(1) Ans key-3 Therefore,

If two sources are coherent, then by tanθp=μ

definition, they maintain a constant phase =>θp=tan-1(μ)
difference over time. Therefore, positions =>θp=tan-1(1.48)
will not change with time and we will have
stable positions of maxima and minima. (3)Ans key-2
With coherent light sources, constructive We know that,
interference occurs when the waves are in Imax=(√I1+√I2)2
phase (in step), resulting in a maximum ImIn=(√I1-√I2)2
intensity, or maxima. Destructive Given,
interference occurs when the waves are out I1=I
of phase, leading to a minimum intensity, or I2=4I
minima. Therefore,
Imax-ImIn=(√I1+√I2)2-(√I1-√I2)2
(2)Ans key-1 =4√I1√I2
When a light ray incidents on a glass surface =4√I√4I
two things happens- =8I
1)Reflection-It will be completely polarised.
2)Refraction-Partially polarised. (4)Ans key-1
Wavelength,λ = 600 nm=600x10-9m
In YDSE,fringe width,
λD/d=(μ-1)t .D/d
Where,
λ=Wavelength,μ=Refractive index,
t=Thickness of mica=12 × 10-5 cm=12 ×10-7
m
(μ-1)=λ/t
=>μ=λ/t + 1
=>μ=600x10-9/(12 × 10-7 )+1
From the given figure,Brewster’s angle,
=>μ=0.5+1
tanθp=μ
=>μ=1.5
Where,μ=Refractive index
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Refractive index,μ=1.48
Young’s Experiment,
Pg.no.-362,numerical type Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica
l based
(5)Ans key-1
Fraunhofer diffraction: (7)Ans key-2
In this type of diffraction, both source and Given,
screen are effectively at an infinite distance I1/I2=n2
from the diffracting surface. =>I1=n2I2
In Fraunhofer diffraction, the plane Where,I1,I2=Intensity of light rays.
wavefront is incident on the slit. Imax=(√I1+√I2)2
=(√n2I2+√I2)2
=I2(√n2+1)2
Imin=(√I1-√I2)2
=(√n2I2-√I2)2
=I2(√n2-1)2
Tags-Diffraction,Pg.no.-367,numerical
(lmax +lmin)/(lmax - lmin)
based
=[I2(n+1)2+I2(n-1)2]/[I2(n+1)2-I2(n-1)2]
=2(n2+1)/4n.1
(6)Ans key-4
=(n2+1)/2n
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362
,numerical, type

(8)Ans key-4
If unpolarised light is passed through a
polaroid P1, its intensity will become half.
So,I1=I0/2, with vibrations parallel to the axis
From the given figure,Brewster angle, of P1.
tanθp=μ Now this light will pass through second
Where,μ=Refractive index polaroid P2 whose axis is inclined at an angle
Refractive index,μ=4/3 of 30∘ to the axis of P1 and with vibrations
tanθp=4/3 of I1. So in accordance with Malus law, the
θp=tan-1(4/3) intensity of light emerging from P2 will be
θp=cot-1(3/4) [tanθ=1/cotθ] I2=I1cos2300
=>I2=(I0/2)(√3/2)2
=>I2=⅜ I0 (10)Ans key-3
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica The path difference in the path of the
l based interfering beam due to the thin film is given
(9)Ans key-1 by,
(μ-1)t=nλ
Where,t=Thickness of the film
n=number of fringe shifted
Given,
μ=1.5
n=1
The thickness of the thin film can be
calculated as,
Streaks of red, blue, orange and green
(1.5-1)t=λ
colour are observed because of thin-film
=>t=λ/0.5
interference. It also happens in bubbles. If
=2λ
you blow a bubble and you observe it, you
Thus the thickness of the film is 2λ.
will see that there are colours in there.
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
When the light falls on the bubble, at one
Young’s Experiment,
point, there’s only one light ray and we need
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
multiple light rays to get interference. So,
when it hits the bubble surface a portion of
(11)Ans key-1
the light is bounced off the surface of the
Width of the slit,d=5cm
bubble or the soap film. So, it’s gonna reflect
Wavelength,λ=1cm
right back on top of itself. When the
We know, angular spread,
reflected ray and the other ray that
θ=λ/d
continues in the soap film overlap, our eyes
=⅕ radian
experience interference. The interference
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
might be constructive or destructive and we
Young’s Experiment,
might see different colours.
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
Hence we can now say that interference is
responsible for the colours appearing on a
(12)Ans key-2
thin soap film.
Given the angle of incidence,i=600
When the light ray is completely polarised,
then according to Brewster's formula,
tanθp=μ Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Where,θp=Brewster's angle Young’s Experiment,
μ=Refractive index of the medium Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
Therefore,
tan600=μ (15)Ans key-2
μ=√3 When,a1=a2=a(let say)
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica In YDSE
l based Then for maxima,
I∝(2a)2=4a2
(13)Ans key-3 For minima,
Slit width=d I∝0
λ=5500 Å=5.5×10-7 m Thus there is a good contrast between
0
θ=30 maxima and minima but
For first secondary minima , I∝a2 is not the reason for this.
dsinθn=λ Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
d=λ/sinθ=5.5×10-7/sin300=11×10-7m Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362,AR
For first secondary maxima, type
dsinθn=3λ/2
i.e. (16)Ans key-3
sinθ=3λ/2d=3×5.5×10-7/2×11×10-7 Width of the slit,d=10 ×10-5 cm
sinθ=¾ Wavelength,λ=5000Å =5 ×10-5 cm
θ=sin-1(¾) We know,angular spread,
θ=2λ/d
(14)Ans key-2 =2×5×10-5/10×10-5 radian
We know that,intensity, =1 radian
2
I∝1/r Tags-Diffraction,Pg.no.-367,numerical
Where,r=Angular separation between point based
source of light and screen
Therefore, (17)Ans key-4
ΔI/I×100=-(2Δr/r ×100) So in accordance with Malus law, the
ΔI/I×100=-2×0.5=-1% intensity of light emerging ,will be,
The intensity of light on the screen will I=I0cos2θ
decrease by 1% cos2θ=I/I0=½
cosθ=±1/√2
θ=450 or,1350 n=d/λ=2.5λ/λ=2.5
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica Hence,no.of minima formed=2n+1
l based =2×2.5+1=6
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
(18)Ans key-3 Young’s Experiment,
Refractive index, Pg.no.-362,numerical type
μ=vair/vmedium, 20)Ans key-3
Where, the velocity of light in air vair and
the velocity of light in another medium is
vmedium.
It has been said that the velocity of light air
is 3×108m.s-1 and that in water it is
2.25×108m.s-1.
Thus,the refractive index of water with
1)A convex lens is a converging lens in
respect to air is given by.
nature due to its geometry.
Refractive index,
2)As the wave passes through the lens, they
=> μ=vair/vmedium=3×108/2.25×108
converge towards the focus.
=4/3
So , the wave-front will be of the shape of
According to Brewester’s angle,
the converging spherical surfaces as the
tanθP=4/3
wave is refracted from the lens.
θP=tan-1(4/3)=530
Tags-HUYGENS PRINCIPLE,
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica
Pg.no.-353,concept based
l based

21)Ans key-3
19)Ans key-2
Given,
We know that for constructive path
y1 = 4 cosωt
difference,
y2 = 4cos(ωt + (2π/3))
Δx=nλ…(1)
Here the phase difference is,Φ=2π/3
If D>>d then Δx=dsinθ…(2)
Amplitude of both the waves are,
From (1) and (2) we have
A1=4
nλ=dsinθ
A2=4
n=dsinθ/λ
So the resultant amplitude is,
For a maximum value of n,sinθ should be
A=√42+42+2.4.4.cos2π/3
equal to 1.
 =√32+32×(-½) 3600 is x(cos2θ)avg=x/2
=√16 Hence, the intensity of light not transmitted
=4 is, x − x/2=x/2
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Young’s Experiment, Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type l based

22)Ans key-4 24)Ans key-4

Let the dark fringe is produced at a point Given, the wavelength,λ=5000 Å
just opposite to the slit S2 i.e y=d/2 Velocity,v=1.5 × 105 m/s
For dark fringe: y=(2n−1)λD/2d ,where The wavelength of the approaching star,
n=1,2,3,.......... λI/λ=1-(v/c)
⇒d/2=(2n−1)λD/2d v/c=1-(λI/λ)
⇒λ=d2/(2n−1)D =(λ-λI)/λ
For n=1, ⟹ λ=d2/D =Δλ/λ
The change in wavelength is,
23)Ans key-2 Δλ=λ×(v/c)
A Polarizing sheet transmits only the By Substituting the values,
component of light polarized along a =5000×[1.5×105/3×108]
particular direction and absorbs the =2.5 Å
component perpendicular to that direction.
Consider a light beam in the z direction 25)Ans key-3
incident on a Polaroid which has its In YDSE the fringe width is given by,
transmission axis in the y direction. On the β=λD/d
average, half of the incident light has its Where,λ=Wavelength of the incident light
polarization axis in the y direction and half D=distance between the source and the
in the x direction. Thus, half the intensity is screen
transmitted, and the transmitted light is d=Distance between the coherent sources
linearly polarized in the y direction. β∝D/d
Since the incident light is unpolarized, the As the distance between the slits is halved
intensity of transmitted light at an angle θ and distance between the slits and the
with respect to the polarizing axis is: screen is doubled,DI=2D,dI=d/2
I=I0cos2θ= xcos2θ βI = λ(2D)/(d/2)
Integrating over all angles between 00 and βI/β=2D/D×(d/d/2)=4
βI=4β 2.When monochromatic light is substituted
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and with white light in Young's double-slit
Young’s Experiment, experiment, the waves of each wavelength
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type generate their own interference patterns.
26)Ans key-2 The central fringe (where there is no path
We can calculate the intensity of the difference) will receive light from all
resultant wave, wavelengths simultaneously, resulting in
I=I1+I2+2√I1I2 cosΦ constructive interference. Thus, the central
In the given question the intensity of the 2 fringe will appear white.
waves are said to be equal and are denoted As the fringe dimension, that is, the
by I0, wavelength, increases, so do the colours
I1=I2= I0 designated by VIBGYOR, therefore certain
The frequency of the 2 waves are equal so colourful fringes are obtained in the order
we can write, of colour VIBGYOR on each side of it.
f1=f2=F The violet fringe appears first, followed by
In the question,we are given the phase the red. When the fringes of various
difference between the 2 waves is, colours overlap at every point on the
0
Φ=60 screen, the screen appears to be lighted
Let us consider the intensity of the resultant uniformly.
wave to be represented by I.Now Therefore, if we use white light instead of
substituting the given values in the given monochromatic light, the middle fringe is
formula we find the value of the intensity of white, with numerous colourful fringes on
the resultant wave as, either side in order VIBGYOR, while the
I=I0+I0+2√I0I0 cos600 rest of the screen seems uniformly
I=I0+I0+2√I0I0 x1/2 illuminated.
I=3I0 Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment,
Young’s Experiment, Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
28)Ans key-2
27)Ans key-4 Whenever a ray of light interacts with an
1. White light is made up of waves with a interface, some part of it is reflected, while
variety of wavelengths ranging from violet some part of it is refracted in the other
to red. medium. If the reflected ray is perpendicular
to the refracted ray only then will the Amplitude of both the waves are,
reflected ray be completely polarized. Let us A1=3A
start by drawing a diagram of this situation. A2=2A
So the resultant amplitude is,
AR2=9A2+4A2+2.3A2A.cosπ/3
AR2=13A2+12A2.1/2
AR2=13A2+6A2=19A2
IR∝AR2
Therefore, IR∝19A2
Tags-Coherent and Incoherent
As we can see, for the refracted ray to be Addition of Waves,Pg.no.-360,
perpendicular to the reflected ray, the numerical based
refracted ray must form an angle of 30 with
∘

the normal. 30)Ans key-1

Using Snell’s’ law we can write, Given,
μ1sinθ1=μ2sinθ2 Critical angle,ic=370
Since the first medium is air,we can write, sin370=1/μ
1xsin600=μ2sin300 Where,μ=Refractive index
1×√3/2=μ2x1/2 ⅗=1/μ
Therefore,μ2=√3 μ=5/3
Now that we know the refractive index of Brewster's angle,
the second medium, if the ray of light is tanip=μ
incident at 37∘, the angle of refraction can taniP=5/3
be calculated using Snell’s law as iP=tan-1(5/3)
1.sin370=√3sinθ Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica
Which gives us, l based
sinθ=3/5/√3
θ=sin-1(√3/5) 31)Ans key-4
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica
l based

29)Ans key-3
Given,
Phase difference is,Φ=π/3
 phase and their amplitudes add up. The path
difference between the two waves
determines whether constructive or
destructive interference occurs at a
particular point.
Let's say the wavelength of the waves from
sources S1 and S2 is λ. - If the path difference
Wavefront: The locus of all particles in a between the two waves is λ/2, the peak of
medium, vibrating in the same phase is one wave will align with the trough of the
called wavefront. other wave at point P, resulting in
The direction of propagation of light (ray of destructive interference. - If the path
light) is perpendicular to the waveFront. difference is λ, the peaks and troughs of the
Every point on the given wavefront acts as a waves will align at point P, resulting in
source of a new disturbance called constructive interference.
secondary wavelets which travel in all In the given question,the path difference is
directions with the velocity of light in the nλ, (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...),therefore it will be a
medium. constructive interference pattern.
A surface touching these secondary Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
wavelets tangentially in the forward Young’s Experiment,
direction at any instant gives the new Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
wavefront at that instant. This is called a
secondary wavefront. 33)Ans key-1
The speed with which the wavefront moves In interference and diffraction, light energy
outward from the source is called the phase is redistributed. If it reduces in one region,
speed. The energy of the wave travels in a producing a dark fringe, it increases in
direction perpendicular to the wavefront. another region, producing a bright fringe.
the type of wavefront from a point source There is no gain or loss of energy, which is
will be a spherical wavefront. consistent with the principle of
Tags-HUYGENS PRINCIPLE,Pg.no.- conservation of energy.
353,concept based Therefore we can say,both Assertion and
reason are true and reason is the correct
32)Ans key-1 explanation of assertion.
Constructive interference occurs when the Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
waves from two coherent sources are in Young’s Experiment,
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type We know that in a YDSE experiment,
Fringe width,
34)Ans key-2 β=λD/d
I=I0cos2θ [Where,I0=Intensity of the Where,λ=Wavelength of the incident light
incident light,I=intensity of the transmitted D=distance between the source and the
light] screen
I=I0cos245o d=Distance between the coherent sources
I=I0(√1/2)2 Therefore,
I=I0/2 β∝1/d
Hence the intensity of the polarized light Therefore, the graph between them will be
=I0/2 a rectangular hyperbola.
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
l based Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362,
Graphical type
35)Ans key-4
We know that path difference, 37)Ans key-3
Δx=(μ-1)t Given,amplitude of two waves,
Where,μ=Refractive index,t=Thickness of A1=A
the substance introduced in the path. A2=2A
Given,λ = 5000 Å=5000x10-10 m=5x10-7 m We know,intensity of light,
Therefore,phase difference, I=(A1)2+(A2)2+2A1A2cosΦ
ΔΦ=2π/λ×Δx=2π/λ(μ-1)t Maximum intensity of light,
=2π/(5x10-7) ×(1.5-1)×1.5×10-6 Imax=I0=(A1)2+(A2)2+2A1A2
=3π Putting the values of A1 and A2 we get
I=2I0+2I0cosΔΦ [Where,I0=Intensity of the Imax=I0=A2+4A2+4A2
incident light,I=intensity of the transmitted =5A2+4A2
light] I0 =9A2
I=0 A2=I0/9
{cos3π=-1} Intensity at any point,
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and I=(A)2+(2A)2+4A2cosΦ
Young’s Experiment, I=5A2+4A2cosΦ
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type I=A2(5+4cosΦ)
I=I0/9(5+4cosΦ)
36)Ans key-2
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and I/I0=¾
Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362, Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
numerical type Young’s Experiment,
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type
38)Ans key-1
We know, 40)Ans key-3
Fringe shift=(μ-1)tD/d Given,Ratio of amplitude,
Where,μ=Refractive index A1:A2=3:5
D=distance between the source and the We know,
screen I∝A2
d=Distance between the coherent sources Therefore,
t=Thickness of the inserted substance. I1/I2=9/25
For 4th bright fringe=4λD/d Imax/Imin=(√I1+√I2)2/(√I1-√I2)2
Equating both the equation we get, =(3+5)2/(3-5)2
(μ-1)tD/d=4λD/d =16/1
t=4λ/(μ-1) Imax:Imin=16:1
Given, Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
μ=1.5 Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362,
λ=6000 Å=6000×10-10m=6×10-7m numerical type
t=4×6×10-7/(1.5-1)
t=48×10-7=4.8×10-6=4.8 μm 41)Ans key-3
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and In Fraunhofer diffraction,
Young’s Experiment, For minima in diffraction,
Pg.no.-362,numerical, type Δx=nλ
Where,
39)Ans key-4 λ=Wavelength of the incident ray
Given,path difference,Δx=λ/6 For first minima,
Therefore,path difference, Δx=λ
ΔΦ=2π/λ×Δx=2π/λ×λ/6=π/3 Therefore,phase difference,
2
I=I0cos (Φ/2) [Where,I0=Intensity of the ΔΦ=2π/λ×Δx
incident light,I=intensity of the transmitted =2π/λ×λ
light,Φ=phase difference) =2π
2
I=I0cos (π/6) Tags-Diffraction,Pg.no.-367,numerical
I=I0x3/4 based
 Where,λ=Wavelength of the incident light
42)Ans key-2 D=distance between the source and the
When AB wavefront passes through glass, screen
its velocity is reduced, i.e. d=Distance between the coherent sources
vglass=vair/μg [where,μg=Refractive index of We know,
glass] λw=λair/μw
If point C is considered at middle of the λw=λ/4/3=3λ/4
convex lens then,As points A and B remain So,from the fringe width relation we can say,
in glass for a short duration, they move for β∝λ
a larger distance and C covers a small =>β1/βw=λ1/λw
distance as it remains in glass for a longer =>0.4/βw=λ/(3λ/4)
duration (the middle portion of glass is =>βw=0.3mm
thick) and finally there will be a new Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
position of the new wavefront. It is concave Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362,
in shape. numerical, type

45)Ans key-1
If angle is very less than,
Sinθ ≈ θ
asinθ=(2n+1)λ/2
Tags-HUYGENS =(2×1+1)λ/2
PRINCIPLE,Pg.no.-353,concept based aθ =3λ/2
θ=3λ/2a=3×600×10-9/(2×0.25×10-3)
43)Ans key-2 =3.6×10-3 rad
If source S is shifted by an angle ϕ, as optical Tags-Diffraction,Pg.no.-367,numerical
path of lower slit is increased. based
Therefore, the fringe pattern shifts
downwards. 46)Ans key-4
For the third maxima in air, the path
44)Ans key-4 difference is given by:
Fringe width,β=0.4mm
μw=4/3 For the third minima in water, the path
We know that, difference is given by:
β=λD/d
However, since the light is passing through In case of constructive interference, we
water, we must account for the refractive have the relation for the distance between
index of water, which slows down the light. the two fringes are,
The wavelength of light in water is given by: β=nλD/d
Where,
n=order of the fringes=4
Given that the refractive index of water is
Where,λ=Wavelength of the incident light
the wavelength in water
D=distance between the source and the
becomes:
screen
d=Distance between the coherent sources
Now, we can express the path difference λ=βd/nD
for the third minima in terms of the =1.5×10-2×0.2×10-3/(4×1)
wavelength in water: =7500 Å
Path difference for third minima in Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
water=5/2.λw=5/2×3/4λ Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362,
The ratio of the path difference for the numerical, type
third maxima in air to the third minima in
water is then: 48)Ans key-2
According to Brewster's formula,
tanip=μ
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Where,
Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362,
μ=Refractive index
numerical, type
ip=Brewster's angle
ip=tan-1(√3)
47)Ans key-3
=600
Distance between the
Tags-Polarisation,Pg.no.-376,numerica
silts,d=0.20mm=0.2×10-3m
l based
Distance between the slits and the
screen,D=1m
49)Ans key-1
Distance between the central fringe and the
fourth(n=4) bright fringe
β=1.5cm=1.5×10-2m
Given: 51. Answer : 2
x=5λ
From the given data and diagram, we Explanation: Nb and Ta have similar atomic
observed that, at the end of vertical and ionic sizes due to lanthanide
diameter , zeroth maxima (Δx=0) is contraction affecting the elements in the
obtained, and at the end of horizontal same group but different periods.
diameter , 5th maxima (Δx=5λ) is obtained. [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
Hence, there are 4 maxima in each elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
quadrant. TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
∴ Total maxima or maximum intensity high , MCQ ;NCERT Page no 235]
=(4×4)+4=20
Hence, option (1) is correct.
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and
Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362, 52. Answer: 1
numerical, type Explanation:
The correct matching is:
50)Ans key-3 A-(iii) Manganese
Wavelengths for which the maxima B-(iv) Zinc
obtained at the pole has the maximum C-(i) Scandium
intensity on passing. D-(ii) Copper
So,fringe width,
Δx=nλD/d •In 3d-series, Manganese reveals maximum
λ=Δxd/nD number of oxidation states i.e., (+2 to+7)
=1×10-3×0.5×10-3/(n×50×10-2) •Zinc atom has completely filled d-orbitals
-6
=1×10 /n in its ground state as well as in its oxidized
=1000nm/n state, hence it is not regarded as a
n=1,λ=1000nm {not in the transition element.
range} •Scandium shows only one oxidation state
n=2,λ=500nm i.e., +3.
Tags-Interference of Light Waves and •Cu+ undergoes a disproportionation
Young’s Experiment,Pg.no.-362, reaction in aqueous solution.
numerical, type 2Cu+(aq) ⟶ Cu2+(aq) +
Cu(s)
[Class 12,Unit 8,D and F block under certain conditions. For
elements,Match the following, example, cerium can exhibit +4
Difficulty :high ,Pyq 2024,NEET 2020, oxidation state in cerium (IV)
NCERT Concept Based: NCERT Page compounds.
no 222-223] ●Coordination chemistry: In
coordination compounds,
lanthanoids can also display
oxidation states other than +3
53. Answer: (1) depending on the ligands and
Explanation: the coordination environment.
Lanthanoids can show +2 or +4 oxidation [Class 12,Unit 8,D and F block
states in solution or in solid compounds. elements,PYQ NEET-2020 , Direct
Most common oxidation state of from NCERT lines, Statement type,
Lanthanoids is +3. NCERT Page no 222-223]

●Variability in oxidation states: 54. Ans: 2

Lanthanoids exhibit a range of Explanation: Elements with atomic numbers
oxidation states, not just +3. 39 to 48 belong to the 4d transition series.
While +3 is the most common [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
oxidation state, they can also elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
exhibit other oxidation states TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : low
such as +2 and +4. , MCQ type;NCERT Page no 216-217]
●Electronic configurations: Due 55. Ans:1
to the presence of f-orbitals, Explanation: When potassium permanganate
lanthanoids have complex (KMnO₄) is treated with concentrated
electronic configurations that sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), it forms manganese
allow them to achieve different heptoxide (Mn₂O₇). The reaction can be
oxidation states by either losing represented as follows:
or gaining electrons. 2KMnO4+2H2SO4→Mn2O7+
●Stability of other oxidation H2O+ 2 KHSO4
states: Some lanthanoids, Manganese heptoxide (Mn₂O₇) is a highly
especially those with partially reactive and explosive compound. When
filled f-orbitals, can stabilize heated, it decomposes explosively to form
oxidation states other than +3
manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and oxygen gas high , Reaction based;NCERT Page no
(O₂): 235-236 ]
2Mn2O7 →4MnO2+3O2
Thus, the compounds X and Y are: 57. Answer : 3
● X: Mn₂O₇ (manganese heptoxide)
● Y: MnO₂ (manganese dioxide) 1. Ce⁴⁺ (Cerium 4+)
The correct answer is (1) Mn₂O₇, MnO₂. ○ Electronic configuration: [Xe]
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block 4f⁰
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ○ Does not act as a reducing
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : agent (it is already in a high
high , Reaction based;NCERT Page no oxidation state).
: 232-233 ] 2. Lu³⁺ (Lutetium 3+)
○ Electronic configuration: [Xe]
56. Answer: 2 4f¹⁴
○ Does not act as a reducing
Explanation : The lanthanoids (or agent (it is in a stable
lanthanides) are a group of elements in the oxidation state).
periodic table with atomic numbers from 57 3. Eu²⁺ (Europium 2+)
(lanthanum) to 71 (lutetium). These ○ Electronic configuration: [Xe]
elements typically form compounds where 4f⁷
they have an oxidation state of +3. When a ○ Acts as a reducing agent (it
lanthanoid element reacts with sulfur, the can easily lose another
reaction generally proceeds to form the electron to become Eu³⁺).
sesquisulfide (Ln₂S₃), which is consistent 4. Ce4⁺ (Cerium 4+)
with the +3 oxidation state. ○ Electronic configuration: [Xe]
The reaction can be represented as follows: 4f⁰
2Ln+3S→Ln2S3 ○ Can act as a oxidising agent .
Therefore, the compound obtained when a In summary: Eu²⁺ acts as a reducing
lanthanoid element is heated with sulfur is agent.
Ln₂S₃.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
high , MCQ;NCERT Page no 235-236 59. Ans: (2)
] Explanation: Hassium (Hs) is a d-block
58. Answer: (1) element as it belongs to the 7th period
transition metals.
Explanation: [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
Although the 5f orbitals resemble the 4f elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
orbitals in their angular part of the TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
wave-function, they are not as buried as 4f Difficulty : high , MCQ ;NCERT Page
orbitals and hence 5f electrons are less no 216]
firmly held in actinoids. ]

●The assertion states that ionization

enthalpies for early actinides are 60. Answer : (2)
lower than that for early Explanation :
lanthanoids. Let's analyze each pair:
This is true because in the actinide (a) Cu²⁺ and Cr²⁺
series, the 5f electrons experience ● Cu: Atomic number = 29
poor shielding from the nucleus ○ Electron configuration: [Ar]
compared to the 4f electrons in the 3d¹⁰ 4s¹
lanthanide series, leading to easier ○ Cu²⁺ loses 2 electrons: [Ar]
removal of electrons and lower 3d⁹
ionization enthalpies. ● Cr: Atomic number = 24
●The reason explains that the 5f ○ Electron configuration: [Ar]
electrons are 3d⁵ 4s¹
more effectively shielded from the ○ Cr²⁺ loses 2 electrons: [Ar]
nuclear charge than the 4f electrons 3d⁴
of the corresponding lanthanoids. ● Conclusion: Different configurations:
●This is true because the additional Cu²⁺ is [Ar] 3d⁹, Cr²⁺ is [Ar] 3d⁴
electron shell in actinides provides (b) Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺
better shielding for the 5f electrons, ● Fe: Atomic number = 26
resulting in lower ionization ○ Electron configuration: [Ar]
enthalpies compared to the 3d⁶ 4s²
lanthanoids. ○ Fe³⁺ loses 3 electrons: [Ar]
3d⁵
 ● Mn: Atomic number = 25 The only pair with the same electronic
○ Electron configuration: [Ar] configuration is Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺, both having
3d⁵ 4LINES the configuration [Ar] 3d⁵.
○ loses 2 electrons: [Ar] 3d⁵ Therefore, the correct answer is (b) Fe³⁺,
● Conclusion: Same configuration: Mn²⁺.
Both Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ are [Ar] 3d⁵ [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
(c) Co³⁺ and Ni³⁺ elements, Electronic
● Co: Atomic number = 27 configuration,Lanthanides Difficulty : high
○ Electron configuration: [Ar] , MCQ;NCERT Page no 220 ]
3d⁷ 4s²
○ Co³⁺ loses 3 electrons: [Ar]
3d⁶
● Ni: Atomic number = 28 61. Answer: (b)
○ Electron configuration: [Ar] Explanation: Lanthanide contraction reduces
3d⁸ 4s² the size of Hf, making it almost identical to
○ Ni³⁺ loses 3 electrons: [Ar] Zr in terms of atomic and ionic radii.
3d⁷
● Conclusion: Different configurations: [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
Co³⁺ is [Ar] 3d⁶, Ni³⁺ is [Ar] 3d⁷ elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
(d) Sc³⁺ and Cr³⁺ TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
● Sc: Atomic number = 21 Difficulty : low , Statement:NCERT
○ Electron configuration: [Ar] Page no 220 -221]
3d¹ 4s²
○ Sc³⁺ loses 3 electrons: [Ar] 62. Answer : (2)
● Cr: Atomic number = 24 Explanation: Regular increase in ionisation
○ Electron configuration: [Ar] enthalpy makes it harder for elements to
3d⁵ 4s¹ lose electrons and participate in reactions
○ Cr³⁺ loses 3 electrons: [Ar] making the reactivity of transition elements
3d³ decreasing from Sc to Cu.
● Conclusion: Different configurations: [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
Sc³⁺ is [Ar], Cr³⁺ is [Ar] 3d³ elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
Conclusion TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
Difficulty : high, Statement ;NCERT
Page no 220 -221]
 the high second ionization energy,
making Cu2+ more stable in solution.

63. Answer: (4)

Explanation: The last element of the third
transition series is actually Hg, not Cd. [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF Difficulty : high, Statement;NCERT
TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides Page no 221-222]
Difficulty : high, Statement ;NCERT
Page no 221-222]

64. 65. Answer : (4)

Answer : (2) Explanation:
Explanation: ● CrO2Cl2: In CrO2Cl2 (Chromium
● Copper can exist in both Cu+ and oxychloride), chromium is in the +6
Cu2+ oxidation states. However, Cu+ oxidation state. Here's how:
is not stable in aqueous solutions. ○ Oxygen (O) typically has an
● The second ionization energy of oxidation state of -2.
copper is relatively high because ○ Chlorine (Cl) typically has an
removing a second electron from oxidation state of -1.
Cu+ requires a significant amount of ○ Using these rules and
energy. considering the compound's
● Despite this high second ionization overall charge neutrality,
energy, the Cu2+ ion is stabilized in chromium (Cr) in CrO2Cl2 is
aqueous solution because the in the +6 oxidation state.
hydration energy (the energy [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
released when ions are solvated by elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
water molecules) of Cu2+ is much TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
more negative (larger in magnitude) Difficulty : high, MCQ;NCERT Page no
than that of Cu+. This large 222-2223
hydration energy compensates for
 TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
66. Answer:(4) Difficulty : high,Statement:NCERT
Explanation: Page no 228-229]
● Cu, Cu²+: Cu²+ is more stable than
Cu because it has a higher positive
charge, which is more stable in 68. Answer : 4
aqueous solution. Explanation:
● Cr²+, Cr³+: Cr³+ is more stable ● Magnetic Moment: Magnetic
than Cr²+ because chromium moment is related to the number of
prefers to attain a +3 oxidation state unpaired electrons.
due to stability reasons. ● Fe²+: Iron ion (Fe²+) has four
● V²+, VO²+: VO²+ is more stable unpaired electrons in its 3d orbitals,
than V²+ because vanadium giving it the highest magnetic
commonly exists in higher oxidation moment among the options
states. provided.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
Difficulty : high,Statement:NCERT Difficulty : high,MCQ;:NCERT Page no
Page no 222-2223 228-229]

67. Answer : (1)

Explanation: 69. Ans : 3
● Cu²+: Copper ion (Cu²+) has an
electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d⁹. Explanation: Zn²+ has a fully filled d10
It has one unpaired electron in the d configuration, making it colourless due to
orbital, making it paramagnetic. no d-d transitions.
● Zn²+: Zinc ion (Zn²+) has an [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
electronic configuration of [Ar] 3d¹⁰. elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
All the d orbitals are fully filled, TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
resulting in no unpaired electrons Difficulty : high, Statement;NCERT
and thus diamagnetism. Page no 229]
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block 70. Ans : 4
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
Explanation: Lawrencium is synthetic and potassium hydroxide and subsequent
not found naturally. oxidation.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block ● Other Options:
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ○ Na₂CrO₄ (Sodium chromate)
TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Actinides: is not directly used in the
Difficulty : low , MCQ;NCERT Page no preparation of K₂Cr₂O₇.
237] ○ CrO₅ (Chromium pentoxide)
and CrO₃ (Chromium
71. Answer : 3 trioxide) are not
Explanation: intermediates in the
● Cr₂O₇²⁻ (Dichromate ion): synthesis of K₂Cr₂O₇.
Dichromate ion is a strong oxidizing ● Conclusion: Therefore, the correct
agent in acidic medium. answer is (3) FeCr₂O₄.
● VO²⁺ (Vanadium(II) ion):
Vanadium(II) ion is a moderate
oxidizing agent. ●
● Order Analysis: Cr₂O₇²⁻ is a
stronger oxidizing agent compared [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
to VO²⁺. Therefore, the correct elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
answer is (3) VO²⁺ < Cr₂O₇²⁻. TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block Difficulty : high, MCQ;NCERT Page no
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF 231]
TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
Difficulty : high, MCQ;NCERT Page no 73. Answer :4
229] Explanation:
● Lanthanoid Electronic Configuration:
The lanthanoid series corresponds
72. Answer : 3 to the filling of the 4f subshell. The
Explanation: general electronic configuration for
● K₂Cr₂O₇ (Potassium Dichromate): lanthanoid elements is:
This compound is commonly ○ [Xe] 4f1-14 5d0-1 6s²
prepared from chromite ore [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
(FeCr₂O₄) by roasting with elements,,Lanthanides electronic
configuration, Difficulty : high, series, which involves the filling of 4f
MCQ;NCERT Page no 216] orbitals rather than d-orbitals.

74. Answer : 3 [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block

elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
Explanation:The magnetic moment (μ) in TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
Bohr Magnetons (B.M.) can be calculated Difficulty : high, MCQ:;NCERT Page
using the formula: no 216]
​
µ = 𝑛(𝑛 + 2) 77. Answer : (3)
For a magnetic moment of 24 B.M., solving Explanation:
for 'n' gives us 4 unpaired electrons. Given
the atomic number is 26 (Iron), in the
oxidation state of +2, the ion Fe+2 has 4
unpaired electrons.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
Difficulty : high, Numerical bsed : elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
NCERT Page no 237] TRANSITION ELEMENTS,Lanthanides
Difficulty : high, MCQ NCERT Page no
237]
75. Answer : (3) 78. Answer : (4)
Explanation: General configuration of Explanation : (d) Most of the transition
transition elements is (n-1)d 1-10, ns1-2 metal compounds (ionic as well as covalent)
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block are coloured both in the solid state and in
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF aqueous solution in contrast to the
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : compounds of s and p-block elements due
high, MCQ;NCERT Page no 216] to the presence of incomplete d-subshell.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
76. Answer : (c) Ce TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
EXplanation: Cerium (Ce) is not a transition high, MCQ;NCERT Page no 229]
element because it is part of the lanthanide
79. Answer : 2

Explanation : Zinc and mercury have their d 82. Answer : (d)

orbitals completely filled so they do not Explanation:
show any variable valency. ● In Cu⁺ [Ar]3d10, there is no unpaired
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block electron.
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ● Cu²⁺ [Ar]3d9 contains one unpaired
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : electron, hence it is coloured.
high, MCQNCERT Page no 220 [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
80. Answer : (1) TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
Explanation : Transition elements form high, Statement;NCERT Page no 229]
coloured ions due to d-d transitions. In the
presence of ligands, there is splitting of 83. Answer : (3)
energy levels of d-orbitals. They no longer Explanation:
remain degenerate. So, electronic transition Due to d5 configuration, Mn has exactly
may occur between two d-orbitals. The half-filled d-orbitals. As a result, the
required amount of energy to do this is electronic configuration is stable, which
obtained by absorption of light of a means 3d electrons are more tightly held by
particular wavelength in the region of visible the nucleus, reducing the delocalization of
light. electrons and resulting in weaker metallic
bonding.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block The half-filled 3d subshell results in a
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF specific arrangement that doesn't favor
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : strong metallic bonding.
high, Statement;NCERT Page no 229] [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
81. Answer : (4) TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
Explanation : Ti⁴⁺ (3d) and Zn²⁺ (3d¹⁰) are high, MCQNCERT Page no 218]
colourless.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block 84. Answer : (3)
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF Explanation:
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : The assertion is correct, but the reason is
high, MC;NCERT Page no 229] false. Actually, transition metals show
variable valency due to the very small ● Ti – (+2), (+3), (+4)
2
energy difference between the ns and ● Cr – (+2), (+3), (+4), (+5),
(n−1)d electrons. (+6)
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block ● Mn – (+2), (+3), (+4), (+5),
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF (+6), (+7)
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : Thus, the order is:
high, Assertion Reason;NCERT Page Sc < Ti < Cr < Mn
no 217] [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
85. Answer- (1) 1 TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
high, Assertion Reason;;NCERT Page
Explanation: no 229]
(a) Electronic configurations and
unpaired electrons: 86. Answer: (2)
● V = 3d34s2; V²⁺ = 3d3= 3
unpaired electrons Explanation:
5 1 4
● Cr = 3d 4s ; Cr²⁺ = 3d = 4 La³⁺: 54 electrons = [Xe]
unpaired electrons Ti³⁺: 19 electrons = [Ar]3d1
● Mn = 3d54s2; Mn²⁺ = 3d5 = 5 (Coloured)
unpaired electrons Lu³⁺: 68 electrons = [Xe]4f14
● Fe = 3d64s2; Fe²⁺ = 3d6 = 4 Sc³⁺: 18 electrons = [Ar]
unpaired electrons [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
Hence, the correct order of elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
paramagnetic behaviour is: TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
V²⁺ < Cr²⁺ = Fe²⁺ < Mn²⁺ high, MCQ;;NCERT Page no 229]
(b) For the same oxidation state, the
ionic radii generally decrease as the
atomic number increases in a 87. Answer: (1)
particular transition series. Hence
the order is: Explanation: (a) The ionisation energies
Mn²⁺ > Fe²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Ni²⁺ increases with increase in atomic number.
(c) / (d) Oxidation states of However, the trend is some irregular among
elements: d-block elements. On the basis of electronic
● Sc – (+2), (+3) configuration, the
 90. Answer: (4)
2 2 6 2 6 10 2
Zn: 1s ,2s 2p ,3s 3p 3d 4s
Fe: 1s2,2s22p6,3s23p63d64s2 Explanation: (d) Mischmetal is an alloy
Cu: 1s2,2s22p6,3s23p63d104s1 which contains rare earth elements
2 2 6 2 6 5 1
Cr: 1s ,2s 2p ,3s 3p 3d 4s (94-95%)95% lanthanides , iron (5%) and
traces of sulphur, carbon, silicon, calcium
IE1 follows the order: Zn> Fe > Cu > Cr and aluminium. It is used in gas lighters,
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block tracer bullets and shells.
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : elements, Lanthanoid and Actinide
high, Statements;;NCERT Page no application, Difficulty : high,
219] Statements;NCERT Page no 230]

88. Answer: (3)

91. Answer: (3)
Explanation: (c) Metallic bond made by
elements with d5 configuration is weaker Explanation: (c) Thorium can show normally
(Mn) than that with d³ configuration (V). +4 oxidation state whereas Mn and Cr can
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block show large number of O.S., Np belong to 5f
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF series and shows variable O.S.
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
high, Statements;;NCERT Page no 220 elements, Some important compounds of
d and f block elements, Difficulty : high,
MCQ;NCERT Page no 222]]
89. Explanation: (3) Lanthanide contraction
results into decrease in atomic and ionic
radii. 92. Answer: (2)
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, Lanthanoid and Actinide, Explanation: (b) As a result of lanthanide
Difficulty : high, Statements;NCERT contraction Zr4+ and Hf4+ possess almost
Page no 219] the same ionic radii. Ce+4 is an oxidising
agent. Ce+4 gains electron to acquire more
stable Ce³+state. La(OH), is the most basic
among lanthanide hydroxides.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block Explanation: (a) Ce³+ = [Xe] 4f¹; Ce4+ =
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF [Xe] 4f° Thus, statement (ii) and (iii) are
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : correct.
high, MCQNCERT Page no 222]] [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
93. Answer: (a) high, MCQNCERT Page no 222]]

Explanation: (a) La doesn't have partially

filled f-orbital.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block 96. Answer :4
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF Explanation:
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : B2​has two unpaired electrons in the π2px​
high, StatementNCERT Page no 216] and π2py​molecular orbitals, making it
paramagnetic in nature.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
94. Answer: (b) elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
Explanation: (b) The main reason for high, MCQ NCERT Page no 222]
exhibiting larger number of oxidation states
by actinoids as compared to lanthanoids is
lesser energy difference between 5f and 6d 97. Answer : C
orbitals as compared to that between 4f and Explanation : The +4 oxidation state of
5d orbitals. cerium is not known in solutions.
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
high, MCQNCERT Page no 222]] high, MCQ NCERT Page no 230]

98. Answer: 4
Explanation : The assertion is false because
95. Answer: (a) La³+ and Lu³+ ions are not colored; they
are colourless due to the absence of
partially filled f-orbitals.
The reason is true because the color in [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
lanthanoid ions is indeed due to the elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
presence of f-electrons in ions where the 4f TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
orbitals are partially filled medium, Magnetic Properties.

100. Answer: 1
[Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block Explanation : When lanthanoids form
elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF halides with halogens (X), such as fluorine
TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty : (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine
high, Assertion Reason NCERT Page (I), the most common oxidation state is +3.
no 222] As a result, the formula for the halides of
lanthanoids is LnX₃.
99. Answer- C The general reaction can be represented as
Explanation: The d-d transition is shown by follows:
the partially filled dorbitals and the no. of Ln+3X→LnX3
unpaired electrons in that d orbitals give the This formula indicates that each lanthanoid
paramagnetism. Detailed explanation: d-d atom is bonded to three halogen atoms.
transition - It is the excitation of Therefore, the correct formula for a halide
d-electrons from lower energy d-orbitals to of a lanthanoid is LnX3
high energy dorbitals by absorbing a suitable [Class 12, Unit 8, D and F block
wavelength of energy. Paramagnetic elements, GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
complexes - The complexes having unpaired TRANSITION ELEMENTS, Difficulty :
electrons and are weakly attracted by the high , Reaction basedNCERT Page no
external magnetic field are called 235-236 ] ]
paramagnetic substances. So, the number of
unpaired electrons is responsible for the PART 1
paramagnetism in the complexes. MnO4 -2 SECTION A
= Mn+6= [Ar]3d1 unpaired electron = 1,
hence it is paramagnetic. an unpaired 101. Sol. Answer (2)
electron is present so d–d transition is It states that life transfers from one planet
possible. to other in the form of spore, sperms or
seeds.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND Alfred Wallace worked on Malay
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN Archipelago.
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION,
FROM NCERT LINES EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS – A
THEORY, PAGE NO-112-113, FILL IN
102. Sol. Answer (1) THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
Chemoheterotrophs depend on organic FROM NCERT LINES
chemicals to obtain energy.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND 106. Sol. Answer (3)
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN Darwinian variations are small and
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN directional. According to Hugo de Vries,
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT mutations are large and can occur in any
FROM NCERT LINES direction.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
103. Sol. Answer (1) EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
Life originated in water. OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN FROM NCERT LINES
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT 107. Sol. Answer (1)
FROM NCERT LINES Triceratops was land dinosaur. Ichthyosaur
was fish like giant reptile. Pteranodon is
104. Sol. Answer (3) extinct flying reptile.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND PAGE NO--121-124, FILL IN THE
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN FROM NCERT LINES
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
FROM NCERT LINES 108. Sol. Answer (3)
Fish like giant reptiles = Ichthyosaurs
105. Sol. Answer (3) evolved around 200 million years ago.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A FROM NCERT LINES
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION,
PAGE NO--121-124, FILL IN THE 111. Sol. Answer (4)
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT Analogous organs are anatomically different
FROM NCERT LINES and functionally similar
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
109. Sol. Answer (1) EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
Seed ferns originated in Carboniferous ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
period. EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION,
PAGE NO--121-124, FILL IN THE 112. Sol. Answer (2)
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT Palaeontology refers to study of fossils.
FROM NCERT LINES Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
110. Sol. Answer (4) ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
The dinosaurs descended from Thecodonts EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
ancestors. FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES

113. Sol. Answer (4)

Small black birds, studied by Darwin at
Galapagos islands.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE
NO-116-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A LINES
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION,
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE
114. Sol. Answer (4) Marsupial and placental
mammals show convergent evolution.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE
NO-116-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
LINES

115. Sol. Answer (3) Adaptive radiation

refers to the process of evolution of
different species in a given geographical area Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
starting from a point and literally radiating EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
to other areas of geography. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE LINES
NO-116-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS
TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT 118. Sol. Answer (4) Difference in the
BASED values of measured and expected allelic
frequencies indicate that evolution has
116. Sol. Answer (2) e.g., Placental and occurred.
Marsupial mammals. Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT
NO-116-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT LINES
BASED
119. Sol. Answer (2) Some of the land
117. Sol. Answer (3) reptiles went back into the water 200
million years ago and converted into fish
like reptiles.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND 123. Sol. Answer (1) Homo habilis 650 -
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A 800 cc.
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
FROM NCERT LINES NO-124-125, STATEMENT TYPE,
EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
120. Sol. Answer (2) It was biggest dinosaur,
about 20 ft. in height. 124. Sol. Answer (3) Evolution may be
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND progressive or retrogressive. Degeneration
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A and loss of organs is retrogressive.
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN
FROM NCERT LINES THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
FROM NCERT LINES
121. Sol. Answer (3) First seed plants (seed
ferns) were seen in carboniferous period. 125. Sol. Answer (1)
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND Appendix- It is one of the most commonly
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A known vestigial organs. This finger-like tube
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, closed at one end arises from the
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE vermiform process. In prime ancestors, the
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT appendix is believed to have brought about
FROM NCERT LINES the digestion of cellulose. Today, scientists
predict that the appendix may play a role in
122. Sol. Answer (2) Origin of mammal-like digestion by bacteria.
reptiles occurred in Permian period Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
FROM NCERT LINES
126. Sol. Answer (1) Haeckel stated Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
ontogeny repeats phylogeny. EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES 130. Sol. Answer (2) The fish caught was
named Latimeria and is considered as
127. Sol. Answer (4) connecting link between fishes and
Paleozoic - Pernian, Carboniferous, amphibians.
Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian. Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Mesozoic - Cretaceous, Triassic, Jurassic EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
Cenozoic - Tertiary, Quaternary ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT 131. Sol. Answer (1) Australopithecines
FROM NCERT LINES probably lived in the East African grasslands.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
128. Sol. Answer (1) Equilibrium is not EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
disturbed if there is random mating among AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
people of the population. NO-124-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , LINES
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT 132. Sol. Answer (3) Biogenetic law
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny by Ernst
LINES Haeckel.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
129. Sol. Answer (1) Lobefins are EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
coelacanths, evolved into the first HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
amphibians. PAGE NO-120-121, FILL IN THE
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT and demonstrated that life arose from living
FROM NCERT LINES forms (pre-existing life).
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
133. Sol. Answer (4) 15 × 10^6 years back EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE FROM NCERT LINES
NO-124-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT SECTION B
LINES
136. Ans. (2) These are examples of
134. Ans. (2) Lichens can be used as an artificial selection. ‘Artificial selection’ is a
atmospheric pollution indicator. They do process in which the breeder choose to
not grow in areas that are polluted, as they perpetuate only those forms that have
are sensitive (especially phycobiont) to certain desirable inheritable characteristics.
oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, hence The other three options are incorrect as
unable to synthesise organic food and do mutation is a sudden change in DNA
not grow well. Lepidoptera- It is an insect sequence due to mutagenic agents such as
order. Lycopersicon- It is the scientific name chemicals and radiations. Natural selection
of the tomato. Lycopodium- It is an is a gradual process by which biological
pteridophyte. traits become either more or less common
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND in a population as a function of the effect of
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT the changing environment. Reverse
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR evolution or devolution is a notion that
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, species can change into more primitive
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, forms over time.
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
135. Ans. (3) The theory of spontaneous HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
generation states that life can arise from PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT
non-living things only. It is also known as TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT
abiogenesis. Louis Pasteur by careful BASED
experimentation disapproved this theory
137. Ans. (3) Palaeontological evidences for 139. Ans. (4) Analogous organs arise due to
evolution refer to the evidences from convergent evolution. These are the organs
fossils. Fossils are the preserved remains or which have similar functions, but are
traces of organisms from the distant past. different in their structural details and
The study of fossils is called Palaeontology. origin, e.g., wings of insect and bird. The
The other options are not correct because other three options are incorrect, because
the development patterns of embryo refer divergent evolution give rise to homologous
to embryological evidences for evolution. organs, genetic drift can contribute to
Homologous and analogous organs provide speciation and artificial selection is used to
evidences for comparative anatomy and produce improved varieties of animals and
morphology. plants.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES

138. Ans. (2) The bones of forelimbs of 140. Ans. (3) Appearance of
whale, bat, cheetah and man are similar in antibiotic-resistant bacteria is an example of
structure, because they have a common pre-existing variation in the population.
ancestor. These are homologous organs When a bacterial population encounters a
which have different functions across particular antibiotic, those sensitive to it
diverse forms, but are developed along die. But some bacteria having mutations
same pattern. These organs arise due to become resistant to the antibiotic. Soon,
divergent evolution. the resistance-providing genes become
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND widespread and the entire population
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT becomes resistant. It is not due to adaptive
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR radiation because adaptive radiation is the
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, development of different functional
STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT structures from a common ancestral form.
FROM NCERT LINES Which is also known as divergent evolution.
Transduction is a process whereby, foreign
DNA is introduced into another cell via a calcareous shell in a safe place in the
viral vector. environment. The chances of survival are
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND less as the young ones are left on their own.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE, EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT
BASED TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT
BASED
141. Ans. (4) Evolution of life shows that
life forms had a trend of moving from water 143. Sol- 4
to land. The early vertebrates were fishes The given figure represents the adaptive
(which lived in only water). Some fishes radiation of Australian marsupial into
gradually changed into amphibians (can live placental mammals, which is defined as the
both on land and in water). Certain process in which the organism undergo
amphibians then transformed into the diversification to produce multiple new
reptiles (live on land) some of the latter forms mainly when the change in the
finally evolved into birds (can fly) and than environment occurs. This also occurs in
mammals. Thus, showing life forms moved case of divergent evolution since it leads to
from water to land. the formation of new forms of organisms
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND from a similar ancestor.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , A Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
BRIEF ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE
BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT NO-116-119, DIAGRAM TYPE, EASY,
FROM NCERT LINES DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES

142. Ans. (3) Viviparity is considered to be 144. Sol-2

more evolved because the youngs ones are In evolutionary biology, convergent
protected inside the mother’s body and are evolution is the process whereby organisms
looked after once they are born, leading to not closely related (not monophyletic),
more chances of survival, e.g., mammals. independently evolve similar traits as a
However, in oviparity, the female lays result of having to adapt to similar
fertilised/unfertilised eggs covered by a hard environments or ecological niches. This is
why an Australian mole is actually a
marsupial rather than a placental mammal 147.Sol- 2
like the North American or European mole Once inter-breeding population of finches,
yet the two animals are similar in now have failed to produce fertile F 1
appearance. hybrids, this means they have now formed
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND two distinct species.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
NO-116-119, STATEMENT TYPE, BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
MEDIUM , DIRECT FROM NCERT NO-118-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS
LINES TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT
BASED
145. Sol- 4
Human population grows in geometric ratio 148. Sol- 2
while food materials increase in arithmetic Neanderthal man, with a brain size of about
proportion. It is a statement of Malthus. 1500cc, lived near East and Central Asia and
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND parts of Africa 40,000 to 100,000 years ago.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , They had a short stature along with heavy
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE eyebrows, retreating foreheads, large jaws
NO-118-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS and heavy teeth with a less prominent chin.
TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT Their body proportions were different from
BASED those of modern humans in that
Neanderthal man had relatively long arms,
146. Sol- 1 while modern humans have longer legs than
A mutation in sperm or egg cells means a arms. Basically, the ratio of the length of
mutation in offspring. This will have the legs to that of arms was lesser than that of
greatest impact on the future biological modern man's. Neanderthals were the
evolution of the human population. legendary cave dwellers.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
NO-118-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS NO-124-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS
TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
BASED LINES
 evolution produces analogous structures
149. Sol- 1 having similar functions or forms. However,
In the course of human evolution, Homo they are not seen in the last common
erectus is said to have evolved from Homo ancestor of those units.
habilis. Neanderthal man evolved from Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Homo erectus and they lived alongside EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
Cro-magnon man. Neanderthal man has the ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
highest brain capacity of around EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
1400-1500cc. Fossils of Australopithecus FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE,
afarensis were discovered from Pliocene MEDIUM, NCERT CONCEPT BASED
rocks in South Africa.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND 152. Sol. Answer (1) Continental drift
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN resulted in the isolation of pouched
AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE mammals in Australia
NO-124-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
LINES ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE
NO-116-119, A&R TYPE, MEDIUM ,
150. Sol- 2 DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN 153. Sol- 4
AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE Genetic variability is the change in the
NO-112-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS sequence of the genes due to mutations.
TYPE, MEDIUM , NCERT CONCEPT These mutations has led to new species
BASED generation. The so evolved species are
selected in the environment based on
PART 2 natural selection
SECTION A Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
151. Sol- 4 HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
convergent evolution is the independent PAGE NO-120-121, STATEMENT
evolution of features that are similar in TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT
species spanning over different eras. This BASED
154. Sol- 4 156. Sol- 3
According to Charles Darwin the correct Organisms tend to increase the number of
sequence of events in the origin of species offspring in the individual for survival in
are struggle for existence, variation and number. Then the interspecific, intraspecific,
their inheritance, survival of the fittest and extra specific struggle for existence occurs.
natural selection. There is struggle for Then small changes occur from the parent
existence, because of the disparity between generation to the next progenies which acts
the number of individuals produced by as a raw material for a source of evolution.
reproduction and the number that can And nature selects the useful or adaptive
survive. Individuals within a species shows variation. So, the correct answer is
variations as no two individuals are same. 'Overproduction, the constancy of
Those who have advantageous characters, population size, variations, natural
have a greater probability of survival, and selection'.
thus fittest organism survives. These are Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
selected by the nature and weaker ones, EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
gets eliminated. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , HARD, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
PAGE NO-120-121, OTHERS TYPE, 157. Sol-3
HARD, NCERT CONCEPT BASED Theory of pangenesis was put forward by
Charles Darwin, which states that every
155. Sol- 1 somatic structure contributes to the
Today, again the faith in Lamarck's theory formation of heritable particles called the
has been revived by some people due to the gemmules. So, the correct answer is
fact that if the environment influences the 'Theory of pangenesis'.
genes of the organism, the acquired change Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
will be transmitted to the next generation. EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , NO-118-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE, LINES
EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
158. Sol-2 PAGE NO-120-121, CALCULATION
Random genetic drift refers to the chance TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT
fluctuations in gene frequency that arise in BASED
finite populations. If a random mating
population suddenly starts to mate 161. Sol- 1
non-randomly, this will have no effect on About 2.5 million years ago, the genus
gene frequencies. Homo split off from the Australopithecines,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND and the first known species of this genus
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , was Homo habilis.
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE, Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
PAGE NO-120-121, FILL IN THE EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
BLANKS TYPE, HARD, NCERT AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
CONCEPT BASED NO-112-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS
TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT
159. Sol-1 BASED
The separation of groups of organisms as a
result of changes in their ecology or in the 162. Sol- 3
environment in which they live. Tail in present-day man is a vestigial organ.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND All chordates including man have a
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , well-developed post-anal tail. Changes in
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE, diet brought about changes in dental and
PAGE NO-120-121, FILL IN THE facial make-up and other anatomical changes
BLANKS TYPE, HARD, NCERT and the development of voice were
CONCEPT BASED important events during the evolution of
man. Disappearance of the tail was a minor
160. Sol-2 anatomical improvement that finally led to
As per the Hardy-Weinberg equation bipedal locomotion and upright posture.
p^2 + 2 p q + q^2 = 1 Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Given, p = 0.6 q = 0.4 EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN
Heterozygotes frequency = 2 pq AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
2pq= 2 × 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.48 NO-112-125, STATEMENT TYPE,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EASY, NCERT CONCEPT BASED
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE, 163. Sol- 1
The theory of biogenesis was proposed by STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
Oparin and Haldane. It states that life could FROM NCERT LINES
have come from pre-existing non-living
organic molecules (e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) 165. Sol- 1
and that the formation of life was preceded Life appeared 500 million years (0.5 billion
by chemical evolution, i.e. formation of years) after the formation of Earth, i.e.,
diverse organic molecules from inorganic almost four billion years back.
constituents. So the correct option is Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
'Oparin and Haldane'. EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN FROM NCERT LINES
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
FROM NCERT LINES 166. Sol. Answer (1) Dinosaur extinction is
possibly due to climatic change.
164. Sol- 2 Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
In his experiment, Pasteur used broths in EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, A BRIEF
two kinds of glass flasks - a control flask ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, PAGE
which he kept as it was, and another flask NO-121-124, A&R TYPE, EASY,
that was curved or swan-necked. Both were DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
kept open to the environment. The curve
prevented dust particles and their load of 167. Sol. Answer (4) According to Darwin,
microbes from reaching the inside of the variations are directional and continuous.
swan-necked flask. After prolonged Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
incubation, the swan-necked flask remained EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
free of life, whereas the control flask was ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
teeming with microbial life. Thus, Pasteur EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
succeeded in disproving the spontaneous FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
generation theory because the swan neck of DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
the flask allowed only air, and not the
microbes. 168. Sol. Answer (1)
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111,
 Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
FROM NCERT LINES
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
171. Sol. Answer (2)
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
Mendel - Laws of genetics.
STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
Pasteur - Theory of biogenesis.
FROM NCERT LINES
Hugo de Vries - Mutation theory
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
169. Sol. Answer (2) Darwinian variations
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, MIXED,
are small and directional.
PAGE NO-, FILL IN THE BLANKS
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
TYPE, EASY, NCERT CONCEPT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
BASED
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
NO-118-119, A&R TYPE, EASY,
172. Sol. Answer (2) They were not able to
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
reproduce.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
170. Sol. Answer (4)
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111,
During the Industrial Revolution in England,
STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
pollution caused the trees and buildings to
FROM NCERT LINES
become covered in soot, making the
environment darker. The black-coloured
173. Sol. Answer (4) Blindspot is not
moths (melanic form) had a survival
vestigial. Wings of honey-bee and wings of
advantage in this darker environment
crow Analogous. Thorn of Bougainvillea
because they were better camouflaged from
and tendrils of Cucurbita-Homologous.
predators compared to the light-coloured
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
moths. As a result, the frequency of the
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
black-coloured form increased through
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
natural selection.
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT 177. Sol. Answer (2) Industrial melanism-
FROM NCERT LINES Random mutation. Pollution generated
features Natural selection selection of
174. Sol. Answer (2) Epidermal scales are melanic forms.
present on the hindlimbs of birds. Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, FROM NCERT LINES
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
178. Sol. Answer (2)
175. Sol. Answer (3) Homo neanderthalensis 1300 – 1600 cc
Homo erectus 900 cc
Homo habilis 650 – 800 cc
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE NO-124-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS
NO-116-119, STATEMENT TYPE, TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES LINES

176. Sol. Answer (4) New species are 179. Sol. Answer (3) Fitness is the end
formed due to geographical isolation. result of the ability to adapt and gets
Interbreeding is possible only in individuals selected by nature
of isolated populations. Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
ADAPTIVE RADIATION, PAGE NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE,
NO-116-119, FILL IN THE BLANKS EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
LINES 180. Sol. Answer (1) Ontogeny repeats
phylogeny
The theory of recapitulation also called the and was introduced to mimic lightning.
biogenetic law or embryological parallelism After one week, he performed
—often expressed using Ernst Haeckel's chromatography on the broth and found the
phrase " ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny presence of simple organic compounds
"—is a historical hypothesis that the including alanine, glycine and aspartic acid.
development of the embryo of an animal, Thus he proved that organic compounds
from fertilization to gestation or hatching were first synthesised from simple inorganic
(ontogeny), goes through stages resembling compounds in the primordial soup.
or representing successive adult stages in Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
the evolution of the animal's remote EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
ancestors (phylogeny). OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, NCERT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , CONCEPT BASED
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE, 183. Sol. Answer (1) Homologous similar
EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES structures phenotype or functions
differently. Vestigial organs were present in
181. Sol. Answer (3) ancestors but rudimentary in the present
The differentiation of organs and tissues in a species.
developing organism is associated with a Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
differential expression of genes. EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , WHAT
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE, FROM NCERT LINES
EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
184. Sol. Answer (3)
182. Sol. Answer (3) Others are artificially done by man.
Miller conducted an experiment where he Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
introduced methane, ammonia, hydrogen EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
and water vapour into a closed system. He BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE
believed these compounds to be the ones NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE,
to predominate the primordial Earth. He EASY, NCERT CONCEPT BASED
provided energy in the form of electricity
185. Sol. Answer (4) conditions present on early Earth. They
Species is the lowest taxon in the ultimately found that a large number of
taxonomical hierarchy. The members of a simple organic compounds including some
particular species can interbreed but are amino acids such as alanine, glycine and
reproductively isolated from members of aspartic acid can be synthesised during the
other species. Variations too, exist between chemical origin of life.
members of a particular species. Gene flow Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
is the "transfer" of genes from one EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
population to another. This does happen OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111,
between populations of a species and tends STATEMENT TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
to reduce the differences between FROM NCERT LINES
populations. This is because gene flow
ensures that all the populations of a 188. Sol. Answer (3) The Cro-magnon
particular species share a common gene man’s fossil has been found in France.
pool. Neanderthal man is not a direct ancestor of
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND Homo sapiens.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, PAGE EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
NO-118-119, STATEMENT TYPE, AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE
EASY, NCERT CONCEPT BASED NO-124-125, FILL IN THE BLANKS
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
SECTION B LINES

186. Sol. Answer (4) It shows that living 189. Ans. (3) The most accepted line of
organisms could not arise from unspoiled descent in human evolution is
meat. Ramapithecus→ Homo habilis→ Homo
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND erectus→ Homo sapiens.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, ORIGIN
OF LIFE, PAGE NO-110-111, FILL IN
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
FROM NCERT LINES
187. Ans. (4) The Miller – Urey experiment
tested for the occurrence of chemical
evolution by stimulating hypothetical
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND 192. Sol. Answer (3) Pollution changed the
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION , ORIGIN colour of tree trunks and birds selected the
AND EVOLUTION OF MAN, PAGE moths accordingly [natural selection].
NO-124-125, OTHERS TYPE, EASY, Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
190. Ans. (1) Lobe fish is an example of a EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
link species. About 350 mya, fish with stout FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
and strong fins could move on land and go DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
back to water. These were called lobe and
they evolved into the first amphibians that 193. Sol. Answer (3)
lived on both land and water, e.g.,
coelacanth. Dodo is an extinct flightless
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
bird. Seaweed is multicellular benthic
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION,
marine algae. Chimpanzees are the closest
EVOLUTION OF LIFE FORMS – A
living relatives of humans.
THEORY, PAGE NO-112-113, FILL IN
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY, DIRECT
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, A BRIEF
FROM NCERT LINES
ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, PAGE
NO-121-124, FILL IN THE BLANKS
194. Sol- 3
TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
The genetic codons are universal in all
LINES
organisms this suggests the common
ancestry of all organisms. While the
191. Sol. Answer (4) Genetic drift only
presence of ABO blood type blood
parameter of Hardy Weinberg Principle that
grouping in human and apes suggest their
works on small populations.
common ancestry. Both of the above
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
examples are evidence of Evolution from
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION,
genetics and biochemistry showing
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
homology in ancestors and present-day
PAGE NO-120-121, FILL IN THE
evolved species. So, the correct answer to
BLANKS TYPE, HARD, NCERT
the question is 'Molecular homology'.
CONCEPT BASED
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
STATEMENT TYPE, HARD, DIRECT DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES
FROM NCERT LINES
198. Ans. (1) Fossils are generally found in
195. Sol- 2 sedimentary rocks, which are formed by the
The correct option is 2- Development of a gradual deposition of silt, sand or calcium
common set of characteristics in groups of carbonate over millions of years in regions
different ancestry. such as lakes or sea. During their formation,
Evolutionary Convergence is characterized the dead animals are carried to the sea or
by the development of a common set of large lake, sink and get buried in the rocks.
characteristics in groups of different The animals, thus preserved in the rocks,
ancestry. are converted into fossils.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, A BRIEF
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR ACCOUNT OF EVOLUTION, PAGE
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124, NO-121-124, FILL IN THE BLANKS
STATEMENT TYPE, MEDIUM, TYPE, EASY, DIRECT FROM NCERT
DIRECT FROM NCERT LINES LINES

196. Sol. Answer (2) Exclusion of 199. Ans. (1) The expected frequency of
competitors. Only one remains. MN blood group bearings organisms is likely
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND to be 42%.
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
EVOLUTION, PAGE NO-121-124,
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE, EASY,
NCERT CONCEPT BASED

197. Sol. Answer (1) Darwin fitness = Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
Reproductive fitness EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION, WHAT PAGE NO-120-121, CALCULATION
ARE THE EVIDENCES FOR
TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT
BASED

200. Ans. (2) Directional selection is the

type of selection observed in industrial
melanism in moths, Biston betularia. Under
this, individuals at one end of the frequency
distribution do well light and so more
individuals of that type will be present in the
next generation. The other options are
incorrect because, in the stabilising
selection, average-sized individuals are
favoured. e.g., weight of newborn babies and
in disruptive selection both extremes are
favoured, while intermediate varieties are
eliminated, e.g., black-bellied seed cracker,
Pyrenestes ostrinus. In artificial selection,
the individuals with desirable characteristics
are deliberately selected to produce a
progeny with all those characteristics.
Tagging- CLASS-12, GENETICS AND
EVOLUTION, EVOLUTION ,
HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE,
PAGE NO-120-121, CALCULATION
TYPE, HARD, NCERT CONCEPT
BASED