quality 400

99.74% 398.96

95.44% 381.76

68.26% 273

135 140 mean=150cm 160 165

mean - 3 sigma std dev=5cm mean+3 sigma

QUALITY CONTROL
FACT NO. 1
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION TELLS US THAT 99.74% OF OBSERVATIONS/VALUES/ERROR/READINGS WILL LIE BETWEEN

FACT NO.2
VARIATIONS ARE INHERENT MAY IT BE IN YOUR HANDWRITING OR MACHINE MAKING PRODUCTS
VARIATIONS ARE CAUSED BECAUSE OF TWO CAUSES
a) CHANCE CAUSE OR COMMON CAUSE
b) ASSIGNABLE CAUSE OR SPECIAL CAUSE
1) INCOMING IMPURITY IN RAW MATERIAL
2) LACK OF TRAINING
3) UNSKILLED WORKER
4) MACHINE BREAKDOWN
5) WEAR AND TEAR OF TOOLS

FACT NO.3 QUALITY HAS MANY ANNOTATIONS OR NOTATIONS

INNATE EXCELLENCE
FITNESS OF USE
PRODUCT FEATURES OR PERFORMANCE
CHEAP AND BEST
QUALITY FOR PRODUCTION PEOPLE CONFORMANCETO SPECIFICATIONS
 399

382

ADINGS WILL LIE BETWEEN MEAN(+-) 3 SIGMA

mean(+)3sigma R R 200.25 9:10
UCL s s s

cl=mean 200.00 9:00

R
mean(-)3sigma R 199.75 8:50
LCL

SIGMA= 0.333

quality control charts with 3 sigma limits

CL= mean 99.74%
UCL mean(+)3sigma
LCL mean(-)3sigma
 1±0.005 R&D
UTL/LTL
UTL= 1.005
CL= 1
LTL 0.995

5±0.05
USL/LSL
USL 5.05
COUGH SYRUP 5%
CL 5

LSL 4.95

Cpk= PROCESS CAPABILITY 2

 statistical quality control/statistical process control
SQC / SPC

FOR VARIABLES FOR ATTRIBUTES

( CONTINUOUS, DECIMAL VALUES, ( DISCRETE, WHOLE NUMBER
INFINITE VALUES, MEASURED, FINITE, COUNTED)
MEASURING INSTURMENT)

IMR CHART X BAR CHART R BAR CHART P BAR CHART

(MEAN CHART) (RANGE CHART) (PROPORTION / FRACTION,
DEFECTIVE CHART)
UCL
CL
LCL mean(+-)3sigma variables

continuous

discrete attributes
cal process control

variable
TE, WHOLE NUMBER

continuous
values in decimal, inifinte values
NP BAR CHART C BAR CHART measured, measuring instrument
RTION / FRACTION, (NUMBER PROPORTION/ (NUMBER
VE CHART) FRACTION DEFECTIVE DEFECTS discrete
CHART) CHART) whole number, finite values
counted
 Dimensions (in cms) of Items
10 11 12 1pm 2 3
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
1.04 0.98 1.01 0.97 1.04 1.03
0.98 0.98 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.01
0.99 0.98 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.97
1 1.03 0.98 0.95 1 0.98
1.01 1.01 1.04 0.97 1 0.99

mean 1.004 0.996 1.014 0.978 1.014 0.996

range 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06

X BAR CHART CONTROL LIMITS

n= sample size Central Line CL =
k= number of time samples taken
Upper
UCL =
Control Limit
Grand Mean 1.00033333
Lower
LCL =
Grandd range 0.06333333 Control Limit
­
R BAR CHART CONTROL LIMI
Central Line CL =

Upper
UCL =
Control Limit

Lower
LCL =
Control Limit

Production Days 1 2 3 4 5
No.Of Defectives 10 5 10 12 11
Production Days 13 14 15 16 17
No.Of Defectives 12 15 8 14 10

Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5
Defects 2 1 2 6 8
Tube No. 14 15 16 17 18
Defects 7 4 5 2 4
 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10 Sample 11 Sample 12
1 1 0.99 0.96 0.93 1.05
1.02 1.01 1.02 0.95 0.98 1.05
0.98 0.99 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.97
1.01 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.02
1.01 0.95 0.97 1.01 1.04 0.99
total
1.004 0.988 1.004 0.994 0.996 1.016 12.004
0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.76

NTROL LIMITS
X 1.0003333333 0 for n=5 0.577 A2
═ ‗ 0 D3

X + A2R
1.0368766667 2.115 D4
═ ‗
X - A2R
0.96379

_
R 0.0633333333
‗
D4R
0.13395
‗
D3R
0

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9 19 4 12 27 25 9
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
4 11 11 26 3 10 11

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 4 9 3 4 5 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
3 7 2 4 5 3 2
 X BAR CHART
S.No. UCL CL LCL X Bar
1 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.004
2 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 0.996
3 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.014
4 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 0.978
5 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.014 Chart Title
6 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 0.996
1.06
7 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.004
8 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.04
0.988
9 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.004 1.02
10 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 0.994 1
11 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 0.996
0.98
12 1.036877 1.000333 0.96379 1.016
0.96

0.94

0.92
0 2 4 6 8

UCL CL LCL

153

135 288

13
3 52

48 100
 Chart Title

4 6 8 10 12 14

UCL CL LCL X Bar

Production Days No.Of Defectives proportion defectives sample size
1 10 0.05 number of time
2 5 0.025 samples taken
3 10 0.05
4 12 0.06
5 11 0.055 (c) p bar – chart
6 9 0.045
7 19 0.095
8 4 0.02 Central Line
9 12 0.06

Upper Control Limit

10 27 0.135
11 25 0.125

Lower Control Limit

12 9 0.045
13 12 0.06
14 15 0.075 (b) np bar – chart
15 8 0.04
16 14 0.07
17 10 0.05 Central Line
18 4 0.02

Upper Control Limit

19 11 0.055
20 11 0.055

Lower Control Limit

21 26 0.13
22 3 0.015
23 10 0.05
24 11 0.055
 n=
k= pbar
total samples checked
total defectives

‗
CL = p
‗ ‗ ‗
UCL = p + 3√ {p(1-p)}/n
‗ ‗ ‗
LCL = p - 3√ {p(1-p)}/n

number proportion defective chart

‗
CL = np
‗ ‗ ‗
UCL = np + 3√ np(1-p)
‗ ‗ ‗
LCL = np - 3√ np(1-p)
Day Produced Nonconforming
1 690 21
2 580 22
3 685 20
4 595 21
5 665 23
6 596 19
7 600 18
8 620 24
9 610 20
10 595 22
11 645 19
12 675 23
13 670 22
14 590 26
15 585 17
16 560 16
17 575 20
18 610 16
19 596 15
20 630 24
21 625 25
22 615 21
23 575 23
24 572 20
25 645 24
26 651 39
27 660 21
28 685 19
29 671 17
30 660 22
31 595 24
32 600 16
19926 679
pbar 0.034076
622.6875
Pen Defects sample size n
1 2 number of times samples taken k
2 1
3 2 total defect
4 6 c bar (avg defect)
5 8
6 2 (d) c-chart when specifications are known
7 4
8 9 ‗
9 3 Central Line CL = c
‗ ‗
10 4
Upper Control
UCL = c + 3√ c
11 5 Limit
12 3 ‗ ‗
Lower Control
LCL = c - 3√ c
13 3 Limit
14 7
15 4
16 5
17 2
18 4
19 3
20 7
21 2
22 4
23 5
24 3
25 2
 ucl

cl
cations are known

lcl
Single Sampling Plan su ra
acceptance sampling
N= 10000 lot size
n= 50 assume
c= 2 defectives assume p=
d= defectives counted in a sample of n=50 a good quality lot can be re
this is called sellers risk or
if
d less than equal to c lot accepted p=
d more than c Lot Rejected bad quality lot can be acce
this is called the buyers risk

Process Capability
Cpk = 2 process working in six sigma 7:50

less than 1 process incapable

Six Sigma
2 defectives out of 1 billion 1,000,000,000

4 defectives out of 1 million 1,000,000

For Six Sigma Implementation

D DEFINE
M MEASURE
A ANALYSE
I IMPROVE
C CONTROL
 0.3 3/10
0.03

0.0003 3/100000
a good quality lot can be rejected
this is called sellers risk or the producers risk (alpha)

0.1
bad quality lot can be accepted
this is called the buyers risk or the consumers risk (Beta)

8:00 8:10
Acceptance Sampling

Taking an accept or reject decision based on sampling is called acceptance sampling

1) Single Sampling Plan poisson's distribution

OC curve Operating Characteristic cu
N= lot size 10000 (assume) AQL Acceptable quality level
n=sample size 50 (assume) LTPD lot tolerance percent defect
c = no. defective 2 (assume) alpha Producers risk
beta Buyers risk
d=defective counted
in a sample of n=50

if 84
d <= c lot accepted 3
d > c lot rejected

good lot are being produced

p=0.003
a good lot can be rejected

bad lot are being produced

p=0.1
a bad quality lot can be accepted
Operating Characteristic curve
Acceptable quality level
lot tolerance percent defective
Producers risk suppliers risk
Buyers risk consumers risk
Acceptance Sampling

Taking an accept or reject decision based on sampling is called acceptance sampling

Take another sample
1) Double Sampling Plan
c3= 7 (assume)
N= lot size 10000 (assume) c4= 10 (assume)
n=sample size 50 (assume) d2
c1 = no. defective 2 (assume)
c2 = no. defective 5 (assume) if
d1=defective counted d1+d2 <= c3
in a sample of n=50 d1+d2 > c4

if if
d1 <= c1 lot accepted c3 <= d1
d1 > c2 lot rejected
Take another sample
if
c1 <= d1 < c2
2 5
Take another sample
 Take another sample Take another sample

c5= 12 (assume) c7= 17

c6= 15 (assume) d4
d3

if if
lot accepted d1+d2+d3 <= c5 lot accepted di+d2+d3+d4 <=
lot rejected d1+d2+d3 > c6 lot rejected di+d2+d3+d4 >

if
< c4 c5 <= d1 < c6

her sample Take another sample

(assume)

c7 lot accepted
c7 lot rejected
x bar = 1.25
UTL = 1.255
LTL = 1.245
x bar new = 1.251
SIGMA = 0.00083
defects
Z(LTL) =

Z(UTL) =
ppm ppb
total =
x bar = 60
UTL = 65
LTL = 55
x bar new = 61
SIGMA = 2
defects
Z(LTL) =

Z(UTL) =
ppm ppb
total =
x bar = 1.25
UTL = 1.255
LTL = 1.245
x bar new = 1.251
SIGMA = 0.00083
defects
Z(LTL) = -7.228916 2.43432824E-13 2.434328E-13

Z(UTL) = 4.819277 0.9999992796034 7.203966E-07

ppm ppb
total = 7.203968E-07 0.720397 720.3968
x bar = 60
UTL = 65
LTL = 55
x bar new = 61
SIGMA = 2
defects
Z(LTL) = -3 0.0013498980316 0.001349898

Z(UTL) = 2 0.9772498680518 0.0227501319

ppm ppb
total = 0.02410003 24100.03 24100030
x bar = 60
UTL = 65
LTL = 55
x bar new = 61.25 62.5
SIGMA = 0.833333
defects
Z(LTL) = -7.5 3.190891673E-14 3.190892E-14

Z(UTL) = 4.5 0.9999966023269 3.397673E-06

ppm ppb
total = 3.397673E-06 3.397673 3397.673
 sigma
1.666667

part per thousand

0.0033976731566
x bar = 1.25
UTL = 1.255
LTL = 1.245
x bar new = 1.251
SIGMA = 0.00083
defects
Z(LTL) = -7.228916 2.43432824E-13 2.434328E-13

Z(UTL) = 4.819277 0.9999992796034 7.203966E-07

ppm ppb
total = 7.203968E-07 0.720397 720.3968
DPMO= 150/(1*1000) x 1,000,000
150000
4
Analytical Tools for Six Sigma
Flowcharts.
D DEFINE Run charts.
M MEASURE Pareto charts. (80:20)
A ANALYSE Checksheets. + HISTOGRAM
I IMPROVE Cause-and-effect diagrams ISHIKAWA DIAGRAM
C CONTROL (FISHBONE DIAGRAM)
Opportunity flow diagram.
Process control charts SQC CHARTS
two definitions of six sigma
2 defective out of 1 billion
4 defectives out of 1 million

CCR or CTQ
10 days

Mumbai Dabawallas

12/2/2021
 •Meeting the needs and expectations of custom
•Covering all parts of the organization
internal customers
external customers
If the internal customers are hasseled then external customers also suffer

•Including every person in the organization

it is said that most quality control programmes tend to fail because of lack of commitment by the top management

•Examining all costs which are related to qualit

1) Prevention Cost
2) Appraisal Cost
3) Internal Failure Cost
4) External Failure Cost

If we spend more on Prevention and Appraisal Cost then the internal failure cost and External failure cost are bound

•Getting things right first time i.e. designing in

QFD- Quality Function Deployment also known as Voice of Customer or House of Qulaity
VA/VE Value Analysis / Value Engineering Cost to function analysis
DFMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly
Taguchi Methods
Poka Yokes fail safing devices Shiego Shingo
Boka Yoke

Developing the system and procedures which suppor

BIS ISI

9001 2015
9002
ISO ISO 9001: 2015 9003
9004
QCM
Awards MR

DEMING MALCOLM EQCA RGNQA

JUSE BALDRIDGE
 1989

1)Developing a continuous process of improvement.

BREAK THROUGH
RADICAL CHANGESBUSINESS PROCESS RE-ENGINNERING BPR
M J HAMMER

CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT MAINTENANCE STRATEGY

INCREMENTAL IMPROVEMENT
-DEMING WHEEL -RUN TO BREAKDOWN MAINTENANCE
-KAIZEN CYCLE -CONDITIONAL BASED MAINTENANCE
-P-D-C-A -PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

TPM TOTAL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

TPM TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE
s of customers

zation
y the top management

d to quality, especially failure cost

nal failure cost are bound to go down; out of which the external failure cost is exteremely severe

signing in quality rather than inspecting it

VA/VE It is different from cost cutting
VE is before the product is launched
VA is after the product is launched
Taxi 400 Rs
auto 200 Rs
Bus 40 Rs

hich support quality and improvement

provement.

E MAINTENANCE
VE MAINTENANCE
QFD- Quality Function Deployment also known as Voice of Customer or House of Qula

m
o
t
h
e b H
C r a P
a b t
VOC s o t (
i a e m
n r r e
VOC g d y )
Price 4.32 4
BB 3.98 3
Durability 3.54 4
Features 4.22 5
Lightweight 3.87 4

4 HP (me) 5 3
4 Lenovo 4
5 Dell 5
5 Acer 3
of Customer or House of Qulaity

1 is bad

L5 is very good
e
n D A
o e c
v l e
o l r
4 5 5
4 5 4
4 5 5
4 4 4
5 4 3
conformance to specifications

VA/VE cost to function analysis cost cutting

taxi/car 200
Auto 100

bus 40
SIX SIGMA

DPMO 150000 4
4

DPMO=DEFECTS PER MILLION OPPURTUNITY

LOAN
2 DEFECTS OUT OF 1 BILLIONSIX SIGMA
4 DEFECTS OUT OF 1 MILLION

CCR/CTQ CCR/CTQ
10 DAYS NO DELAYED DELIVERIES
NO WRONG DELIVERIES
NO CRUMPPLED DELIVERIES

DMAIC CYCLE FOR SIX SIGMA IMPLEMENTAION

DEFINE
MEASURE
ANALYSE
IMPROVE
CONTROL
Sample 1 1.04 0.98 0.99 1 1.01
Sample 2 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.03 1.01
Sample 3 1.01 1.02 1.02 0.98 1.04
Sample 4 0.97 0.99 1.01 0.95 0.97
Sample 5 1.04 1.02 1.01 1 1
Sample 6 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.98 0.99
Sample 7 1 1.02 0.98 1.01 1.01
Sample 8 1 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.95
Sample 9 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.01 0.97
Sample 10 0.96 0.95 1.02 1.03 1.01
Sample 11 0.93 0.98 0.99 1.04 1.04
Sample 12 1.05 1.05 0.97 1.02 0.99

Production Days No.Of Defectives Production Days No.Of Defectives

1 10 13 12
2 5 14 15
3 10 15 8
4 12 16 14
5 11 17 10
6 9 18 4
7 19 19 11
8 4 20 11
9 12 21 26
10 27 22 3
11 25 23 10
12 9 24 11

Tube No. Defects Tube No. Defects

1 2 14 7
2 1 15 4
3 2 16 5
4 6 17 2
5 8 18 4
6 2 19 3
7 4 20 7
8 9 21 2
 9 3 22 4
10 4 23 5
11 5 24 3
12 3 25 2
13 3
sample1 1.04 0.98 0.99 1 1.01
sample2 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.03 1.01
sample3 1.01 1.02 1.02 0.98 1.04
sample4 0.97 0.99 1.01 0.95 0.97
sample5 1.04 1.02 1.01 1 1
sample6 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.98 0.99
sample7 1 1.02 0.98 1.01 1.01
sample8 1 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.95
sample9 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.01 0.97
sample10 0.96 0.95 1.02 1.03 1.01
sample11 0.93 0.98 0.99 1.04 1.04
sample12 1.05 1.05 0.97 1.02 0.99

Tube
samples1 ProductionNo.Of Defectives No. Defects
1.04 1 10 1 2
0.98 2 5 2 1
0.99 3 10 3 2
1 4 12 4 6
1.01 5 11 5 8
0.98 6 9 6 2
0.98 7 19 7 4
0.98 8 4 8 9
1.03 9 12 9 3
1.01 10 27 10 4
1.01 11 25 11 5
1.02 12 9 12 3
1.02 13 12 13 3
0.98 14 15 14 7
1.04 15 8 15 4
0.97 16 14 16 5
0.99 17 10 17 2
1.01 18 4 18 4
0.95 19 11 19 3
0.97 20 11 20 7
1.04 21 26 21 2
1.02 22 3 22 4
1.01 23 10 23 5
1 24 11 24 3
1 25 2
1.03
1.01
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.02
0.98
1.01
1.01
1
1.01
0.99
0.99
0.95
0.99
1.02
1.03
1.01
0.97
0.96
0.95
1.02
1.03
1.01
0.93
0.98
0.99
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.05
0.97
1.02
0.99
 Dimensions (in cms) of Items
10 11 12 1pm 2 3
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
1.04 0.98 1.01 0.97 1.04 1.03
0.98 0.98 1.02 0.99 1.02 1.01
0.99 0.98 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.97
1 1.03 0.98 0.95 1 0.98
1.01 1.01 1.04 0.97 1 0.99

mean 1.004 0.996 1.014 0.978 1.014 0.996

range 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.06

n= 5 sample size Central Line CL =

k= 12 number of time samples taken
Upper
UCL =
Control Limit
Grand Mean
Lower
LCL =
Grandd range Control Limit
­

Central Line CL =

Upper
UCL =
Control Limit

Lower
LCL =
Control Limit

Production Days 1 2 3 4 5
No.Of Defectives 10 5 10 12 11
Production Days 13 14 15 16 17
No.Of Defectives 12 15 8 14 10

Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5
Defects 2 1 2 6 8
Tube No. 14 15 16 17 18
Defects 7 4 5 2 4
 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10 Sample 11 Sample 12
1 1 0.99 0.96 0.93 1.05
1.02 1.01 1.02 0.95 0.98 1.05
0.98 0.99 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.97
1.01 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.02
1.01 0.95 0.97 1.01 1.04 0.99
total
1.004 0.988 1.004 0.994 0.996 1.016 12.004
0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.76

X 1.00033333333 for n=5 0.577 A2

═ ‗ 0 D3

X + A2R
1.0003 2.115 D4
═ ‗
X - A2R
0.963

R 0.06333333333
‗
D4R
0.13395
‗
D3R
0

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9 19 4 12 27 25 9
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
4 11 11 26 3 10 11

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 4 9 3 4 5 3
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
3 7 2 4 5 3 2
1.000333
0.063333

153

135 288

13
3 52

48 100
S.N0. Date Density Moving Range Moving Range Chart Contro
1 5/6 1.242 R bar 0.0383571 CL=
2 5/8 1.289 0.047 X bar 1.2522667 UCL=
3 5/10 1.186 0.103 LCL=
4 5/13 1.197 0.011
5 5/15 1.252 0.055
6 5/17 1.221 0.031 Individual Chart Control Lim
7 5/20 1.299 0.078 CL=
8 5/22 1.323 0.024 UCL=
9 5/24 1.323 0
10 5/27 1.314 0.009 LCL=
11 5/29 1.299 0.015
12 5/31 1.225 0.074
13 6/3 1.185 0.04
14 6/5 1.194 0.009
15 6/7 1.235 0.041
Sum 18.784 0.537
Average 1.2522667 0.038357142857
Moving Range Chart Control Limits for n=2 S.NO UCL
R bar 0.0383571 D3= 0 1 0.1253128
D4R 0.1253128 D4= 3.267 2 0.1253128
D3R 0 d2= 1.128 3 0.1253128
E2= 2.66 4 0.1253128
5 0.1253128
Individual Chart Control Limits 6 0.1253128
X bar 1.2522667 7 0.1253128
x+(3*R/d2) 1.3542803 8 0.1253128
x+E2*R 1.3542967 9 0.1253128
x-(3*R/d2) 1.150253 10 0.1253128
x-E2*R 1.1502367 11 0.1253128
12 0.1253128
13 0.1253128
14 0.1253128
15 0.1253128

S.NO UCL
1 1.3542803
2 1.3542803
3 1.3542803
4 1.3542803
5 1.3542803
6 1.3542803
7 1.3542803
8 1.3542803
9 1.3542803
10 1.3542803
11 1.3542803
12 1.3542803
13 1.3542803
14 1.3542803
15 1.3542803
CL LCL R
0.0383571 0
0.0383571 0 0.047 Moving Range Chart
0.0383571 0 0.103
0.14
0.0383571 0 0.011 0.12
0.0383571 0 0.055 0.1
0.0383571 0 0.031 0.08

Density
0.0383571 0 0.078 0.06
0.0383571 0 0.024 0.04
0.0383571 0 0 0.02
0.0383571 0 0.009 0
0.0383571 0 0.015 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0.0383571 0 0.074 No. of Samples
0.0383571 0 0.04
0.0383571 0 0.009
UCL CL LCL R
0.0383571 0 0.041

CL LCL X
1.2522667 1.150253 1.242 Individual Chart
1.2522667 1.150253 1.289
1.4
1.2522667 1.150253 1.186
1.35
1.2522667 1.150253 1.197 1.3
1.2522667 1.150253 1.252 1.25
Density

1.2522667 1.150253 1.221 1.2

1.2522667 1.150253 1.299 1.15
1.2522667 1.150253 1.323 1.1
1.2522667 1.150253 1.323 1.05
1
1.2522667 1.150253 1.314 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1.2522667 1.150253 1.299
No.of Samples
1.2522667 1.150253 1.225
1.2522667 1.150253 1.185
1.2522667 1.150253 1.194 UCL CL LCL X
1.2522667 1.150253 1.235
 12 14 16

12 14 16
diameter
1.04
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
0.98
0.98
0.98
1.03
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.02
0.98
1.04
0.97
0.99
1.01
0.95
0.97
1.04
1.02
1.01
1
1
1.03
1.01
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.02
0.98
1.01
1.01
1
1.01
0.99
0.99
0.95
0.99
1.02
1.03
1.01
0.97
0.96
0.95
1.02
1.03
1.01
0.93
0.98
0.99
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.05
0.97
1.02
0.99
Production Days No.Of Defectives proportion defectives sample size
1 10 0.05 number of time
2 5 0.025 samples taken
3 10 0.05
4 12 0.06
5 11 0.055 (c) p bar – chart
6 9 0.045
7 19 0.095
8 4 0.02 Central Line
9 12 0.06

Upper Control Limit

10 27 0.135
11 25 0.125

Lower Control Limit

12 9 0.045
13 12 0.06
14 15 0.075 (b) np bar – chart
15 8 0.04
16 14 0.07
17 10 0.05 Central Line
18 4 0.02

Upper Control Limit

19 11 0.055
20 11 0.055

Lower Control Limit

21 26 0.13
22 3 0.015
23 10 0.05
24 11 0.055
288
 n= 200
k= 24 pbar 0.06
total samples checked 4800
total defectives 288

‗
CL = p 0.06
‗ ‗ ‗
UCL = p + 3√ {p(1-p)}/n
0.0564 0.000282 0.0167929 0.0503786 0.1103786
‗ ‗ ‗
LCL = p - 3√ {p(1-p)}/n
0.0096214

number proportion defective chart

‗
CL = np 12
‗ ‗ ‗
UCL = np + 3√ np(1-p)
22.075
‗ ‗ ‗
LCL = np - 3√ np(1-p)
1.94
22.075713

1.9242866
Pen Defects sample size n 1
1 2 number of timk 25
2 1
3 2 total defect 100
4 6 c bar (avg defect) 4
5 8
6 2 (d) c-chart when specifications are known
7 4
8 9 ‗
9 3 Central Line CL = c
‗ ‗
10 4
Upper Control
UCL = c + 3√ c
11 5 Limit
12 3 ‗ ‗
Lower Control
LCL = c - 3√ c
Limit
13 3
14 7
15 4
16 5
17 2
18 4
19 3
20 7
21 2
22 4
23 5
24 3
25 2

100
 ucl 10

cl 4
cations are known

lcl 0
4

10

will be
taken as
-2 zero
Day Produced Nonconforming
1 690 21
2 580 22
3 685 20
4 595 21
5 665 23
6 596 19
7 600 18
8 620 24
9 610 20
10 595 22
11 645 19
12 675 23
13 670 22
14 590 26
15 585 17
16 560 16
17 575 20
18 610 16
19 596 15
20 630 24
21 625 25
22 615 21
23 575 23
24 572 20
25 645 24
26 651 39
27 660 21
28 685 19
29 671 17
30 660 22
31 595 24
32 600 16
19926 679
pbar 0.034076
622.6875
Waiting Time Day day
7.2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8.4 1 7.2 5.6 5.5 4.4 9.7 8.3 4.7
7.9 1 8.4 8.7 7.3 8 4.6 8.9 6.6
4.9 1 7.9 3.3 3.2 5.4 4.8 9.1 5.3
5.6 2 4.9 4.2 6 7.4 5.8 6.2 5.8
8.7 2
3.3 2
4.2 2
5.5 3
7.3 3
3.2 3 mean range
6 3 1 7.2 8.4 7.9 4.9
4.4 4 2 5.6 8.7 3.3 4.2
8 4 3 5.5 7.3 3.2 6
5.4 4 4 4.4 8 5.4 7.4
7.4 4 5 9.7 4.6 4.8 5.8
9.7 5 6 8.3 8.9 9.1 6.2
4.6 5 7 4.7 6.6 5.3 5.8
4.8 5 8 8.8 5.5 8.4 6.9
5.8 5 9 5.7 4.7 4.1 4.6
8.3 6 10 1.7 4 3 5.2
8.9 6 11 2.6 3.9 5.2 4.8
9.1 6 12 4.6 2.7 6.3 3.4
6.2 6 13 4.9 6.2 7.8 8.7
4.7 7 14 7.1 6.3 8.2 5.5
6.6 7 15 7.1 5.8 6.9 7
5.3 7 16 6.7 6.9 7 9.4
5.8 7 17 5.5 6.3 3.2 4.9
8.8 8 18 4.9 5.1 3.2 7.6
5.5 8 19 7.2 8 4.1 5.9
8.4 8 20 6.1 3.4 7.2 5.9
6.9 8
5.7 9
4.7 9
4.1 9
4.6 9
1.7 10
4 10
3 10
5.2 10
2.6 11
3.9 11
5.2 11
4.8 11
4.6 12
2.7 12
6.3 12
3.4 12
4.9 13
6.2 13
7.8 13
8.7 13
7.1 14
6.3 14
8.2 14
5.5 14
7.1 15
5.8 15
6.9 15
7 15
6.7 16
6.9 16
7 16
9.4 16
5.5 17
6.3 17
3.2 17
4.9 17
4.9 18
5.1 18
3.2 18
7.6 18
7.2 19
8 19
4.1 19
5.9 19
6.1 20
3.4 20
7.2 20
5.9 20
 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
8.8 5.7 1.7 2.6 4.6 4.9 7.1 7.1 6.7 5.5
5.5 4.7 4 3.9 2.7 6.2 6.3 5.8 6.9 6.3
8.4 4.1 3 5.2 6.3 7.8 8.2 6.9 7 3.2
6.9 4.6 5.2 4.8 3.4 8.7 5.5 7 9.4 4.9
 18 19 20
4.9 7.2 6.1
5.1 8 3.4
3.2 4.1 7.2
7.6 5.9 5.9