09/01/2025, 23:55 C Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

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C quick reference cheat sheet that provides basic syntax and methods.

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# Getting Started
hello.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
printf("Hello World!\n");

return 0;
}

Compile hello.c file with gcc

$ gcc hello.c -o hello

Run the compiled binary hello

$ ./hello

Output => Hello World!

Variables

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int myNum = 15;

int myNum2; // do not assign, then assign

myNum2 = 15;

int myNum3 = 15; // myNum3 is 15

myNum3 = 10; // myNum3 is now 10

float myFloat = 5.99; // floating point number

char myLetter = 'D'; // character

int x = 5;
int y = 6;
int sum = x + y; // add variables to sum

// declare multiple variables

int x = 5, y = 6, z = 50;

Constants

const int minutesPerHour = 60;

const float PI = 3.14;

Best Practices

const int BIRTHYEAR = 1980;

Comment

// this is a comment
printf("Hello World!"); // Can comment anywhere in file

/*Multi-line comment, print Hello World!

to the screen, it's awesome */

Print text

printf("I am learning C.");

int testInteger = 5;
printf("Number = %d", testInteger);

float f = 5.99; // floating point number

printf("Value = %f", f);

short a = 0b1010110; // binary number

int b = 02713; // octal number
long c = 0X1DAB83; // hexadecimal number

// output in octal form

printf("a=%ho, b=%o, c=%lo\n", a, b, c);
// output => a=126, b=2713, c=7325603

// Output in decimal form

printf("a=%hd, b=%d, c=%ld\n", a, b, c);
// output => a=86, b=1483, c=1944451

// output in hexadecimal form (letter lowercase)

printf("a=%hx, b=%x, c=%lx\n", a, b, c);
// output => a=56, b=5cb, c=1dab83

// Output in hexadecimal (capital letters)

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printf("a=%hX, b=%X, c=%lX\n", a, b, c);
// output => a=56 b=5CB c=1DAB83
Control the number of spaces

int a1 = 20, a2 = 345, a3 = 700;

int b1 = 56720, b2 = 9999, b3 = 20098;
int c1 = 233, c2 = 205, c3 = 1;
int d1 = 34, d2 = 0, d3 = 23;

printf("%-9d %-9d %-9d\n", a1, a2, a3);

printf("%-9d %-9d %-9d\n", b1, b2, b3);
printf("%-9d %-9d %-9d\n", c1, c2, c3);
printf("%-9d %-9d %-9d\n", d1, d2, d3);

output result

20 345 700
56720 9999 20098
233 205 1
34 0 23

In %-9d, d means to output in 10 base, 9 means to occupy at least 9 characters width, and the width is not enough to fill with spaces, -
means left alignment

Strings

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";

printf("%s", greetings);

access string

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";

printf("%c", greetings[0]);

modify string

char greetings[] = "Hello World!";

greetings[0] = 'J';

printf("%s", greetings);
// prints "Jello World!"

Another way to create a string

char greetings[] = {'H','e','l','l','\0'};

printf("%s", greetings);
// print "Hell!"

Creating String using character pointer (String Literals)

char *greetings = "Hello";

printf("%s", greetings);
// print "Hello!"

NOTE: String literals might be stored in read-only section of memory. Modifying a string literal invokes undefined behavior. You can't
modify it.!

C does not have a String type, use char type and create an array of characters

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Condition

int time = 20;

if (time < 18) {
printf("Goodbye!");
} else {
printf("Good evening!");
}
// Output -> "Good evening!"
int time = 22;
if (time < 10) {
printf("Good morning!");
} else if (time < 20) {
printf("Goodbye!");
} else {
printf("Good evening!");
}
// Output -> "Good evening!"

Ternary operator

int age = 20;

(age > 19) ? printf("Adult") : printf("Teenager");

Switch

int day = 4;

switch (day) {
case 3: printf("Wednesday"); break;
case 4: printf("Thursday"); break;
default:
printf("Weekend!");
}
// output -> "Thursday" (day 4)

While Loop

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}

NOTE: Don't forget to increment the variable used in the condition, otherwise the loop will never end and become an "infinite loop"!

Do/While Loop

int i = 0;

do {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
} while (i < 5);

For Loop

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

printf("%d\n", i);
}

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Break out of the loop Break/Continue

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
break;
}
printf("%d\n", i);
}

break out of the loop when i is equal to 4

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i == 4) {
continue;
}
printf("%d\n", i);
}

Example to skip the value of 4

While Break Example

int i = 0;

while (i < 10) {

if (i == 4) {
break;
}
printf("%d\n", i);

i++;
}

While continue example

int i = 0;

while (i < 10) {

i++;

if (i == 4) {
continue;
}
printf("%d\n", i);
}

Arrays

int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100};

printf("%d", myNumbers[0]);
// output 25

change array elements

int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100};

myNumbers[0] = 33;

printf("%d", myNumbers[0]);

Loop through the array

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int myNumbers[] = {25, 50, 75, 100};

int i;

for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {

printf("%d\n", myNumbers[i]);
}

set array size

// Declare an array of four integers:

int myNumbers[4];

// add element
myNumbers[0] = 25;
myNumbers[1] = 50;
myNumbers[2] = 75;
myNumbers[3] = 100;

Enumeration Enum

enum week { Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun };

define enum variable

enum week a, b, c;
enum week { Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun } a, b, c;

With an enumeration variable, you can assign the value in the list to it

enum week { Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun };

enum week a = Mon, b = Wed, c = Sat;
// or
enum week{ Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun } a = Mon, b = Wed, c = Sat;

Enumerate sample applications

enum week {Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs} day;

scanf("%d", &day);

switch(day) {
case Mon: puts("Monday"); break;
case Tues: puts("Tuesday"); break;
case Wed: puts("Wednesday"); break;
case Thursday: puts("Thursday"); break;
default: puts("Error!");
}

User input

// Create an integer variable to store the number we got from the user
int myNum;

// Ask the user to enter a number

printf("Please enter a number: \n");

// Get and save the number entered by the user

scanf("%d", &myNum);

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// Output the number entered by the user

User input string

// create a string
char firstName[30];
// Ask the user to enter some text
printf("Enter your name: \n");
// get and save the text
scanf("%s", &firstName);
// output text
printf("Hello %s.", firstName);

memory address

When a variable is created, it is assigned a memory address

int myAge = 43;

printf("%p", &myAge);
// Output: 0x7ffe5367e044

To access it, use the reference operator (&)

create pointer

int myAge = 43; // an int variable

printf("%d", myAge); // output the value of myAge(43)

// Output the memory address of myAge (0x7ffe5367e044)

printf("%p", &myAge);

pointer variable

int myAge = 43; // an int variable

int*ptr = &myAge; // pointer variable named ptr, used to store the address of myAge

printf("%d\n", myAge); // print the value of myAge (43)

printf("%p\n", \&myAge); // output the memory address of myAge (0x7ffe5367e044)

printf("%p\n", ptr); // use the pointer (0x7ffe5367e044) to output the memory address of myAge

Dereference

int myAge = 43; // variable declaration

int*ptr = &myAge; // pointer declaration

// Reference: output myAge with a pointer

// memory address (0x7ffe5367e044)
printf("%p\n", ptr);
// dereference: output the value of myAge with a pointer (43)
printf("%d\n", *ptr);

# Operators
Arithmetic Operators

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int myNum = 100 + 50;

int sum1 = 100 + 50; // 150 (100 + 50)
int sum2 = sum1 + 250; // 400 (150 + 250)
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2; // 800 (400 + 400)

+ Add x + y

- Subtract x - y

* Multiply x * y

/ Divide x / y

% Modulo x % y

++ Increment ++x

Assignment operator

x=5 x=5

x += 3 x=x+3

x -= 3 x=x-3

x *= 3 x=x*3

x /= 3 x=x/3

x %= 3 x=x%3

x &= 3 x=x&3

x |= 3 x=x|3

x ^= 3 x=x^3

x >>= 3 x = x >> 3

x <<= 3 x = x << 3

Comparison Operators

int x = 5;
int y = 3;

printf("%d", x > y);

// returns 1 (true) because 5 is greater than 3

== equals x == y

!= not equal to x != y

> greater than x>y

< less than x<y

>= greater than or equal to x >= y

<= less than or equal to x <= y

Comparison operators are used to compare two values

Logical Operators

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&& and logical returns true if both statements are true x < 5 && x < 10

|| or logical returns true if one of the statements is true x < 5 || x < 4

Operator Examples

unsigned int a = 60; /*60 = 0011 1100 */

unsigned int b = 13; /*13 = 0000 1101 */
int c = 0;

c = a & b; /*12 = 0000 1100 */

printf("Line 1 -the value of c is %d\n", c);

c = a | b; /*61 = 0011 1101 */

printf("Line 2 -the value of c is %d\n", c);
c = a ^ b; /*49 = 0011 0001 */
printf("Line 3 -the value of c is %d\n", c);
c = ~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
printf("Line 4 -The value of c is %d\n", c);
c = a << 2; /*240 = 1111 0000 */
printf("Line 5 -the value of c is %d\n", c);
c = a >> 2; /*15 = 0000 1111 */
printf("Line 6 -The value of c is %d\n", c);

Bitwise operators

& Bitwise AND operation, "AND" operation by binary digits (A & B) will get 12 which is 0000 1100

| Bitwise OR operator, "or" operation by binary digit (A | B) will get 61 which is 0011 1101

^ XOR operator, perform "XOR" operation by binary digits (A ^ B) will get 49 which is 0011 0001

~ Inversion operator, perform "inversion" operation by binary bit (~A) will get -61 which is 1100 0011

<< binary left shift operator A << 2 will get 240 which is 1111 0000

>> binary right shift operator A >> 2 will get 15 which is 0000 1111

# Data Types
Basic data types

char 1 byte −128 ~ 127 single character/alphanumeric/ASCII

signed char 1 byte −128 ~ 127 -

unsigned char 1 byte 0 ~ 255 -

int 2 to 4 bytes −32,768 ~ 32,767 store integers

signed int 2 bytes −32,768 ~ 32,767

unsigned int 2 bytes 0 ~ 65,535

short int 2 bytes −32,768 ~ 32,767

signed short int 2 bytes −32,768 ~ 32,767

unsigned short int 2 bytes 0 ~ 65,535

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long int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 ~ 2,147,483,647

signed long int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 ~ 2,147,483,647

unsigned long int 4 bytes 0 ~ 4,294,967,295

float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 ~ 3.4E+38

double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 ~ 1.7E+308

Data types

// create variables
int myNum = 5; // integer
float myFloatNum = 5.99; // floating point number
char myLetter = 'D'; // string
// High precision floating point data or numbers
double myDouble = 3.2325467;
// print output variables
printf("%d\n", myNum);
printf("%f\n", myFloatNum);
printf("%c\n", myLetter);
printf("%lf\n", myDouble);

char character type

short short integer

int integer type

long long integer

float single-precision floating-point type

double double-precision floating-point type

void no type

Basic format specifiers

%d or %i int integer

%f float single-precision decimal type

%lf double high precision floating point data or number

%c char character

%s for strings strings

Basic format specifiers

Octal %ho %o %lo

Decimal %hd %d %ld

Hexadecimal %hx /%hX %x /%X %lx /%lX

Data format example

int myNum = 5;
float myFloatNum = 5.99; // floating point number
char myLetter = 'D'; // string
// print output variables

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printf("%d\n", myNum);
printf("%f\n", myFloatNum);
printf("%c\n", myLetter);

# C Preprocessor
Preprocessor Directives

#define define a macro

#include include a source code file

#undef undefined macro

#ifdef Returns true if the macro is defined

#ifndef Returns true if the macro is not defined

#if Compile the following code if the given condition is true

#else Alternative to #if

#elif If the #if condition is false, the current condition is true

#endif End a #if...#else conditional compilation block

#error Print an error message when standard error is encountered

#pragma Issue special commands to the compiler using the standardized method

// replace all MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH with 20

#define MAX_ARRAY_LENGTH 20
// Get stdio.h from the system library
#include <stdio.h>
// Get myheader.h in the local directory
#include "myheader.h"
#undef FILE_SIZE
#define FILE_SIZE 42 // undefine and define to 42

Predefined macros

__DATE__ The current date, a character constant in the format "MMM DD YYYY"

__TIME__ The current time, a character constant in the format "HH:MM:SS"

__FILE__ This will contain the current filename, a string constant

__LINE__ This will contain the current line number, a decimal constant

__STDC__ Defined as 1 when the compiler compiles against the ANSI standard

ANSI C defines a number of macros that you can use, but you cannot directly modify these predefined macros

Predefined macro example

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("File :%s\n", __FILE__);
printf("Date :%s\n", __DATE__);
printf("Time :%s\n", __TIME__);
printf("Line :%d\n", __LINE__);

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printf("ANSI :%d\n", __STDC__);
}

Macro continuation operator ()

A macro is usually written on a single line.

#define message_for(a, b) \
printf(#a " and " #b ": We love you!\n")

If the macro is too long to fit on a single line, use the macro continuation operator \

String Constantization Operator (#)

#include <stdio.h>

#define message_for(a, b) \
printf(#a " and " #b ": We love you!\n")

int main(void) {
message_for(Carole, Debra);

return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Carole and Debra: We love you!

When you need to convert a macro parameter to a string constant, use the string constant operator #

tag paste operator (##)

#include <stdio.h>

#define tokenpaster(n) printf ("token" #n " = %d", token##n)

int main(void) {
int token34 = 40;
tokenpaster(34);

return 0;
}

defined() operator

#include <stdio.h>

#if !defined (MESSAGE)

#define MESSAGE "You wish!"
#endif

int main(void) {
printf("Here is the message: %s\n", MESSAGE);

return 0;
}

Parameterized macros

int square(int x) {
return x * x;

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}

The macro rewrites the above code as follows:

#define square(x) ( (x) * (x) )

No spaces are allowed between the macro name and the opening parenthesis

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX(x,y) ( (x) > (y) ? (x) : (y) )

int main(void) {
printf("Max between 20 and 10 is %d\n", MAX(10, 20));

return 0;
}

# C Function
Function declaration and definition

int main(void) {
printf("Hello World!");

return 0;
}

The function consists of two parts

void myFunction() { // declaration declaration

// function body (code to be executed) (definition)
}

Declaration declares the function name, return type and parameters (if any)

Definition function body (code to execute)

// function declaration
void myFunction();
// main method
int main() {
myFunction(); // --> call the function

return 0;
}

void myFunction() {// Function definition

printf("Good evening!");
}

Call function

// create function
void myFunction() {
printf("Good evening!");
}

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int main() {
myFunction(); // call the function
myFunction(); // can be called multiple times

return 0;
}
// Output -> "Good evening!"
// Output -> "Good evening!"

Function parameters

void myFunction(char name[]) {

printf("Hello %s\n", name);
}

int main() {
myFunction("Liam");
myFunction("Jenny");

return 0;
}
// Hello Liam
// Hello Jenny

Multiple parameters

void myFunction(char name[], int age) {

printf("Hi %s, you are %d years old.\n",name,age);
}
int main() {
myFunction("Liam", 3);
myFunction("Jenny", 14);

return 0;
}
// Hi Liam you are 3 years old.
// Hi Jenny you are 14 years old.

Return value

int myFunction(int x) {
return 5 + x;
}

int main() {
printf("Result: %d", myFunction(3));
return 0;
}
// output 8 (5 + 3)

two parameters

int myFunction(int x, int y) {

return x + y;
}

int main() {
printf("Result: %d", myFunction(5, 3));
// store the result in a variable
int result = myFunction(5, 3);
printf("Result = %d", result);

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return 0;
}
// result: 8 (5 + 3)
// result = 8 (5 + 3)

Recursive example

int sum(int k);

int main() {
int result = sum(10);
printf("%d", result);

return 0;
}

int sum(int k) {
if (k > 0) {
return k + sum(k -1);
} else {
return 0;
}
}

Mathematical functions

#include <math.h>

void main(void) {
printf("%f", sqrt(16)); // square root
printf("%f", ceil(1.4)); // round up (round)
printf("%f", floor(1.4)); // round up (round)
printf("%f", pow(4, 3)); // x(4) to the power of y(3)
}

abs(x) absolute value

acos(x) arc cosine value

asin(x) arc sine

atan(x) arc tangent

cbrt(x) cube root

cos(x) cosine

the value of exp(x) Ex

sin(x) the sine of x

tangent of tan(x) angle

# C Structures
Create structure

struct MyStructure { // structure declaration

int myNum; // member (int variable)

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char myLetter; // member (char variable)
}; // end the structure with a semicolon

Create a struct variable called s1

struct myStructure {
int myNum;
char myLetter;
};

int main() {
struct myStructure s1;

return 0;
}
Strings in the structure

struct myStructure {
int myNum;
char myLetter;
char myString[30]; // String
};

int main() {
struct myStructure s1;
strcpy(s1. myString, "Some text");
// print value
printf("my string: %s", s1.myString);

return 0;
}

Assigning values ​to strings using the strcpy function

Accessing structure members

// create a structure called myStructure

struct myStructure {
int myNum;
char myLetter;
};

int main() {
// Create a structure variable called myStructure called s1
struct myStructure s1;
// Assign values ​
to the members of s1
s1.myNum = 13;
s1.myLetter = 'B';

// Create a structure variable of myStructure called s2

// and assign it a value
struct myStructure s2 = {13, 'B'};
// print value
printf("My number: %d\n", s1.myNum);
printf("My letter: %c\n", s1.myLetter);

return 0;
}

Create different structure variables

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struct myStructure s1;

struct myStructure s2;
// Assign values ​
to different structure variables
s1.myNum = 13;
s1.myLetter = 'B';

s2.myNum = 20;

Copy structure

struct myStructure s1 = {
13, 'B', "Some text"
};

struct myStructure s2;

s2 = s1;

In the example, the value of s1 is copied to s2

Modify value

// Create a struct variable and assign it a value

struct myStructure s1 = {
13, 'B'
};
// modify the value
s1.myNum = 30;
s1.myLetter = 'C';
// print value
printf("%d %c %s",
s1.myNum,
s1.myLetter);

# file processing

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File processing function

fopen() open a new or existing file

fprintf() write data to file

fscanf() read data from a file

fputc() write a character to file

fgetc() read a character from a file

fclose() close the file

fseek() set the file pointer to the given position

fputw() Write an integer to a file

fgetw() read an integer from a file

ftell() returns the current position

rewind() set the file pointer to the beginning of the file

There are many functions in the C library to open/read/write/search and close files

Open mode parameter

r Open a text file in read mode, allowing the file to be read

w Open a text file in write mode, allowing writing to the file

Open a text file in append mode

a
If the file does not exist, a new one will be created

r+ Open a text file in read-write mode, allowing reading and writing of the file

w+ Open a text file in read-write mode, allowing reading and writing of the file

a+ Open a text file in read-write mode, allowing reading and writing of the file

rb Open a binary file in read mode

wb Open binary file in write mode

ab Open a binary file in append mode

rb+ open binary file in read-write mode

wb+ Open binary file in read-write mode

ab+ open binary file in read-write mode

Open the file: fopen()

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;
char ch;

fp = fopen("file_handle.c", "r");

while (1) {
ch = fgetc(fp);
if (ch == EOF)
break;

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printf("%c", ch);
}
fclose(fp);
}

After performing all operations on the file, the file must be closed with fclose()

Write to file: fprintf()

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("file.txt", "w"); // open the file

// write data to file

fprintf(fp, "Hello file for fprintf..\n");
fclose(fp); // close the file
}

Read the file: fscanf()

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;

char buff[255]; // Create a char array to store file data

fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");

while(fscanf(fp, "%s", buff) != EOF) {

printf("%s ", buff);
}
fclose(fp);
}

Write to file: fputc()

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen("file1.txt", "w"); // open the file
fputc('a',fp); // write a single character to the file
fclose(fp); // close the file
}

Read the file: fgetc()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;
char c;

clrscr();

fp = fopen("myfile.txt", "r");

while( (c = fgetc(fp) ) != EOF) {

printf("%c", c);

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}
fclose(fp);

getch();
}

Write to file: fputs()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;

clrscr();

fp = fopen("myfile2.txt","w");
fputs("hello c programming",fp);
fclose(fp);

getch();
}

Read files: fgets()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;
char text[300];

clrscr();

fp = fopen("myfile2.txt", "r");
printf("%s", fgets(text, 200, fp));
fclose(fp);

getch();
}

fseek()

#include <stdio.h>

void main(void) {
FILE *fp;

fp = fopen("myfile.txt","w+");
fputs("This is Book", fp);

// Set file pointer to the given position

fseek(fp, 7, SEEK_SET);

fputs("Kenny Wong", fp);

fclose(fp);
}

set the file pointer to the given position

rewind()

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09/01/2025, 23:55 C Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main() {
FILE *fp;
char c;

clrscr();

fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");

while( (c = fgetc(fp) ) != EOF) {

printf("%c", c);
}

rewind(fp); // move the file pointer to the beginning of the file

while( (c = fgetc(fp) ) != EOF) {

printf("%c", c);
}
fclose(fp);

getch();
}
// output
ftell()

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main () {
FILE *fp;
int length;

clrscr();

fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");

fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END);
length = ftell(fp); // return current position
fclose(fp);

printf("File size: %d bytes", length);

getch();
}
// output
// file size: 18 bytes

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