffic in the opposite direction.
3. Do not lower arms until vehicles from both directions are stopped.

Gestures to start traffic movement

1. Stand sideways toward the lanes of traffic you want to move.
2. Point your arm and index finger toward the vehicles you want to start. Hold it until the driver sees
you and with you palm up, swing your hand up and over to your chin. Bend arm only at elbow.
3. With one side, drop the arm to the side and raise other arm and repeat process for opposite lane.
4. Use same signals when drivers are moving too slow or are hesitant in moving.

Right Turn Gestures

1. Usually required at intersection.
2. If required for vehicles to the right, point arm at vehicle and then point in the direction he is to
move.
3. Moving vehicles to your left for right turn, you may bend your left arm at elbow and with thumb and
forearm indicates movement.

Left Turn Gestures

1.Left turn vehicles from your right.
a. Stop vehicles from right and direct vehicles making left turn to proceed.
2. Left turn vehicles from your right.
a. Turn around facing direction vehicle will turn and use same procedure above.
3. Streets with only one available moving lane.
a. Allow space for cars going straight and turning left.
b. Direct the left turn cars with the proper finger, hand and arm motion.

Two Officer Traffic Direction

1. Occasional need for two men
a. If there is a need, the first to command must be given by the team leader followed by the
member.

Command of traffic refers to the ability and authority to control, regulate, and manage the flow of vehicles
and pedestrians on the road. This involves ensuring safety, preventing congestion, and responding to various
traffic situations effectively. Command of traffic is typically exercised by law enforcement officers, traffic
controllers, and other authorized personnel.

Responsibilities
Directing Traffic:
Using hand signals, gestures, and tools like whistles and flashlights to guide vehicles and pedestrians.
Ensuring smooth and orderly flow, especially at intersections and during emergencies or special events.
Enforcing Traffic Laws:
Monitoring and enforcing compliance with traffic regulations.
Issuing citations or warnings to violators.

Managing Traffic Incidents:

Responding to accidents, breakdowns, and other incidents.
Coordinating with emergency services and clearing obstructions.

Controlling Traffic Signals:

Manually operating traffic lights and signals when necessary.
Adjusting signal timings to optimize flow based on real-time conditions.

Providing Assistance:
Offering directions and information to drivers and pedestrians.
Assisting in the safe crossing of pedestrians, particularly in busy areas.
Techniques

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