10/01/2025, 00:06 MySQL Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

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MySQL
The SQL cheat sheet provides you with the most commonly used SQL statements for your reference.

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# Getting Started
Connect MySQL

mysql -u <user> -p

mysql [db_name]

mysql -h <host> -P <port> -u <user> -p [db_name]

mysql -h <host> -u <user> -p [db_name]

Commons

Database

CREATE DATABASE db ; Create database

SHOW DATABASES; List databases

USE db; Switch to db

CONNECT db ; Switch to db

DROP DATABASE db; Delete db

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Table

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SHOW TABLES; List tables for current db

SHOW FIELDS FROM t; List fields for a table

DESC t; Show table structure

SHOW CREATE TABLE t; Show create table sql

TRUNCATE TABLE t; Remove all data in a table

DROP TABLE t; Delete table

Proccess

show processlist; List processes

kill pid; kill process

Other

exit or \q Exit MySQL session

Backups

Create a backup

mysqldump -u user -p db_name > db.sql

Export db without schema

mysqldump -u user -p db_name --no-data=true --add-drop-table=false > db.sql

Restore a backup

mysql -u user -p db_name < db.sql

# MySQL Examples
Managing tables

Create a new table with three columns

CREATE TABLE t (
id INT,
name VARCHAR DEFAULT NOT NULL,
price INT DEFAULT 0
PRIMARY KEY(id)
);

Delete the table from the database

DROP TABLE t ;

Add a new column to the table

ALTER TABLE t ADD column;

Drop column c from the table

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ALTER TABLE t DROP COLUMN c ;

Add a constraint

ALTER TABLE t ADD constraint;

Drop a constraint

ALTER TABLE t DROP constraint;

Rename a table from t1 to t2

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME TO t2;

Rename column c1 to c2

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME c1 TO c2 ;

Remove all data in a table

Querying data from a table

Query data in columns c1, c2 from a table

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

Query all rows and columns from a table

SELECT * FROM t

Query data and filter rows with a condition

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

WHERE condition

Query distinct rows from a table

SELECT DISTINCT c1 FROM t

WHERE condition

Sort the result set in ascending or descending order

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

ORDER BY c1 ASC [DESC]

Skip offset of rows and return the next n rows

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

ORDER BY c1
LIMIT n OFFSET offset

Group rows using an aggregate function

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)

FROM t
GROUP BY c1

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Filter groups using HAVING clause

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)

FROM t
GROUP BY c1
HAVING condition

Querying from multiple tables

Inner join t1 and t2

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
INNER JOIN t2 ON condition

Left join t1 and t1

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
LEFT JOIN t2 ON condition

Right join t1 and t2

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
RIGHT JOIN t2 ON condition

Perform full outer join

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
FULL OUTER JOIN t2 ON condition

Produce a Cartesian product of rows in tables

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
CROSS JOIN t2

Another way to perform cross join

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1, t2

Join t1 to itself using INNER JOIN clause

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1 A
INNER JOIN t1 B ON condition

Using SQL Operators Combine rows from two queries

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1

UNION [ALL]
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2

Return the intersection of two queries

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SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1

INTERSECT
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2

Subtract a result set from another result set

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1

MINUS
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2

Query rows using pattern matching %, _

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1

WHERE c1 [NOT] LIKE pattern

Query rows in a list

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

WHERE c1 [NOT] IN value_list

Query rows between two values

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t

WHERE c1 BETWEEN low AND high

Check if values in a table is NULL or not

SELECT 1 2 FROM t
Using SQL constraints

Set c1 and c2 as a primary key

CREATE TABLE t(
c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY (c1,c2)
);

Set c2 column as a foreign key

CREATE TABLE t1(

c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
c2 INT,
FOREIGN KEY (c2) REFERENCES t2(c2)
);

Make the values in c1 and c2 unique

CREATE TABLE t(
c1 INT, c1 INT,
UNIQUE(c2,c3)
);

Ensure c1 > 0 and values in c1 >= c2

CREATE TABLE t(
c1 INT, c2 INT,
CHECK(c1> 0 AND c1 >= c2)
);

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Set values in c2 column not NULL

CREATE TABLE t(
c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
c2 VARCHAR NOT NULL
);

Modifying Data

Insert one row into a table

INSERT INTO t(column_list)

VALUES(value_list);

Insert multiple rows into a table

INSERT INTO t(column_list)

VALUES (value_list),
(value_list), …;

Insert rows from t2 into t1

INSERT INTO t1(column_list)

SELECT column_list
FROM t2;

Update new value in the column c1 for all rows

UPDATE t
SET c1 = new_value;

Update values in the column c1, c2 that match the condition

UPDATE t
SET c1 = new_value,
c2 = new_value
WHERE condition;

Delete all data in a table

DELETE FROM t;

Delete subset of rows in a table

DELETE FROM t
WHERE condition;

Managing Views

Create a new view that consists of c1 and c2

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2)

AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;

Create a new view with check option

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2)

AS

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SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;

Create a recursive view

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW v

AS
select-statement -- anchor part
UNION [ALL]
select-statement; -- recursive part

Create a temporary view

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW v

AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;

Delete a view

DROP VIEW view_name;

Managing triggers

Create or modify a trigger

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name

WHEN EVENT
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure;

WHEN

BEFORE invoke before the event occurs

AFTER invoke after the event occurs

EVENT

INSERT invoke for INSERT

UPDATE invoke for UPDATE

DELETE invoke for DELETE

TRIGGER_TYPE

FOR EACH ROW

FOR EACH STATEMENT

Managing indexes

Create an index on c1 and c2 of the t table

CREATE INDEX idx_name

ON t(c1,c2);

Create a unique index on c3, c4 of the t table

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name

ON t(c3,c4)

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Drop an index

DROP INDEX idx name;

# MySQL Data Types

Strings

CHAR String (0 - 255)

VARCHAR String (0 - 255)

TINYTEXT String (0 - 255)

TEXT String (0 - 65535)

BLOB String (0 - 65535)

MEDIUMTEXT String (0 - 16777215)

MEDIUMBLOB String (0 - 16777215)

LONGTEXT String (0 - 429496­7295)

LONGBLOB String (0 - 429496­7295)

ENUM One of preset options

SET Selection of preset options

Date & time

DATE yyyy-MM-dd

TIME hh:mm:ss

DATETIME yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss

TIMESTAMP yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss

YEAR yyyy

Numeric

TINYINT x Integer (-128 to 127)

SMALLINT x Integer (-32768 to 32767)

MEDIUMINT x Integer (-8388608 to 8388607)

INT x Integer (-2147­483648 to 214748­3647)

BIGINT x Integer (-9223­372­036­854­775808 to 922337­203­685­477­5807)

FLOAT Decimal (precise to 23 digits)

DOUBLE Decimal (24 to 53 digits)

DECIMAL "­DOU­BLE­" stored as string

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# MySQL Functions & Operators

Strings

ASCII() BIN()

BIT_LENGTH() CHAR()

CHARACTER_LENGTH() CHAR_LENGTH()

CONCAT() CONCAT_WS()

ELT() EXPORT_SET()

FIELD() FIND_IN_SET()

FORMAT() FROM_BASE64()

HEX() INSERT()

INSTR() LCASE()

LEFT() LENGTH()

LIKE LOAD_FILE()

LOCATE() LOWER()

LPAD() LTRIM()

MAKE_SET() MATCH

MID() NOT LIKE

NOT REGEXP OCT()

OCTET_LENGTH() ORD()

POSITION() QUOTE()

REGEXP REGEXP_INSTR()

REGEXP_LIKE() REGEXP_REPLACE()

REGEXP_SUBSTR() REPEAT()

REPLACE() REVERSE()

RIGHT() RLIKE

RPAD() RTRIM()

SOUNDEX() SOUNDS LIKE

SPACE() STRCMP()

SUBSTR() SUBSTRING()

SUBSTRING_INDEX() TO_BASE64()

TRIM() UCASE()

UNHEX() UPPER()

WEIGHT_STRING()

Date and Time

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ADDDATE() ADDTIME()

CONVERT_TZ() CURDATE()

CURRENT_DATE() CURRENT_TIME()

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() CURTIME()

DATE() DATE_ADD()

DATE_FORMAT() DATE_SUB()

DATEDIFF() DAY()

DAYNAME() DAYOFMONTH()

DAYOFWEEK() DAYOFYEAR()

EXTRACT() FROM_DAYS()

FROM_UNIXTIME() GET_FORMAT()

HOUR() LAST_DAY

LOCALTIME() LOCALTIMESTAMP()

MAKEDATE() MAKETIME()

MICROSECOND() MINUTE()

MONTH() MONTHNAME()

NOW() PERIOD_ADD()

PERIOD_DIFF() QUARTER()

SEC_TO_TIME() SECOND()

STR_TO_DATE() SUBDATE()

SUBTIME() SYSDATE()

TIME() TIME_FORMAT()

TIME_TO_SEC() TIMEDIFF()

TIMESTAMP() TIMESTAMPADD()

TIMESTAMPDIFF() TO_DAYS()

TO_SECONDS() UNIX_TIMESTAMP()

UTC_DATE() UTC_TIME()

UTC_TIMESTAMP() WEEK()

WEEKDAY() WEEKOFYEAR()

YEAR() YEARWEEK()

GET FORMAT()

Numeric

%, MOD *

+ -

- /

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ABS() ACOS()

ASIN() ATAN()

ATAN2(), ATAN() CEIL()

CEILING() CONV()

COS() COT()

CRC32() DEGREES()

DIV EXP()

FLOOR() LN()

LOG() LOG10()

LOG2() MOD()

PI() POW()

POWER() RADIANS()

RAND() ROUND()

SIGN() SIN()

SQRT() TAN()

TRUNCATE()
Aggregate

AVG() BIT_AND()

BIT_OR() BIT_XOR()

COUNT() COUNT(DISTINCT)

GROUP_CONCAT() JSON_ARRAYAGG()

JSON_OBJECTAGG() MAX()

MIN() STD()

STDDEV() STDDEV_POP()

STDDEV_SAMP() SUM()

VAR_POP() VAR_SAMP()

VARIANCE()

JSON

->

->>

JSON_ARRAY()

JSON_ARRAY_APPEND()

JSON_ARRAY_INSERT()

JSON_CONTAINS()

JSON_CONTAINS_PATH()

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JSON_DEPTH()

JSON_EXTRACT()

JSON_INSERT()

JSON_KEYS()

JSON_LENGTH()

JSON_MERGE() (deprecated)

JSON_MERGE_PATCH()

JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE()

JSON_OBJECT()

JSON_OVERLAPS() (introduced 8.0.17)

JSON_PRETTY()

JSON_QUOTE()

JSON_REMOVE()

JSON_REPLACE()

JSON_SCHEMA_VALID() (introduced 8.0.17)

JSON_SCHEMA_VALIDATION_REPORT() (introduced 8.0.17)

JSON_SEARCH()

JSON_SET()

JSON_STORAGE_FREE()

JSON_STORAGE_SIZE()

JSON_TABLE()

JSON_TYPE()

JSON_UNQUOTE()

JSON_VALID()

JSON_VALUE() (introduced 8.0.21)

MEMBER OF() (introduced 8 0 17)

Cast

BINARY CAST()

CONVERT()

Flow Control

CASE IF()

IFNULL() NULLIF()

Information

BENCHMARK() CHARSET()

COERCIBILITY() COLLATION()

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CONNECTION_ID() CURRENT_ROLE()

CURRENT_USER() DATABASE()

FOUND_ROWS() ICU_VERSION()

LAST_INSERT_ID() ROLES_GRAPHML()

ROW_COUNT() SCHEMA()

SESSION_USER() SYSTEM_USER()

USER() VERSION()

Encryption and Compression

AES_DECRYPT()

AES_ENCRYPT()

COMPRESS()

MD5()

RANDOM_BYTES()

SHA1(), SHA()

SHA2()

STATEMENT_DIGEST()

STATEMENT_DIGEST_TEXT()

UNCOMPRESS()

UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH()

VALIDATE_PASSWORD_STRENGTH()

Locking

GET_LOCK()

IS_FREE_LOCK()

IS_USED_LOCK()

RELEASE_ALL_LOCKS()

RELEASE_LOCK()

Bit

& >>

<< ^

BIT_COUNT() |

Miscellaneous

ANY_VALUE() BIN_TO_UUID()

DEFAULT() GROUPING()

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INET_ATON() INET_NTOA()

INET6_ATON() INET6_NTOA()

IS_IPV4() IS_IPV4_COMPAT()

IS_IPV4_MAPPED() IS_IPV6()

IS_UUID() MASTER_POS_WAIT()

NAME_CONST() SLEEP()

UUID() UUID_SHORT()

UUID_TO_BIN() VALUES()

# Also see
Regex in MySQL (quickref.me)

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