DER & D E V E L OPME

GEN NT
BY: G1 “TEAM SIPAG”
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Sex and Gender

Manifestation of
Gender Bias

Gender and
Development
 Objectives

1. Identify the differences and similarities of sex and gender; their

characteristics, qualities, adjectives, roles and activities.
2. Relate concepts of sex and gender to development
3. Adopt sensitivity skills in relating with both male and female
 CONTEXT

Violence against women and children appears in many

forms—physical, emotional, verbal, sexual, and economic—
and has lasting, often hidden effects. The COVID-19
pandemic has heightened risks for women and children,
exposing them to increased abuse and discrimination due
to their societal roles and vulnerabilities. Integrating
gender sensitivity into education is essential to break down
stereotypes and promote equality. However, achieving
meaningful change also requires open-mindedness and
acceptance, not just awareness.
 WHAT IS SEX?

Sex - refers to the physical characteristics of a person and is biologically

determined. By this, we can mean that sex is inherent – from God, nature. You are born
male or female – you cannot change it, you did not choose it.

The sex of a person is determined by the reproductive parts of our body. If you
are male, then you have a male reproductive system with male reproductive organs (penis,
testicles and sperm), hormones (testosterone, androgen) and chromosomes (xy). If you are a
female, then you have female reproductive organs (vagina, ovaries, and ova, mammary glands,
fallopian tube, and uterus), hormones (progesterone and estrogen) and chromosomes (xx).
 Aside from the difference in sex or
reproductive systems, are there any
other difference between male and female?
NONE. If we look at both male and female from
head to toe, we will notice that except for the
reproductive organs, they have basically the
same physical characteristics. They both have a
head, a pair of eyes, nose, two ears, a mouth, a
Pair hands and feet. Even the non-visible parts of
the body have no differences: brain, heart,
intestines, lungs, stomach, etc. yet, many believe
that female ways and manners differ from males.
This can be true in some instances but not
necessarily true at all time. This is where gender
roles come in.
 WHAT IS GENDER?
Gender refers to the traits that are
attached to a particular sex. If sex is
physical or biological, gender is cultural or social.
Gender refers to the characteristics that culture
or society teaches and expects from people based
on their sex. For example, we think males having
masculine traits and females having the feminine
traits
 Sex Gender

Biological/physical Cultural/social

DIFFERENCES Natural (inherent / in-born)

Taught/nurtured (acquired /
learned)
BETWEEN SEX
AND GENDER Cannot be changed Can be changed
(permanent / fixed) (impermanent)

Pre-determined (without Culturally determined (with

choice) choice)

universal Time-bound; place-bound

 WHAT IS GENDER SENSITIVITY?

Gender sensitivity is the awareness of the situation of the other sex.

One does not treat either sex base on traditional and outdated views on
the roles of women and men.
 Gender Sensitivity

It can be shown through the use of more inclusive or gender

neutral language,
by not pitting women against men and by respecting each
other’s needs, aspirations, potentials and abilities/skills.
One is able to recognize issues related to gender and the
different perceptions and interests of women due to their
different social position and gender roles.
 Examples of
gender sensitivty.
 THE GENDER SOCIALIZATION

The process of learning and internalizing culturally approved ways of thinking,

feeling, behaving according to one’s gender is known as gender role
socialization.

In other words, gender socialization refers to the raising and

maturation of a person into a given gender.
Learning of gender roles begin in the early stages of childhood.

As an outcome, male gender roles and female gender roles

develop.

I. Female gender roles are associated with appropriate concepts of

femininity and traits such as submissiveness, modesty, and
nurturance.
II. . Male gender roles are associated with appropriate concepts of
masculinity and traits such as dominance and aggressiveness.
Four processes involved in a child’s learning of gender
identity [Ruth Hartley]

i. Manipulation – people handle girls and boys differently, even as

infants –
more physical and visual on male infants, more verbal stimulation on
female
infants.
ii. Canalization – people direct children’s attention to gender-
appropriate
objects – little boys are given war toys, cars and machines while little girls
are
given dolls, tea sets and toy houses.
iii. Verbal appellation – telling children what they are and what is
expected of
them – brave boys don’t cry and pretty girls don’t hit their playmates.
iv. Activity exposure – children are familiarized with gender
appropriate tasks
– girls are expected and encouraged to help their mothers with housework
and
the care of younger siblings, while their brothers are encouraged to play or
work
outside the home.
The assignment of particular roles to men and women is further reinforced by the
following socio-cultural institutions:

i. In schools through textbooks and visual aids portraying gender role

stereotypes; and gender tracking of subjects and courses;
ii. Media by constantly showing images of women as housewives, martyrs or
victims and villainess; while men are shown as professionals, courageous,
determined and violent;
iii. Religion through its dogma, religious taboos, teachings of holy men
iv. Language: while Filipino has no gendered pronouns or terms for many
positions, there are many idiomatic expressions or phrases that are derogatory
to women such as walang bayag (no balls) referring to a weak or timid person,
or pataasan ng ihi (seeing who can piss higher)
The main message or core value advanced by society, particularly through the social
and political institutions is the sexual division of labor or “production-
reproduction divide”:

i. Production is the creation of commodities, i.e., goods and services for

exchange. It has an economic and social value and is therefore paid. Production
is traditionally viewed as men’s sphere;
ii. Reproduction includes not just the bearing of children, but also the other
tasks associated with it: childbearing and maintenance of the household. Although these
activities are necessary for survival, it is perceived as not having any economic and
social value. Reproduction is traditionally viewed as women’s sphere.
The sexual division of labor also extends to community or political
affairs by which the productive sphere is also called the public
sphere where men are recognized as the decision-makers;

and the reproductive or private sphere where women’s

involvement in matter beyond home and family is limited to that of
community management workers or volunteers.
Gender issues result because in reality, women are also
engaged in production – they are also found in factories,
plantations or offices; take on income-earning work within the
home; or render unpaid work in family fields or enterprises.
MANIFESTATION OF GENDER BIAS
Marginalization [Economic]
forces women out into the periphery of economic and social life, on
the periphery of decision-making process

diminishing the value of the activities in which they engage and

through which they contribute to the national development process.

The women’s economic concerns and rights are not given their due
importance or recognition.
These are manifested in the following:

- Women are not recognized for their valuable work;

- Women have less access to and control over resources
and benefits;
- Women receive unequal pay for work of equal value;
- Last to be hired, first to be fired.
3. Subordination [Political]
One sex is inferior to the other
The institutionalized domination by men of women in the political and social
sphere as shown in the following:

- Position: very few women are in politics and holding top position
- Status: women are considered the weaker sex
- Decision-Making: women are not included in planning and decision making
processes.

- Men are considered strong, leaders, owners, they dominate and always first.
4. Multiple-Burden
Women are involved in the three spheres of work such in their homes doing
reproductive roles, in their workplaces doing productive roles and in the community
doing community management and political roles.

- Parenting
- Housework
- Community work
- Work in the public sphere/informal sector
5. Gender Stereotyping
• process of attributing a set of characteristics, roles and traits, favorable
or unfavorable based on sex to all members of a social group.

These are fixed and transmitted from generation to generation through

the following:
- child rearing
- Religion
- Occupations
- Etc.
6. Violence Against Women (RA 9262)
- Acts of instilling fear and inflicting pain with the aim to injure, or abuse
a person usually women. The verbal, psychological and physical forms of
violence are:
- Jokes, Wolf-whistles
- Peeking, “chancing” or making sexual passes
- Sexual harassment
- Domestic violence

Effects on Personhood
- Lack of self-esteem;
- No control over one’s body.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF
GENDER BIAS
1. USING COERCION AND THREATS
• Making and/or carrying out threats to do:
• Something to hurt her
• Threatening to leave her
• To commit suicide
• To make her do illegal things.
2. USING ECONOMIC ABUSE
- preventing her from getting or keeping a
job
- making her ask for money giving her an
allowance.
- taking her money
- not letting her know about or have
access to family income
3. USING MALE PRIVILEGE
• treating her like a servant
making all the big decisions
acting like the “master of the castle
“being the one to define men's and
women's roles

4. USING CHILDREN
• making her feel guilty about the children using the
children to relay messages using visitation to harass her
threatening to take the children away
5. MINIMIZING, DENYING AND BLAMING
• making light of the abuse and not
taking her concerns about it seriously
saying the abuse didn’t happen
shifting responsibility for abusive
behavior
saying she caused it

6. USING ISOLATION
• controlling what she does, who she sees and talks
to, what she reads, where she goes limiting her
outside involvement using jealousy to justify actions.
7. SING EMOTIONAL ABUSE
• putting her down
making her feel bad about
herself
calling her names
making her think she's crazy
playing mind games
humiliating her
making her feel guilty.

8. USING INTIMIDATION
• making her afraid by using looks, actions,
gestures
smashing things, destroying her properly
abusing pets, displaying weapons
 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

Why is gender a development issue?

Development processes have not always recognized the importance of
identifying the peculiar needs of men and women in their various situations
Development planning and program implementation tend to be gender-blind
A recognition of men’s and women’s unique contribution to society and
culture is necessary if everyone is to benefit fully from the development
process.
Vision of a Gender Fair Society
Republic Act 9262
"ANTI-VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN
ACT OF 2004"
It seeks to address the prevalence of violence against women
and children (VAWC), abuses on women and their children by
their intimate partners like:
Husband or ex husband
live-in partner or ex live-in partner
Boyfriend/ girlfriend or ex-boyfriend/ ex-girlfriend
Dating partner or ex-dating partner
The Act classifies violence against women (VAWC) as a public
crime.
What is VAWC under the law?
It refers to "any act or a series of acts committed by any
person against a woman who is his wife, former wife, or
against a woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or
dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or
against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate within or
without the family abode. Which result in or is likely to result
in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or
economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault,
coercion, harassment or arbitary deprivation of liberty.
It includes, but is not limited to the following acts:
"Physical violence" refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm
"Sexual Violence" refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against
a woman or her child. It includes, but is not limited to:
Rape, sexual harassment, acts of lasciviousness, treating a woman or her child
as a sex object, making demeaning and sexually suggestive remarks,
physically attacking the sexual parts of the victim's body, forcing her/him to
watch obscene publications and indecent shows or forcing the woman or her
child to do indecent acts and/ or to make films thereof, forcing the wife and
the mistress /lover to live in the conjugal home or sleep together in the same
rooms with the abuser.
Acts causing or attempting to cause the victim to engage in any sexual
activity by force, threat of force, physical or other harm or threat of physical
or other harm or coercion.
Prostituting the woman or her child.
"Psychological violence"
"Acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental or emotional suffering to a person. Examples
include intimidation, harassment, stalking, property damage, ridicule or humiliation, verbal abuse,
and marital infidelity. May also include causing or allowing the victim to witness family violence,
exposure to pornography, or illegal denial of child custody and/or visitation."

"Economic abuse"
"Acts aimed at making or attempting to make a person financially dependent. This includes but is not
limited to:
Withholding financial support or preventing the victim from working.
Depriving or threatening to deprive the victim of their financial resources or right to use and
enjoy common property.
Destroying household property.
Controlling the victim's own money or property or the shared conjugal or community money and
property."
Children are those below 18 years of age or older but are
incapable of taking care of themselves (as stated in
Republic Act 7610). It includes the biological children of
the victim and other children under her care.
A dating relationship in one which has a romantic
involvement. It means that a relationship existed between
a woman and a partner who is abusive or has previously
abused her, whether or not the relationship was formal
"sexual relations" refer to a single sexual act which may
or may not result to a bearing of a child
WHO GETS PROTECTED UNDER THE LAW?
The law recognizes the unequal relations of a man and a
woman in an abusive relationship where it is usually the
woman who is the disadvantaged. Thus, the law protects
the woman or her children
The victim, the child who is a minor (legitimate or
illegitimate), and a person aged 18 years and beyond who
doesn't have the ability to decide for herself/himself
because of an emotional, physical and mental illness can
make full use of the law
Any child under the care of a woman is also protected
under the law
IS VAWC COMMITTED BY MEN ALONE?
Women can also be liable under the law. These are the
lesbian partners/girlfriends of former partners of the
victim with whom she has or had a sexual or dating
relationship (Source: Barangay Protection Order, RZ
9262 A Primer. Department of Interior and Local
Government, National Barangay Operations Office,
2004)
WHAT If THE FEMALE VICTIM COMMITS VIOLENCE AGAINST HER PARTNER?
The law acknowledges that women who have retaliated against their partners who commit
violence as a form of self-defense may have suffered from battered women syndrome
(BWS)
BWS is a "scientifically defined patterns of behavioral symptoms found in women living
in battering relationships as a result of cumulative abuse (Salient Features: A Guide to
Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children - RA 9262, Philippine Information
Agency and National Commission of the Role of Filipino Women 2004)
Any victim who suffers from BWS should be diagnosed by a psychiatric expert or a
clinical psychologist. This will also help the victim in obtaining a just decision in her
case.
The law does not allow the offender to have custody of minor children. Their care is still
entrusted to the woman even if she is found to have BWS
WHAT IF THE MALE SPOUSE COMPLAINS ABOUT ABUSES COMMITTED BY HIS
WIFE / PARTNER?
He may file a complaint or case under the Revised Penal Code
WHAT ARE THE PENALTIES FOR COMMITTING VAWC?
If the courts have proven that the offender is guilty of the crime, he may be
imprisoned and will be obliged to pay P100,000 to P300,000 in damages. The
length of imprisonment depends on the gravity of the crime.
The offender is also obliged to undergo psychological counseling or psychiatric
treatment.
Being drunk or under the influence of prohibited drugs cannot be taken as an
excuse for committing VAWC.
WHAT CAN WOMEN AND CHILDREN DO UNDER THE LAW?
The law allows women and their children to secure barangay protection order
and/or temporary or permanent order from the courts.
They can also file an independent civil action for damages and criminal actions
for the violations of anti-VAWC Act
WHAT IS A PROTECTION ORDER?
It is an order prescribed in the Anti-VAWC Act to prevent further abuse of or violence
against a woman and her child. It also provides them relief from said abuse or
violence.
WHO MAY FILE THE PROTECTION ORDER?
Anyone of the following may also file the protection order in behalf of the victim/s
1. Parent of guardian
2. Grandparents
3. Children and grandchildren
4. Relatives (aunts, uncles, cousins, in-laws)
5. Local officials and DSWD social workers
6. Police
7. Lawyers
8. Counselors
9. Therapist
10. Health care providers (nurses, doctors, barangay health workers)
11. Any two people who came from the city or municipality where VAWC happened
and who have a personal knowledge of the crime
“Gender Equality is a human fight,
not a female fight.”

THANK YOU