The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of interconnected documents and resources that are accessible through the

internet. It's made up of hypertext

documents that can contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia. Users can navigate between web pages using hyperlinks.

1. Foundation: The WWW was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. It enables us to view web pages through browsers using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol).

2. Structure: The Web is a vast collection of interconnected documents and resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). Each web
page is written in HTML

1. Google Chrome: Known for its speed, simplicity

2. Mozilla Firefox: Appreciated for its strong privacy features
3. Microsoft Edge: Integrates well with Windows and offers features like vertical tabs
4. Safari: Apple's browser, optimized for macOS and iOS devices,
5. Opera: Features a built-in VPN and ad blocker,
6. Brave: Focuses on privacy
7. Vivaldi: Highly customizable

what is a search engine

A search engine is a software system that helps users find information on the internet by entering keywords or queries.

Some famous search engines:

1. Google: The most widely used search engine, known for its speed, accuracy, and extensive features.

2. Bing: Microsoft's search engine, offering a visually appealing interface and integration with Microsoft services.

3. Yahoo: Offers search results along with news, email, and other services.

4. DuckDuckGo: Focuses on privacy, not tracking users' search activities.

5. Baidu: The leading search engine in China, similar to Google in features.

6. Yandex: Popular in Russia, providing search, email, and other services.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address used to access resources on the internet. It's like an online address for each piece of content.

1. Protocol: Specifies how the data is transferred. Common protocols include http:// and https:// (the secure version of HTTP).

2. Domain Name: A domain name is the human-readable address of a website. Indicates the server where the resource resides. For example, in
https://www.microsoft.com, microsoft.com is the domain name.
 3. Path: The specific location of the resource on the server. For example, in https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/, /en-us/ is the path.

4. Query String: Provides additional parameters to the resource. It's often used for searches and can be seen after a ?. For example, in
https://www.example.com/search?q=example, q=example is the query string.

5. Fragment: Points to a specific section within the resource. It follows a # and is often used in longer documents to jump to a specific part. For example, in
https://www.example.com/page#section, #section is the fragment.

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a unique number that identifies a device on the internet or a local network such as 192.158.1.38.

IP addresses allow devices to communicate with each other by sending and receiving data.

IPV4: IPv4 addresses are 32-bit integers older version

IPV6: while IPv6 addresses are 128-bit alphanumeric sequences.

E-governance websites are used to provide government services to citizens, interact with businesses, and exchange information between government
agencies. Here are some things to know about using e-governance websites:

• Benefits

E-governance can improve the efficiency and delivery of government services, increase transparency, and reduce corruption. It can also make government more
accessible to citizens and businesses.

• National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

The NeGP aims to make government services more accessible to citizens by digitizing records and sharing infrastructure.

• e-Governance Portal

The National Portal of India's e-Governance Portal provides information about e-governance, including the National Conference on e-Governance, GATI e-services, and
awards schemes.

1. LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographic area, like a home or office. It allows connected devices to share resources, such as printers and files.

2. WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans a large geographic area, such as cities, states, or even countries. The internet is the largest WAN. WANs are used to
connect multiple LANs.

3. , or Open Systems Interconnection model, is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement network
communication between different systems. It divides the communication process into seven layers, each with specific functions. Here's a quick overview:

1. Physical Layer
Purpose: Transmits raw data (bits) over a physical medium (e.g., cables, radio waves).

Key Functions: Electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the physical medium.

Examples: Ethernet cables, USB, fiber optics.

2. Data Link Layer

Purpose: Provides error detection, correction, and framing of data packets.

Key Functions: Manages access to the physical medium and ensures error-free data transfer.

Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi (MAC and LLC sublayers).

 3. Network Layer
Purpose: Determines how data is sent to the recipient system and provides logical addressing.

Key Functions: Routing, forwarding, and IP addressing.

Examples: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP, ARP.

4. Transport Layer
Purpose: Ensures reliable data transfer between systems.

Key Functions: Flow control, segmentation, and error recovery.

Examples: TCP, UDP.

5. Session Layer
Purpose: Manages sessions (connections) between applications.

Key Functions: Establishing, maintaining, and terminating sessions.

Examples: RPC, NetBIOS.

6. Presentation Layer
Purpose: Ensures that data is in a readable format for the application layer.

Key Functions: Data translation, encryption, compression.

Examples: SSL/TLS, JPEG, ASCII.

7. Application Layer
Purpose: Provides network services to the end user.

Key Functions: Interface for applications to interact with the network.

Examples: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS.

4. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Part of the internet protocol suite, TCP ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data. It operates at
the transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model and is often paired with IP (Internet Protocol) to form TCP/IP.

5. ISP: ISP stands for Internet Service Provider, which is a company that offers access to the internet. ISPs can provide internet access through a variety of
methods, including: Dial-up, DSL, Cable, Wireless, and Fiber-optic connections.

Some examples of ISPs include: Comcast, AT&T, Time Warner Cable, CenturyLink, Charter, Verizon, Cox, and Google Fiber.

The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol model) is a framework used to enable communication over the internet and other
computer networks. It is more practical and widely used than the OSI model and has four layers, each responsible for specific networking functions.

Layers of the TCP/IP Model

1. Application Layer

o Combines the functionality of the OSI model's Application, Presentation, and Session layers.

o Purpose: Provides services and interfaces for applications to use the network, such as email, file transfer, and web browsing.

o Protocols: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet, etc.

2. Transport Layer

o Similar to the OSI Transport Layer.

o Purpose: Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring reliable delivery of data. It also handles error correction and flow control.

o Protocols: TCP (reliable, connection-oriented), UDP (faster, connectionless).

3. Internet Layer

o Similar to the OSI Network Layer.

o Purpose: Handles logical addressing and routing of packets across networks.

o Protocols: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, ARP, RIP.

4. Network Access Layer (or Link Layer)

o Combines the OSI Physical and Data Link layers.

o Purpose: Defines how data is physically sent over the network medium. It deals with framing, MAC addressing, and error detection on the link.

o Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ARP.

Comparison to OSI Model

• TCP/IP has 4 layers vs. OSI's 7 layers.

• It is less theoretical and more implementation-focused.

• TCP/IP emphasizes interoperability and practical communication between systems, which made it the foundation of the modern internet.

ARPANET and the Defense Data Network gave birth to the Internet. The internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate and
share information using standardized protocols (TCP/IP). It allows millions of devices worldwide to connect and exchange data, enabling a vast array of
services and applications.

The internet is used in countless ways, transforming how we live, work, and play. Some key applications include:

• Communication: Email, social media, instant messaging, and video calls.

• Information Access: Search engines, online news, educational resources.

• Commerce: Online shopping, banking, and financial transactions.

• Entertainment: Streaming music and videos, online gaming.

• Work and Collaboration: Remote work tools, cloud storage, virtual meetings.

• Social Networking: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

• Healthcare: Telemedicine, online consultations, health information.

To connect to the internet, you generally need:

➢ A Device: Such as a computer, smartphone, or tablet.

• Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company that provides internet access.

• Modem/Router: Devices that connect your local network to the ISP.

• Network Connection: This can be wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi).

To understand the internet better, consider learning about:

• Basic Networking Concepts: Such as IP addresses, domain names, and protocols.

• Web Browsing: How to use search engines and browsers.

 • Online Safety: Protecting your data and privacy online.

• Digital Literacy: How to evaluate the credibility of information found online

Email (Electronic Mail)

Email is a method of exchanging digital messages over a network, primarily the internet. It allows users to send and receive text, multimedia, and
attachments. Email is widely used for communication in personal, professional, and organizational contexts.

Protocols Used in Email

1. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

o Used for sending emails from the sender's email client to the server and between servers.

o Port: 25 (default), 587 (secure).

2. POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

o Used for retrieving emails from a mail server to a local client. It downloads messages and typically deletes them from the server.

o Port: 110 (default), 995 (secure).

3. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)

o Used for accessing and managing emails on the server. It allows synchronization, so messages remain on the server and can be
accessed from multiple devices.

o Port: 143 (default), 993 (secure).

1. Choose an Email Provider: Popular ones include Gmail, Yahoo Mail, and Outlook.

2. Sign Up: Go to the provider's website and click on the sign-up or create account button. Fill in the required information like name, username, password,
etc.

1. Compose an Email: Open your email account, and click on "Compose" or "New Mail". Enter the recipient's email address, subject, and your message. You
can attach files if needed.

2. Send: Click the "Send" button to deliver your email.

3. Receive: Incoming emails will appear in your inbox. Click on an email to read it.

• Most email services have a "Sent" folder where you can view emails you have sent. Simply click on this folder to see your sent emails.

• Replying: Click on "Reply" to respond to an email.

• Forwarding: You can forward an email to another recipient.

• Organizing: Use folders and labels to organize your emails.

• Services like Google Docs, Microsoft OneDrive, and Dropbox allow you to collaborate on documents. You can share a document via email and edit it in real-
time with others.

• Email Providers: Some email providers, like Gmail, include built-in instant messaging services.

• Dedicated Services: Platforms like WhatsApp, Slack, and Microsoft Teams offer instant messaging with additional features like voice and video calls.

• Be Respectful: Use polite language and be considerate of others' views.

• Clear Subject Lines: Ensure your email subject is clear and relevant.

• Concise Messages: Keep your emails concise and to the point.

• Proofread: Check your email for spelling and grammatical errors before sending.

• Use BCC: When sending emails to multiple recipients who don’t know each other, use BCC to protect their privacy.(black carbon copy)