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Properties of determinants::
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8. ∫ ()
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: = (    ) 2 pages

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 = ( ̅−+ ̅)  = ( ̅−+ ̅) ℎ  = (− ̅)++(−−) (−)++(−−)

or or s =
Speech According To
Purpose
 
For One tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| ≥  3 pages

For two tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| ≥ ⁄
time Based data
Time Series :

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Components of Time Series: . trend, cyclical, seasonal and irregular

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Models of time series analysis:
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Additive Model : O = T+C+S+L

Multiplicative Model : O = T x C x S x L Upload to Download

Method of Moving Average

Method of Least squares :: OR
1. The sum of the deviations of the actual values of y and yi (estimated value of y) is zero
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 (y-yi )= 0

2. The sum of squares of the deviations of the actual values of y and yi (estimated value of y)
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is least   (y-yi )2 is least
For the purpose of plotting the best fitted line for trend analysis, the real values of constants ‘a’
and ‘b’ are estimated by solving the following two equations:
 Y=na+b X ------------ (ii)  XY = a  X + b  X2 --------- (iii)
2. When X = 0, the equations (ii) and (iii) reduce to:
Y = na + b (0)  a= And, XY = a (0) + b X2  b=
the trend line of best fit : yt = a+bx

Financial Mathematics
perpetuity::

• P=
 When periodic payment is made at the end of each payment period.,

• P=R+
 : When periodic payment is made in the beginning of each payment period.

Sinking Fund :

• A=R (+) − or A = R. / If payment made at the end of each year

• A=R (+) − (1+i) or A = R( +/ -1) If payment made in the beginning of each year then

EQUATED MONTHLY INSTALLMENT (EMI)

flat rate method

EMI =
 + 
   EMI =
+ ,I=



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REDUCING BALANCE METHOD

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 (+)
  (+)
−
    
/
Upload−(+) 
EMI = or EMI = or EMI =
your documents to download.
Amortization Formulas
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Principal outstanding at beginning of kth period =
[(+) −]
(+) or EMI. −+/
Interest paid in kth payment =
[(+)−] OR 
(+) −+/ or EMI. i.

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Principal paid in kth payment Scribd member
- Interest paid to read
in kth and download full documents.
period

Total interest paid = n x EMI-P

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Return on investment

Rate of Return =
 /
   100
re = ((1 +
 )p – 1) Where re is the effective interest rate

if interest is compounded continuously , then Effective rate of return = (er – 1)

Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR): CAGR = ⁄ 1

Depreciation: (i) Linear or Straight Line Method

Annual depreciation =
Usefullife ofasset
−
in years  − = ,

(ii) Written down value method : S = P(1-i)n

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