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Chapter 1

Introduction to Differential Equations

bb99

1.1 Definitions and Terminology

3. Fourth order; linear

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6. Second order; nonlinear because of R2

9. Writing the differential equation in the form x(dy/dx) + y 2 = 1, we see that it is nonlinear
in y because of y 2 . However, writing it in the form (y 2 − 1)(dx/dy) + x = 0, we see that it is
@

linear in x.
6
12. From y = 5 − 65 e−20t we obtain dy/dt = 24e−20t so that
 
dy −20t 6 6 −20t
+ 20y = 24e + 20 − e = 24.
ggm

dt 5 5

15. The domain of the function, found by solving x+2 ≥ 0, is [−2, ∞). From y  = 1+2(x+2)−1/2
we have
maa

(y − x)y  = (y − x)[1 + 2(x + 2)−1/2 ]

= y − x + 2(y − x)(x + 2)−1/2

= y − x + 2[x + 4(x + 2)1/2 − x](x + 2)−1/2

= y − x + 8(x + 2)1/2 (x + 2)−1/2 = y − x + 8.

iill..cc

An interval of definition for the solution of the differential equation is (−2, ∞) because y  is
not defined at x = −2.
√
18. The function is y = 1/ 1 − sin x , whose domain is obtained from 1 − sin x = 0 or sin x = 1.

Thus, the domain is {x  x = π/2 + 2nπ}. From y  = − 12 (1 − sin x)−3/2 (− cos x) we have

2y  = (1 − sin x)−3/2 cos x = [(1 − sin x)−1/2 ]3 cos x = y 3 cos x.

oom

An interval of definition for the solution of the differential equation is (π/2, 5π/2). Another
one is (5π/2, 9π/2) and so on.
m

1
complete document is available on https://unihelp.xyz/ *** contact me if site not loaded
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2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 
21. Differentiating P = c1 et / 1 + c1 et we obtain
    
dP 1 + c 1 et c 1 et − c 1 et · c 1 et c 1 et 1 + c 1 et − c 1 et
= =
dt (1 + c1 et )2 1 + c 1 et 1 + c 1 et

c 1 et c 1 et
= 1− = P (1 − P ).
1 + c 1 et 1 + c 1 et

24. From y = c1 x−1 + c2 x + c3 x ln x + 4x2 we obtain

dy
= −c1 x−2 + c2 + c3 + c3 ln x + 8x,
dx
d2 y
= 2c1 x−3 + c3 x−1 + 8,
dx2
and
d3 y
= −6c1 x−4 − c3 x−2
dx3
so that
d3 y d2 y dy
x3 3 + 2x2 2 − x + y = (−6c1 + 4c1 + c1 + c1 )x−1 + (−c3 + 2c3 − c2 − c3 + c2 )x
dx dx dx
+ (−c3 + c3 )x ln x + (16 − 8 + 4)x2

= 12x2 .

In Problems 25–28, we use the Product Rule and the derivative of an integral ((12) of this
x
d
section): g(t) dt = g(x).
dx a
5 10 x sin t dy 5 10 x sin t sin x 10
27. Differentiating y = + dt we obtain =− 2 − 2 dt + · or
x x 1 t dx x x 1 t x x
x
dy 5 10 sin t 10 sin x
=− 2 − 2 dt + so that
dx x x 1 t x2
   
2 dy 2 5 10 x sin t 10 sin x 5 10 x sin t
x + xy = x − 2 − 2 dt + +x + dt
dx x x 1 t x2 x x 1 t
x x
sin t sin t
= −5 − 10 dt + 10 sin x + 5 + 10 dt = 10 sin x.
1 t 1 t
30. The function y(x) is not continuous at x = 0 since lim y(x) = 5 and lim y(x) = −5. Thus,
x→0− x→0+
y  (x) does not exist at x = 0.

33. Force the function y = emx into the equation y  − 5y  + 6y = 0 to get

(emx ) − 5(emx ) + 6(emx ) = 0

m2 emx − 5memx + 6emx = 0

emx (m2 − 5m + 6) = 0

emx (m − 2)(m − 3) = 0.

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 1.1 Definitions and Terminology 3

Now, since emx > 0 for all values of x, we must have m = 2 and m = 3; therefore, y = e2x
and y = e3x are solutions.

36. Force the function y = xm into the equation x2 y  − 7xy  + 15y = 0 to get

x2 · (xm ) − 7x · (xm ) + 15(xm ) = 0

x2 · m(m − 1)xm−2 − 7x · mxm−1 + 15xm = 0

(m2 − m)xm − 7mxm + 15xm = 0

xm [m2 − 8m + 15] = 0

xm [(m − 3)(m − 5)] = 0.

The last line implies that m = 3 and m = 5; therefore, y = x3 and y = x5 are solutions.

In Problems 37–40, we substitute y = c into the differential equations and use y  = 0

and y  = 0.
39. Since 1/(c − 1) = 0 has no solutions, the differential equation has no constant solutions.

42. From x = cos 2t + sin 2t + 15 et and y = − cos 2t − sin 2t − 15 et we obtain

dx 1 dy 1
= −2 sin 2t + 2 cos 2t + et and = 2 sin 2t − 2 cos 2t − et
dt 5 dt 5
and
d2 x 1 d2 y 1
2
= −4 cos 2t − 4 sin 2t + et and 2
= 4 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t − et .
dt 5 dt 5
Then
1 1 d2 x
4y + et = 4(− cos 2t − sin 2t − et ) + et = −4 cos 2t − 4 sin 2t + et = 2
5 5 dt
and
1 1 d2 y
4x − et = 4(cos 2t + sin 2t + et ) − et = 4 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t − et = 2 .
5 5 dt

45. The first derivative of f (x) = ex is ex . The first derivative of f (x) = ekx is kekx . The
differential equations are y  = y and y  = ky, respectively.

48. Since the first and second derivatives of sin t and cos t involve sin t and cos t, it is plausible that
a linear combination of these functions, A sin t + B cos t, could be a solution of the differential
equation. Using y  = A cos t − B sin t and y  = −A sin t − B cos t and substituting into the
differential equation we get

y  + 2y  + 4y = −A sin t − B cos t + 2A cos t − 2B sin t + 4A sin t + 4B cos t

= (3A − 2B) sin t + (2A + 3B) cos t = 5 sin t.

15
Thus, 3A − 2B = 5 and 2A + 3B = 0. Solving these simultaneous equations we find A = 13
and B = − 10 15 10
13 . A particular solution is y = 13 sin t − 13 cos t.

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4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

51. Differentiating (x3 + y 3 )/xy = 3c we obtain

xy(3x2 + 3y 2 y  ) − (x3 + y 3 )(xy  + y)

=0
x2 y 2
3x3 y + 3xy 3 y  − x4 y  − x3 y − xy 3 y  − y 4 = 0

(3xy 3 − x4 − xy 3 )y  = −3x3 y + x3 y + y 4

y 4 − 2x3 y y(y 3 − 2x3 )

y = = .
2xy 3 − x4 x(2y 3 − x3 )

54. To determine if a solution curve passes through (0, 3) we let t = 0 and P = 3 in the equation
P = c1 et /(1 + c1 et ). This gives 3 = c1 /(1 + c1 ) or c1 = − 32 . Thus, the solution curve

(−3/2)et −3et
P = =
1 − (3/2)et 2 − 3et

passes through the point (0, 3). Similarly, letting t = 0 and P = 1 in the equation for the
one-parameter family of solutions gives 1 = c1 /(1 + c1 ) or c1 = 1 + c1 . Since this equation
has no solution, no solution curve passes through (0, 1).

57. The differential equation yy  − xy = 0 has normal form dy/dx = x. These are not equivalent
because y = 0 is a solution of the first differential equation but not a solution of the second.

60. (a) The derivative of a constant solution y = c is 0, so solving 5 − c = 0 we see that c = 5

and so y = 5 is a constant solution.

(b) A solution is increasing where dy/dx = 5 − y > 0 or y < 5. A solution is decreasing

where dy/dx = 5 − y < 0 or y > 5.

63. In Mathematica use

Clear[y]
y[x ]:= x Exp[5x] Cos[2x]
y[x]
y''''[x] − 20y'''[x] + 158y''[x] − 580y'[x] + 841y[x]//Simplify

The output will show y(x) = e5x x cos 2x, which verifies that the correct function was entered,
and 0, which verifies that this function is a solution of the differential equation.

1.2 Initial-Value Problems

3. Letting x = 2 and solving 1/3 = 1/(4 + c) we get c = −1. The solution is y = 1/(x2 − 1).
This solution is defined on the interval (1, ∞).

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 1.2 Initial-Value Problems 5

6. Letting x = 1/2 and solving −4 = 1/(1/4 + c) we get c = −1/2. The solution is y =

√ √
1/(x2 − 1/2) = 2/(2x2 − 1). This solution is defined on the interval (−1/ 2 , 1/ 2 ).

In Problems 7–10, we use x = c1 cos t + c2 sin t and x = −c1 sin t + c2 cos t to obtain a
system of two equations in the two unknowns c1 and c2 .

9. From the initial conditions we obtain

√ √
3 1 1 1 3
c 1 + c2 = − c2 + = 0.
2 2 2 2 2
√
Solving, we find c1 = 3/4 and c2 = 1/4. The solution of the initial-value problem is
√
x = ( 3/4) cos t + (1/4) sin t.

In Problems 11–14, we use y = c1 ex + c2 e−x and y  = c1 ex − c2 e−x to obtain a system of

two equations in the two unknowns c1 and c2 .

12. From the initial conditions we obtain

ec1 + e−1 c2 = 0

ec1 − e−1 c2 = e.

1
Solving, we find c1 = 2 and c2 = − 12 e2 . The solution of the initial-value problem is

1 1 1 1
y = ex − e2 e−x = ex − e2−x .
2 2 2 2

15. Two solutions are y = 0 and y = x3 .

√
18. For f (x, y) = xy we have ∂f /∂y = 12 x/y . Thus, the differential equation will have a
unique solution in any region where x > 0 and y > 0 or where x < 0 and y < 0.

21. For f (x, y) = x2 /(4 − y 2 ) we have ∂f /∂y = 2x2 y/(4 − y 2 )2 . Thus, the differential equation
will have a unique solution in any region where y < −2, −2 < y < 2, or y > 2.

24. For f (x, y) = (y + x)/(y − x) we have ∂f /∂y = −2x/(y − x)2 . Thus, the differential equation
will have a unique solution in any region where y < x or y > x.

In Problems 25–28, we identify f (x, y) = y 2 − 9 and ∂f /∂y = y/ y 2 − 9. We see that f

and ∂f /∂y are both continuous in the regions of the plane determined by y < −3 and y > 3
with no restrictions on x.
27. Since (2, −3) is not in either of the regions defined by y < −3 or y > 3, there is no guarantee
of a unique solution through (2, −3).
d
30. (a) Since tan (x + c) = sec2 (x + c) = 1 + tan2 (x + c), we see that y = tan (x + c) satis-
dx
fies the differential equation.

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6 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

(b) Solving y(0) = tan c = 0 we obtain c = 0 and y = tan x. Since tan x is discontinuous at
x = ±π/2, the solution is not defined on (−2, 2) because it contains ±π/2.

(c) The largest interval on which the solution can exist is (−π/2, π/2).

33. (a) Differentiating 3x2 − y 2 = c we get 6x − 2yy  = 0 or yy  = 3x.

(b) Solving 3x2 − y 2 = 3 for y we get

y

y = φ1 (x) = 3(x2 − 1) , 1 < x < ∞, 4

2
y = φ2 (x) = − 3(x2 − 1) , 1 < x < ∞,
x
y = φ3 (x) = 3(x2 − 1) , −∞ < x < −1, –4 –2 2 4
–2
y = φ4 (x) = − 3(x2 − 1) , −∞ < x < −1.
–4

(c) Only y = φ3 (x) satisfies y(−2) = 3.

In Problems 35–38, we consider the points on the graphs with x-coordinates x0 = −1,
x0 = 0, and x0 = 1. The slopes of the tangent lines at these points are compared with the
slopes given by y  (x0 ) in (a) through (f).

36. The graph satisfies the conditions in (e).

39. Using the function y = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x and the first boundary condition, we get

y(0) = c1 cos 0 + c2 sin 0 = 0.

Therefore, c1 = 0. Similarly for the second boundary condition we get

y(π/6) = c2 sin 3 (π/6) = −1.

Therefore, c2 = −1. The solution to the boundary value problem is y(x) = − sin 3x.

42. The derivative of the function y = c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x is y  = −3c1 sin 3x + 3c2 cos 3x, and
using the two boundary conditions we get

y(0) = c1 + 0 = 1.

Therefore, c1 = 1. In addition

y  (π) = 0 − 3c2 = 5.

5
Therefore, c2 = −5/3. The solution to this boundary value problem is y(x) = cos 3x− sin 3x.
3

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 1.3 Differential Equations as Mathematical Models 7

45. Integrating y  = 8e2x + 6x we obtain

y= (8e2x + 6x) dx = 4e2x + 3x2 + c.

Setting x = 0 and y = 9 we have 9 = 4 + c so c = 5 and y = 4e2x + 3x2 + 5.

48. If the solution is tangent to the x-axis at (x0 , 0), then y  = 0 when x = x0 and y = 0.
Substituting these values into y  + 2y = 3x − 6 we get 0 + 0 = 3x0 − 6 or x0 = 2.

51. We note that the initial condition y(0) = 0,

y
1
0= √ dt
0 t3+1
is satisfied only when y = 0. For any y > 0, necessarily
y
1
√ dt > 0
0 t3+1
because the integrand is positive on the interval of integration. Then from (12) of Section 1.1
and the Chain Rule we have
y
d d 1 dy
x= √ dt = y3 + 1
dx dx 0 t3 + 1 dx
and
1 dy dy  √
1=
3
y  (0) =  = (y(0))3 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1.
y + 1 dx dx x=0

Computing the second derivative, we see that

d2 y d 3y 2 dy 3y 2 3
= y3 + 1 = = · y3 + 1 = y2
dx2 dx 2 y 3 + 1 dx 2 y3 + 1 2

d2 y 3
2
= y2 .
dx 2

d2 y
This is equivalent to 2 − 3y 2 = 0.
dx2

1.3 Differential Equations as Mathematical Models

3. Let b be the rate of births and d the rate of deaths. Then b = k1 P and d = k2 P 2 . Since
dP/dt = b − d, the differential equation is dP/dt = k1 P − k2 P 2 .

6. By inspecting the graph in the text we take Tm to be Tm (t) = 80 − 30 cos (πt/12). Then the
temperature of the body at time t is determined by the differential equation
dT    π 
= k T − 80 − 30 cos t , t > 0.
dt 12

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8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9. The rate at which salt is leaving the tank is

 
A A
Rout (3 gal/min) · lb/gal = lb/min.
300 100

Thus, dA/dt = A/100. The initial amount is A(0) = 50.

12. The rate at which salt is entering the tank is

Rin = (cin lb/gal) · (rin gal/min) = cin rin lb/min.

Now, let A(t) denote the number of pounds of salt and N (t) the number of gallons of brine
in the tank at time t. The concentration of salt in the tank as well as in the outflow is
c(t) = x(t)/N (t). But the number of gallons of brine in the tank remains steady, is increased,
or is decreased depending on whether rin = rout , rin > rout , or rin < rout . In any case, the
number of gallons of brine in the tank at time t is N (t) = N0 + (rin − rout )t. The output rate
of salt is then
 
A A
Rout = lb/gal · (rout gal/min) = rout lb/min.
N0 + (rin − rout )t N0 + (rin − rout )t

The differential equation for the amount of salt, dA/dt = Rin − Rout , is

dA A dA rout
= cin rin − rout or + A = cin rin .
dt N0 + (rin − rout )t dt N0 + (rin − rout )t

15. Since i = dq/dt and L d2 q/dt2 + R dq/dt = E(t), we obtain L di/dt + Ri = E(t).

18. Since the barrel in Figure 1.3.17(b) in the text is submerged an additional y feet below its
equilibrium position, the number of cubic feet in the additional submerged portion is the
volume of the circular cylinder: π × (radius)2 × height or π(s/2)2 y. Then we have from
Archimedes’ principle

upward force of water on barrel = weight of water displaced

= (62.4) × (volume of water displaced)

= (62.4)π(s/2)2 y = 15.6πs2 y.

It then follows from Newton’s second law that

w d2 y d2 y 15.6πs2 g
= −15.6πs2 y or + y = 0,
g dt2 dt2 w

where g = 32 and w is the weight of the barrel in pounds.

21. As the rocket climbs (in the positive direction), it spends its amount of fuel, and therefore,
the mass of the fuel changes with time. The air resistance acts in the opposite direction of

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 1.3 Differential Equations as Mathematical Models 9

the motion, and the upward thrust R works in the same direction. Using Newton’s second
law we get
d
(mv) = −mg − kv + R.
dt
Now, because the mass is variable, we must use the product rule to expand the left side of
the equation. Doing so gives us the following:
d
(mv) = −mg − kv + R
dt
dm dv
v× +m× = −mg − kv + R.
dt dt
The last line is the differential equation we wanted to find.

24. The gravitational force on m is F = −kMr m/r2 . Since Mr = 4πδr3 /3 and M = 4πδR3 /3 we
have Mr = r3 M/R3 and
Mr m r3 M m/R3 mM
F = −k 2
= −k 2
= −k 3 r.
r r R
Now, from F = ma = d2 r/dt2 we have
d2 r mM d2 r kM
m 2
= −k 3 r or 2
= − 3 r.
dt R dt R
27. The differential equation is x (t) = r − kx(t), where k > 0.

30. The differential equation is dP/dt = kP , so from Problem 41 in Exercises 1.1, a one-parameter
family of solutions is P = cekt .

33. This differential equation could describe a population that undergoes periodic fluctuations.

36. (a) If ρ is the mass density of the raindrop, then m = ρV and

dm dV d  4 3  dr  dr
=ρ =ρ πr = ρ 4πr2 = ρS .
dt dt dt 3 dt dt
If dr/dt is a constant, then dm/dt = kS, where ρ dr/dt = k or dr/dt = k/ρ. Since the
radius is decreasing, k < 0. Solving dr/dt = k/ρ we get r = (k/ρ)t + c0 . Since r(0) = r0 ,
c0 = r0 and r = kt/ρ + r0 .
d
(b) From Newton’s second law, [mv] = mg, where v is the velocity of the raindrop. Then
dt
dv dm 4  dv 4 
m +v = mg or ρ πr3 + v(k4πr2 ) = ρ πr3 g.
dt dt 3 dt 3
Dividing by 4ρπr3 /3 we get
dv 3k dv 3k/ρ
+ v=g or + v = g, k < 0.
dt ρr dt kt/ρ + r0
39. At time t, when the population is 2 million cells, the differential equation P  (t) = 0.15P (t)
gives the rate of increase at time t. Thus, when P (t) = 2 (million cells), the rate of increase
is P  (t) = 0.15(2) = 0.3 million, or 300,000, cells per hour.

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10 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Chapter 1 in Review

d
3. (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) = −kc1 sin kx + kc2 cos kx;
dx
y
d2   
2
(c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) = −k 2 c1 cos kx − k 2 c2 sin kx = −k 2 (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx);
dx
d2 y d2 y
= −k 2 y or + k2 y = 0
dx2 dx2
6. y  = −c1 ex sin x + c1 ex cos x + c2 ex cos x + c2 ex sin x;

y  = −c1 ex cos x − c1 ex sin x − c1 ex sin x + c1 ex cos x − c2 ex sin x + c2 ex cos x + c2 ex cos x

+ c2 ex sin x

= −2c1 ex sin x + 2c2 ex cos x;

y  − 2y  = −2c1 ex cos x − 2c2 ex sin x = −2y; y  − 2y  + 2y = 0

9. b 12. a, b, d

15. The slope of the tangent line at (x, y) is y  , so the differential equation is y  = x2 + y 2 .

18. (a) Differentiating y 2 − 2y = x2 − x + c we obtain 2yy  − 2y  = 2x − 1 or (2y − 2)y  = 2x − 1.

(b) Setting x = 0 and y = 1 in the solution we have 1 − 2 = 0 − 0 + c or c = −1. Thus, a

solution of the initial-value problem is y 2 − 2y = x2 − x − 1.

(c) Solving the equation y 2 − 2y − (x2 − x − 1) = 0 by the quadratic formula we get

√
y = (2 ± 4 + 4(x2 − x − 1) )/2 = 1 ± x2 − x = 1 ± x(x − 1) . Since x(x − 1) ≥ 0
for x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 1, we see that neither y = 1 + x(x − 1) nor y = 1 − x(x − 1) is
differentiable at x = 0. Thus, both functions are solutions of the differential equation,
but neither is a solution of the initial-value problem.

21. (a)
y y
3 3
2
2
1
1
x x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–1
–2
–2
–3 –3
y = x2 + c1 y = –x2 + c2

(b) When y = x2 + c1 , y  = 2x and (y  )2 = 4x2 . When y = −x2 + c2 , y  = −2x and

(y  )2 = 4x2 .

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 Chapter 1 in Review 11

⎧
⎨−x2 , x≤0
(c) Pasting together x2 , x ≥ 0 and −x2 , x ≤ 0, we get y =
⎩ x2 , x > 0.

24. Differentiating y = x sin x + (cos x) ln(cos x) we get

 
 − sin x
y = x cos x + sin x + cos x − (sin x) ln (cos x)
cos x
= x cos x + sin x − sin x − (sin x) ln (cos x)

= x cos x − (sin x) ln (cos x)

and
 
 − sin x
y = −x sin x + cos x − sin x − (cos x) ln (cos x)
cos x
sin2 x
= −x sin x + cos x + − (cos x) ln (cos x)
cos x
1 − cos2 x
= −x sin x + cos x + − (cos x) ln (cos x)
cos x
= −x sin x + cos x + sec x − cos x − (cos x) ln (cos x)

= −x sin x + sec x − (cos x) ln (cos x).

Thus,
y  + y = −x sin x + sec x − (cos x) ln(cos x) + x sin x + (cos x) ln (cos x) = sec x.
To obtain an interval of definition we note that the domain of ln x is (0, ∞), so we must have
cos x > 0. Thus, an interval of definition is (−π/2, π/2).
In Problems 27–30 we use (12) of Section 1.1 and the Product Rule.

27.
x
y = ecos x te− cos t dt
0
  x
dy
= ecos x xe− cos x − sin xecos x te− cos t dt
dx 0
x  x 
dy
+ (sin x) y = ecos x xe− cos x − sin xecos x te − cos t
dt + sin x e cos x
te − cos t
dt
dx 0 0
x x
= x − sin xecos x te− cos t dt + sin xecos x te− cos t dt = x
0 0

30.
x x
2 2
y = sin x et cos t dt − cos x et sin t dt
0 0
 2  x
2
 2  x
2
y  = sin x ex cos x + cos x et cos t dt − cos x ex sin x + sin x et sin t dt
0 0
x x
t2 t2
= cos x e cos t dt + sin x e sin t dt
0 0

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12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 2  x
2
 2  x
2
y  = cos x ex cos x − sin x et cos t dt + sin x ex sin x + cos x et sin t dt
0 0
⎛ y ⎞
  
  ⎜ x x ⎟
= ex cos2 x + sin2 x − ⎜ e sin t dt⎟
2 t2 t2
⎝sin x e cos t dt − cos x ⎠
0 0

2
= ex − y

2 2
y  + y = ex − y + y = ex

33. Using implicit differentiation we get

y 3 + 3y = 2 − 3x

3y 2 y  + 3y  = −3

y 2 y  + y  = −1

(y 2 + 1)y  = −1
−1
y = .
y2+1
Differentiating the last line and remembering to use the quotient rule on the right side leads
to
2yy 
y  = 2 .
(y + 1)2
 
Now, since y  = −1 y 2 + 1 we can write the last equation as
 3
 2y 2y −1 −1
y = 2 2
y = 2 2 2
= 2y 2
= 2y(y  )3 ,
(y + 1) (y + 1) (y + 1) y +1

which is what we wanted to show.

In Problems 35–38, y = c1 e−3x + c2 ex + 4x is given as a two-parameter family of solutions

of the second-order differential equation y  + 2y  − 3y = −12x + 8.

36. If y(0) = 5 and y  (0) = −11, then

c 1 + c2 = 5
−3c1 + c2 = −15.

Subtracting the second equation from the first gives us 4c1 = 20 or c1 = 5, and thus c2 = 0.
Therefore, y = 5e−3x + 4x.

39. We are to use the Leibniz’s rule.

v(x) v(x)
d dv du ∂
F (x, t) dt = F (x, v(x)) − F (x, u(x)) + F (x, t) dt
dx u(x) dx dx u(x) ∂x

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 Chapter 1 in Review 13

x
1
Since y(x) = f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt, take F (x, t) = f (t) sin (3x − 3t), u(x) = 0, and
3 0
v(x) = x to get
x
d d 1
y(x) = f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt
dx dx 3 0
x
1 ∂
= F (x, x) · 1 − F (x, 0) · 0 + f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt
3 0 ∂x
x
1
= f (x) sin (3x − 3x) + 3f (t) cos (3x − 3t) dt
3 0
x
= f (t) cos (3x − 3t) dt.
0
x
Apply the Leibniz’s rule a second time to y  = f (t) cos (3x − 3t) dt by taking F (x, t) =
0
f (t) cos (3x − 3t), u(x) = 0, and v(x) = x to get
x
d  d
y (x) = f (t) cos (3x − 3t) dt
dx dx 0
x
∂
= F (x, x) · 1 − F (x, 0) · 0 + f (t) cos (3x − 3t) dt
0 ∂x
x
= f (x) cos (3x − 3x) + −3f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt
0
x
= f (x) − 3 f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt.
0
x
Therefore, y  = f (x) − 3 f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt. Now, substituting y and y  into the differ-
0
ential equation we get
x x
1
y  + 9y = f (x) − 3 f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt + 9 · f (t) sin (3x − 3t) dt = f (x).
0 3 0

42. The differential equation is

dh cA0
=− 2gh .
dt Aw
Using A0 = π(1/24)2 = π/576, Aw = π(2)2 = 4π, and g = 32, this becomes

dh cπ/576 √ c √
=− 64h = − h.
dt 4π 288

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Chapter 2

First-Order Differential Equations

2.1 Solution Curves Without a Solution

y y
3. x 4 6. x 4

2 2

0 x 0 x

–2 –2

–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4

y y
9. x 4 12. x 4

2 2

0 x 0 x

–2 –2

–4 –2 0 2 4 –4 –2 0 2 4

y
15. (a) The isoclines have the form y = −x + c, which are straight 3
lines with slope −1. 2

x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2

–3

14

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