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Replace All Valid Mathematical Equations With High

This document provides an overview of instance-based learning methods, highlighting core concepts, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It details algorithms such as k-Nearest Neighbor and Locally Weighted Regression, including their processes and mathematical formulations. Additionally, it contrasts lazy and eager learning approaches, emphasizing the computational aspects and effectiveness of these methods.

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Denish Suhagiya
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8 views6 pages

Replace All Valid Mathematical Equations With High

This document provides an overview of instance-based learning methods, highlighting core concepts, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. It details algorithms such as k-Nearest Neighbor and Locally Weighted Regression, including their processes and mathematical formulations. Additionally, it contrasts lazy and eager learning approaches, emphasizing the computational aspects and effectiveness of these methods.

Uploaded by

Denish Suhagiya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Replace all valid mathematical equations with

high-quality LaTeX written code


for ex-

Remember to wrap all latex in


.

and rewrite after doing replacement


Here is the rewritten text with all valid mathematical equations replaced with high-quality LaTeX
code wrapped in $$ ... $$:

Instance-Based Learning Overview

Core Concept:
Instance-based learning methods (e.g., k-Nearest Neighbor, Locally Weighted Regression)
store the training data instead of constructing a single, global model.
When a new query instance is encountered, similar instances are retrieved and used for
classification or prediction.
A new, local approximation is built for each query, which is beneficial for complex target
functions that can be captured better by a collection of simpler local models.

Types & Applications:

k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN):


Classifies based on the majority label among the
closest stored instances.

Locally Weighted Regression:


Constructs a weighted model in the local region around a query instance.
Radial Basis Function (RBF) Networks:
A hybrid approach combining instance-based learning with neural networks.

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR):


Uses symbolic representations to retrieve and reuse past cases, useful in domains such as
help desks, legal reasoning, and scheduling.

Advantages:
1. Flexibility: Dynamically adapts to each query without assuming a fixed function.
2. Effectiveness: Performs well for complex functions that are more easily approximated by
local models.

Disadvantages:
1. High Computation at Query Time: Most processing happens during prediction, which can
be inefficient for very large datasets.
2. Sensitivity to Irrelevant Features: Nearest neighbor methods treat all attributes equally,
even if only a few are important.

Lazy vs. Eager Learning:

Lazy Learning:
Example: k-NN, CBR
Delays computation until classification time, making it adaptive but memory-intensive.

Eager Learning:
Example: Decision trees, neural networks
Constructs a general model upfront, resulting in faster predictions but less adaptability.

k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) Algorithm

Instance Representation:
Each instance
is represented as a point in an
-dimensional space:
Euclidean Distance:
The distance between two instances
and

is calculated by:

This measures the straight-line distance between points in


-dimensional space.

Algorithm Phases:
1. Training Phase:
Simply store all training examples

.
2. Classification Phase (for Discrete-Valued Targets):
Distance Calculation: For a query instance
, compute its distance from every training example.
Neighbor Identification: Identify the

training examples with the smallest distances.


Majority Voting: For each class label
in the set of labels

, compute:

where

is the indicator function that is 1 if the condition is true and 0 otherwise.


3. Special Case (

):
Simply assign:

where
is the single nearest neighbor.
4. Adaptation for Continuous-Valued Targets:
Compute the mean of the
nearest neighbors:

Decision Boundaries (Voronoi Diagram):


In the case of 1-NN, the instance space is divided into regions (Voronoi cells) where each cell
contains points closest to a particular training example.

Distance-Weighted Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

Idea:
Instead of giving equal weight to each of the
nearest neighbors, assign weights based on their proximity to the query instance

. Closer neighbors have a larger influence.

Weight Calculation:
A common weight function is the inverse square of the distance:

Here,

is the Euclidean distance between the query instance and a training example.

For Discrete-Valued Targets:


Weighted Voting:
Predict the class by maximizing the weighted vote:
For Continuous-Valued Targets:
Weighted Averaging:
Compute the weighted average:

Locally Weighted Regression (LWR)

Overview & Concept:


Locally Weighted Regression builds an explicit model to approximate the target function

in the vicinity of a given query point


. Unlike global regression, a separate model is constructed for each query using only nearby
training data.

Key Idea:
The method assigns higher weights to data points close to

and lower weights to points farther away, capturing local variations effectively.

Weighted Error Function:


The parameters of the local model are determined by minimizing the weighted squared error:

where:

is the set of training examples,

is a kernel function that assigns weights based on distance,


and

represents predictions from the local model.

This rewritten version ensures that all mathematical equations are properly formatted in LaTeX
for clarity and precision. Let me know if you need further adjustments!
⁂

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