1.

Give a description of human body through its simplest form to its most complex level
of organization.
• The human body is a structure that is composed of several systems that work
together to function and sustain life. It is composed of atoms that make the most
basic level of human body. These atoms combine to form molecules and different
molecules made up the cells that served as the building block of the body. All
human cells are made of a cell membrane that covers a jelly-like fluid that contains
the so-called organelles. A group of similar cells that work together for a specific
function is called a tissue. Similar to others, a tissue has main types such as the
muscular, epithelial, nervous, and connective. Two or more of these tissue types
compose the organ, which also performs a specific physiological function (for
instance, a heart helps pump the blood). A group of organs that work together
forms an organ system which serves specific functions. For instance, the
circulatory system helps the blood circulation. Along with other organ systems
such as the respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, skeletal system,
and several others, they form the human organism. With the help of these organ
systems, that human organism is capable of surviving and sustaining life by
performing its day-to-day routine or lifestyle.
2. Explain the concept of homeostasis and its importance in maintaining the health of our
body. Provides examples of feedback mechanisms and how they regulate physiological
processes.
• Homeostasis is the process by which the body keeps its internal state constant in
response to external environmental changes. Having the stability is essential for
the healthy operation of tissues, cells, and organs, for physiological functions. For
instance, we sweat if the temperature is too hot. This is because of our body’s way
of cooling down, to regulate the internal temperature for the organs and other
systems to function properly. On the other hand, if the temperature is low, we
shiver. This is also our body’s way of generating heat to increase our internal
temperature.
3. State some primary functions for major body system and identify them by name.
• Respiratory System- For breathing
• Cardiovascular/Circulatory System- For blood circulation
• Digestive System- For food processing
• Urinary System- For waste elimination
• Endocrine System- for hormone production
• Reproductive System- For reproduction
• Nervous system- for communication and coordination of all the body systems
• Muscular/ skeletal System- for support, stability, form, and movement to the
body
• Lymphatic System- for blood production, maintenance of fluid balance, and
defense against diseases.
4. In anatomical term, what is meant by anatomic terminology and why is it important?
Provide instances where various terminologies were used to describe anatomical
words.
• Anatomic terminology pertains to the technical term or jargons utilized by medical
professionals to describe the locations, positions, and structures of the body. This
term is important for a standardized communication among the medical
professionals. For instance, they utilized the term anterior which means towards
the front of the body, and posterior means towards the back. Also, medial which
means closer to the midline of the body, or lateral which means further from the
midline.
5. Describe the four major type of organic molecules in the body and their functions.
• Carbohydrates- energy source, energy storage, and structural support to cell walls
• Lipids- energy storage, cell membrane structure, insulation and protection of
organs, and hormone production
• Proteins- enzymes, structural support to tissues and organs, transport oxygen,
and defend the body against pathogens
• Nucleic Acid- genetic information used for growth, development and
reproduction, and protein synthesis
6. Explain the role of water in maintaining physiological processes.
• As a common knowledge, the average human being has 60% of water in the body.
However, it depends on the age, sex, and hydration level. Regardless, water plays
a vital role for the survival, and the overall physiological processes of the human
body. Some of the roles played by water in maintaining the physiological
processes include temperature regulation, chemical reactions, blood circulation,
cell function, digestive and absorption.
7. Define pH and its significance in the human body. How to buffers help maintain pH
balance?
• pH or simple “potential of Hydrogen” is a measure of how acidic of basic a
solution is. It has a scale of 0 (extremely acidic) to 14 (very basic), with 7 being
neutral. A steady pH is essential for the healthy operation of enzymes, metabolism,
and general homeostasis in the human body. In addition, by neutralizing excess
acids or bases, BUFFERS aid in the maintenance of pH balance. They achieve this
by either releasing or absorbing hydrogen ions, which balances pH levels. For
instance.
8. What are the implications of the conditions mentioned in chapter 2 for maintaining
homeostasis?
• The implications of the conditions for maintaining homeostasis are explained
through the concepts of chemistry and cell biology. It specifies that the
homeostatic mechanisms have feedback systems which include the negative
feedback (such as the decreasing of insulin once the blood glucose levels rise),
and the positive feedback that are vital in childbirth. Another implication of the
condition is the cell communication, wherein the cells communicate through
chemical signals and electrical signals.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY

(From atoms to the organism)