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1P1A Calculus 1 Example Sheet

The document outlines the syllabus for a Calculus I course, detailing key topics such as limits, continuity, derivatives, hyperbolic functions, and integration techniques. It includes specific problems and exercises related to these topics, along with definitions and theorems like Leibnitz's Rule and Taylor's expansion. Additionally, it addresses convergence of series and provides guidance for students to prepare for discussions and evaluations.

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Cristi Bourceanu
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25 views4 pages

1P1A Calculus 1 Example Sheet

The document outlines the syllabus for a Calculus I course, detailing key topics such as limits, continuity, derivatives, hyperbolic functions, and integration techniques. It includes specific problems and exercises related to these topics, along with definitions and theorems like Leibnitz's Rule and Taylor's expansion. Additionally, it addresses convergence of series and provides guidance for students to prepare for discussions and evaluations.

Uploaded by

Cristi Bourceanu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1P1A Calculus I

Bugs/queries to [email protected] MT 2017


For any corrections see the course page DW Murray
at www.robots.ox.ac.uk/∼dwm/Courses/1DF

1. Basic definitions related to functions


(a) Be prepared to explain to your tutor the notions of (i) a limit, (ii) continuity,
and (iii) differentiability.
(b) A function f (t) is periodic in t. Using sketches or otherwise to justify your
answers, (i) is the function’s derivative periodic, and (ii) is its integral periodic?
(c) Define odd and even parity functions. Determine the parity of sinh x and
cosh x. What can be said immediately about the parity of tanh x?
(d) In which region of x is f (x) = x 2 monotonic increasing?

2. Definition of the derivative and hyperbolic functions


(a) One definition of the number e is that lim (eh − 1)/h = 1. Explain why
 
 kh  h→0
lim (e − 1)/kh = 1, for any finite constant k. Then use the fundamental
h→0
definition of the derivative to show that
d kx
e = kekx .
dx
(b) Use the result of part (a) to prove that the derivative of sinh x is cosh x, and
that the derivative of cosh x is sinh x.
(c) By differentiating twice, show that y = A sinh(kx) + B cosh(kx), where A, B
and k are constants, is a solution to the ordinary differential equation
d2 y
2
= k 2y .
dx
dy
(d) Determine A and B when y (0) = 1 and (0) = k.
dx
(e) Show that the solution also can be written as Cekx + De−kx , and determine
C and D for the conditions in part (d).
MT 2017/DW Murray 1P1A/p2

3. Leibnitz’s Rule
Write down (from memory) Leibnitz’s rule for the n-th derivative Dn (uv ) of a
product uv of two functions, and use it (where most appropriate) to evaluate the
following derivatives. In each case explain your choice of “u” and “v ”.

(i) D6 (x 3 ex ) (ii) D4 (sin x cos x) (iii) Dn (x 2 ln x), n ≥ 3.

4. Substitution, stationary points, monotonicity


In the following definition of f (ω), ω0 and ζ are constants, and ω ≥ 0.
ω02
f (ω) = 1/2
.
[(ω02 − ω 2 )2 + 4ζ 2 ω 2 ω02 ]
(a) Rewrite the function as F (p) where p = (ω/ω0 )2 is a dimensionless quantity,
and show that the value of p at which the function F is stationary is p =
(1 − 2ζ 2 ) .
(b) The stationary point is actually a maximum. Noting that p ≥ 0, and that we
are dealing with real numbers, what is the condition on ζ for the maximum to
exist?
(c) Explain carefully why if a maximum in F occurs at p = pm there will be a
√
maximum in f at ωm = pm ω0 .
(d) What is the value of the function at ω = 0, and when ω → ∞?
(You can see plots of this function, and learn why it is important, in HLT. Look
up Vibrations, and then Steady-state vibrations with viscous damping.)

5. Three more examples

(a) Find a general expression for dy /dx when y = f (x)g(x) . (f raised to g.) Check
your expression using y = ex and y = x 2 .
(b) A particle has position x at time t where t = px 2 +qx +r , with p, q, r constant.
Show that its acceleration is proportional to the cube of its velocity.
(c) A curve y = y (x) is defined implicitly by x 2 y + y 4 = 4 + 2x. Find the slope
of the curve at (x, y ) = (−1, 1).
MT 2017/DW Murray 1P1A/p3

6. Integration techniques
(a) Determine the following indefinite integrals
3s 2 + 4
Z Z
2
(i) x cos(x)dx (ii) ds
(s + 1)(s + 2)

(b) Determine the following derivatives of integrals:


Z x2
d ∞ −st
Z 1 Z x Z
d d d
(i) f (x)dx (ii) f (p)dp (iii) f (p)dp (iv) e dt .
dx −1 dx −1 dx −1 ds 0
Perform (iv) both by finding the integral then differentiating and then by
differentiating under the integral sign and integrating.

7. Taylor’s expansion. Approximating derivatives


(a) Write down the Taylor’s expansions for (i) f (a + h) and (ii) f (a − h) when h
is a small deviation from x = a.
(b) Show that the first derivative of f can be approximated at x = a by the
following expressions, and in each case write down the order O(hn ) of the
leading error term (not the remainder).
f (a + h) − f (a) f (a + h) − f (a − h)
(i) f 0 (a) = (ii) f 0 (a) = .
h 2h
(c) Take the function to be f (x) = e x and a = 1. For the two approximations in
part (b) calculate the approximate derivative using the values h = 10−1 , 10−2
and 10−3 . Using the exact value of the derivative, calculate the error (approx
minus exact) in each case, and verify that the error decreases as expected.

8. MacLaurin’s series

(a) Derive the first three non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series expansion of
 
1
(i) (1 + x)1/3 (ii) ln
1−x

(b) For each case in part (a), determine the upper bound on the remainder term at
x = 0.25. Compare its value with the error between the 3-term approximation
and the exact function value at x = 0.25.
MT 2017/DW Murray 1P1A/p4

(c) By expanding in x 2 derive the Maclaurin series expansion of


1
.
1 + x2
(Ie, write h = x 2 , expand 1/(1 + h) then replace each h by x 2 .) Use the result
to derive the expansion for tan−1 x.

9. l’Hopital’s Rule
(a) i) Show by numerical evaluation that there is a problem finding the limit
cos2 x
 
lim .
x→π/2 1 − sin x

ii) Now evaluate the expression at x = π/2 + , with  = 1, 10−1 , 10−2 , 10−3 ,
and hence estimate the limit.
iii) Determine the limit using l’Hopital’s rule.
(b) i) Use L’Hopital’s rule to find
 
tan x − sin x
lim .
x→0 x3
ii) Find a series expansion for the expression in brackets by differencing the
Maclaurin expansions for tan(x) and sin(x) (the first three terms will do)
and dividing by x 3 . Now find the limit as x → 0.

10. Convergence of integer series


Explaining your answers, classify each of these sums as absolutely convergent,
conditionally convergent, or divergent.

∞ ∞
X 1 X n!
(i) (ii)
n=0
n! n=0
100n
∞ ∞ ∞
X n! X (−1)n+1 X 1
(iii) (iv) (v)
n=0
(2n)! n=1
n n=2
n ln(n)

For some answers, hints, and any corrections


See the course page at www.robots.ox.ac.uk/∼dwm/Courses/1DF

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