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Networking Technology Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of computer networking technology, defining a computer and its communication methods. It discusses networking models, focusing on the OSI model, which consists of seven layers that outline how network devices interact. Each layer has specific functions, from application identification to physical transmission characteristics.

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12 views14 pages

Networking Technology Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of computer networking technology, defining a computer and its communication methods. It discusses networking models, focusing on the OSI model, which consists of seven layers that outline how network devices interact. Each layer has specific functions, from application identification to physical transmission characteristics.

Uploaded by

tambalahoris
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Networking Technology

PREPARED BY: Davie Ngizo Chigwenembe Bsc ECE (Hons 1).Eng


What is A computer
• A computer is an electronic device that receives data (input data)
,manipulates that data using instructions or program stored in its
memory and produces information that can be stored or displayed as
an output.
• There are different types of computers such as personal computers,
servers, tablets, phones etc
• Use of computers becomes more meaningful as they provide a
possible transfer of data from one computer to another e.g from pc to
another pc or pc to phone and from server to a pc or tablet.
How do Computers communicate
• Computers can communicate either through cable connections or
wireless.
• Computers are made by different manufacturers hence it would pose
a challenge for computers from different manufacturers to
communicate if the manufacturers where to follow their own
procedures in the way computers should communicate.
• This resulted in the invention of different networking models to guide
the manufacturers on the standards or structures of the networking
devices or computers for them to communicate smoothly with other
computers on a network
Networking Models
• A network model categorize and provides a structure for networking
protocols and standards
• A protocol is a set of rules defining how networking devices and
software should work.
• There are two types of networking models namely TCP/IP suite and
OSI model
• This course will focus on OSI model
OSI Model
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection.It is an open networking
model established by International Organisation of Standards ISO in
1976.
• The model was divided into 7 layers each layer defining how the
network devices should work at each level.
• It is a reference model hence it is not used practically presently.
Layers of OSI Model
Application layer
• This is the layer that identifies application being used by a user and
makes interaction with it e.g chrome, brave, Firefox
• It has two functions namely
1. Identifying communication partners
2. Synchronisation on same layer interaction (encapsulation and de-
capsulation)
• Protocols like HTTP,HTTPS,FTP,SNMP, DNS etc.
Presentation Layer
• Translating the application data to form that can be transmitted
• Encryption and decryption of data is done at this layer
Session Layer
• Controls dialogue (sessions) between communicating hosts
• It establishes, manages and terminates connections between the
local application ( e.g browser) and remote application (e.g youtube)
Transport Layer
• Segments the data and reassembles data for communications
between end hosts.
• Breaks the data into smaller segments that can be transmitted to
avoid transmission errors.
• For end to end/ host to host or application to application
• It provides data flow control and error control.
• Layer 4 header is added to the data prepared from the other 3 layers
to make it a segment.
Network Layer
• Provides connectivity between end hosts on different networks
(different LANs)
• Provides logical addressing
• Provides path selection
• Routers belong to this layer
• A Layer 3 header is added to the segment to make it packet.
Data Link Layer
• Provides node to node connectivity and data transfer for example pc
to switch, switch to router or router to router.
• Defines how data should be formatted for transmission on a physical
medium e.g copper utp wire
• Detects and corrects physical errors
• Uses layer 2 addressing/physical addressing
• Switches belong to this layer
• A layer 2 header and trailer are added to the packet to make it a
frame
Physical Layer
• Defines Physical characteristics of the medium used for transmission
i.e voltage levels, maximum transmission distance, cable
specifications, connectors etc.
• At this layer the bits are converted to electrical signals for wired
connections or radio signals for wireless connections
THANK YOU
BY: Davie Ngizo Chigwenembe
(Graduate First class Electronics and Computer Engineer)

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