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CS338-SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING S6 CSE A&B
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1.Define software engineering by IEEE?

Software engineering is :( 1)The application of a systematic, disciplined
,quantifiable approach to the development, operation and maintenance of s/w i.e
application of engineering to s/w. (2) The study of approaches as in ( 1).

2. List out the tasks focused on development phase?

 Software design
 Code generation
 Software testing

3. Specify the stages in Software Engineering as a problem solving loop?

 Status Quo
 Problem definition
 Technical development
 Solution integration

4. What is WIN-WIN Spiral Model?

Customer wins by getting the system product that satisfies majority of customer
needs and developer wins by working to realistic and achievable budgets and deadlines.

5. What are the advantages of 4G techniques?

 Reduction in software development time
 Improved productivity
 Provides good solution

6. What are FAST?

Facilitated Application Specification Techniques creates a joint team of
customers and developers who work together to identify the problem, propose elements
of solution and negotiate different approaches.
Delay estimates till late in the project
Decomposition techniques
Use empirical models.
8. How will you compute the 3-point or expected value of size?
S = ( Sopt + 4Sin +
Spess ) / 6
Where Sopt = Optimistic value
Spess = Pessimistic
value
Sin= Most likely value

9. What are the information domain characteristics on FP estimates?

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Number of inputs
Number of outputs
Datafiles
Inquiries
External interfaces
Complexity adjustment factors

10. What is estimated effort in COCOMO?

Estimated effort = NOP/PROD
Productivity rate

11. What are the task regions in a Spiral Model?

 Customer communication
 Planning
 Engineering
 Risk analysis
 Construction & release
 Customer evaluation

12. List out the tools in 4G.

 Nonprocedural language for dBquery

 Report generation
 Data manipulation
 Code generation
 Spread sheet capability
 High level graphics
 Screen interaction & definition
 Automated generation of HTML

13. Draw the resource pyramid for software development

People

Reusable S/W
components

H/W & S/W

tools
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14.Write the software equation for effort calculation.

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E = [ LOC x B 0.333 / P] x ( 1 /t )
t project duration in months/years
B special skill factors
P productivity parameters

15. What are the generic functions in automated estimation tools?

 Sizing project deliverables
 Selecting project activities
 Predicting staffing levels
 Predicting software effort
 Predicting software cost
 Predicting software schedules

16. What are umbrella activities?

 Software project tracking and control
 Formal reviews
 SQA
 SCM
 Document preparation & production
 Reusability management
 Measurement
 Risk management

17. Draw the waterfall model

Analysis Design Code Test

Support

18. What are

object points?

the number of

Scree
ns

Report
s
 Components to build the application

19. What is Empirical Estimation Model & give the general structure of it?
A Typical Estimation Model is derived using Regression Analysis on data
collected from past software projects. C
Structure is E = A + B x (ev)
A, B, C constants
ev estimation variable (LOC/FP)
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20. What is a process?

Process defines a framework for a set of key process areas that
must be established for effective delivery of s/w engineering technology.

21. What are the changes encountered in support(maintenance )phase?

 Correction.
 Adaptation.
 Enhancement.
 Prevention.

22. What is a process model or a software engineering paradigm?

It is a development strategy that includes process ,methods and tools and
three generic phases(definition, development, support ). A process model is chosen based on
the nature of application, the methods ,tools used and controls and deliverables that are
required.

23. What is Chaos model?

It describes software development as a continuum from the user to
developer to the technology.

24. When is prototyping paradigm suitable?

 When the customer defines only objectives ,but doesnot specify detailed
i/p, processing or o/p.
 When developer is unsure of the efficiency of an algorithm or the
adaptability of OS etc.

25. What is RAD model?

The RAD model is a “high-speed” adaptation of the linear sequential model in
which rapid development is achieved by using component-based construction.

26. What are the evolutionary s/w process models?

 The Incremental Model.

 The
Spiral
model.


27. What is a software scope?
Software scope describes data and control to be processed, function,
performance , constraints ,interfaces and reliability. Cost and schedule estimates are
functionally oriented. Performance encompass processing and response time requirements.
Constraints specify limits placed on s/w by external h/w ,available memory etc.

28.What are meta-questions?

 Are you the right person to answer these questions?

 Are answers official?
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 Am I asking too many questions?

 Are my questions relevant to the problem?
 Can anyone else provide additional information?
 Should I be asking you anything else?

29.What are called components?

Components are software building blocks that are created and reused. They
must be cataloged for easy reference , standardized for easy application and validated
for easy integration.

30.What is called as SEE(S/w Engineering Environment)?

SEE incorporates hardware and software .H/w provides a platform that supports the
tools (s/w) required to produce work products that are an outcome of good software
engineering practice.

31.List out the reasons for divergent estimates in a S/w project.

 The scope of the project is not adequately understood.

 Productivity data used in problem based estimation techniques is
inappropriate for the application or obsolete.

32. What is (a) Boehm simple model (b)Kemerer model?

(a) Boehm model is: E = 3.2 * (KLOC )1.05

E is effort in person-months, KLOC is -8
Kilo Lines
3 OF Code. (b)
Kemerer model is E= 60.62 * 7.728 * 10 FP
FP is Function Points.

33. What constitutes productivity parameter in s/w equation?

 Overall process maturity & management practices.

 Level of programming languages used.
 Extent to which good s/w engg practices are used.
 State of software environment.
 Skills and experience of the s/w team.
 Complexity of application.
1. An estimate of size(in KLOC).
2.An indication of project duration in calendar months or years.
35. Calculate the minimum development time and effort for a CAD s/w with has
33200 lines of code and with a productivity parameter of 12,000 ,with special skill factors
equals 0.28 using a s/w equation.?
Tmin= 8.14 (LOC /P) 0.43
Here LOC =33200 and P=12,000

Tmin= 8.14(33200/12000)0.43
=12.6 calendar months. E
3
= 180Bt
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3
=180 * 0.28 *(1.05)
=58 person-months. (note : 1.05 =12.6 / 12 years)

[ Nb:For small programs with (KLOC =5 to 15) ,B=0.16 .For programs greater than
70 KLOC ,B=0.39 ].

36. What is MOI model of leadership?

Weinberg suggests a MOI model of leadership:
 Motivation-Encourage technical people to produce their best quality.
 Organization-ability to mold existing process to transfer initial
concept to a final product.
 Ideas or Innovation- Encourage people to create .

37. Specify a technique to identify risk.

Risks can be identified by riskitem check list. The checklist focuses on some subset
of known and predictable risks in product size, business impact, customer characteristics,
process definition, development environment ,technology to be built
,staff size and experience.

38. What are the s/w risk components?

 Performance risk.
 Cost risk.
 Support risk.
 Schedule risk.

39. How does a risk projection(estimation) rates the risk?

 Probability that the risk occurs really.

 Consequences of the problems associated with the risk.

40. If 18 components are to be developed from scratch and average component is

100 LOC ,and if cost for each LOC is $14.00 ,with a risk probability of 80% , what is the
risk exposure?
Thus RE= 0.80 * 25,200 = $20,200.

41. What is a referent point or break point?

The risk referent level has a single point called break point at which the decision
to proceed with the project or terminate are equally weighted.

42.What is Pareto 80-20 rule?

Experience indicates that 80% of the overall project risk can be accounted for by only
20% of the identified risks. 20% includes the risk that lead to highest risk exposure.
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43. what is a S/w project scheduling?

S/w project scheduling is an activity that distributes estimated effort across the
planned project duration by allocating the effort specific s/w engineering tasks.

44. List out the uses of PERT and CPM.

 Determines the critical path.

 Establish the “most-likely” time estimates for individual tasks.
 Calculate “boundary times” that define time-window for a particular task.

45. What are the boundary times ?

 Early start time of a task.
 Latest start time of a task.
 Earliest finish time.
 Latest finish time.
 The total float.

46. What is a time-line chart or Gantt chart?

It is a chart listing the various work tasks ,the duration of each tasks and
associated milestones .It can be developed for the entire product or for a product function
or for an individual.

PART B

1. Explain the software engineering concepts?

2. Mention the software engineering lifecycle model?
3. Explain the evolutionary and prototype model?
4. Mention the steps involved in risk management?

UNIT-II

1.What is control abstraction and give an example?

Control abstraction is used in software design and implies a program control
mechanism without specifying internal details.
Example is synchronization semaphore used to coordinate activities in an OS.

2. List out the different notations to specify the control hierarchy.

Tree like diagrams.
Warnier-Orr diagrams
Jackson diagrams.

3.What are the extra-functional properties a good architecture design must satisfy?

other system characteristics.

4.What is (a)coincidental cohesion (b)logical cohesion.

Modules that perform a set of tasks that are loosely related to one another
are said to have coincidental cohesion.
A module that performs tasks that are logically related is said to have logical cohesion.
5.Specify the major issues in designing a distributed system.
 Specifying the topology of communication network.
 Rules for accessing shared communication channel.
 Allocating processing functions to various processing nods.
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 Rules for process communication and synchronization.
 Allocate n/w functionality b/w h/w & s/w components.

6. What are the five criteria t o evaluate a modular design?

 Modular decomposability.
 Modular composability
 Modular understandability.
 Modular continuity.
 Modular protection.

7.List out the advantages of horizontal partitioning?

 Software produced is easier to test.
 Software that is easy to maintain.
 Propagation of fewer side effects.
 Software that is easier to extend.

8.What are the different types of software reuse?

 Application system reuse.
 Component reuse.
 Function reuse.

9.What is coupling? Explain content coupling.

Coupling is a measure of interconnection among modules in a software structure.
It depends on the interface complexity b/w modules and what data is passed across the
interface.

10.What are Petrinets?

Petrinet are graphical representation and is used to model the concurrent systems.
It is a bipartite directed graph and two types of nodes are: places and
transitions. Used to specify the requirements and design of real-time and distributed systems.

11. What is refinement in design ,according to Wirth?

In each step of refinement , one or several instructions of the given program are
decomposed into more detailed instructions. This successive decomposition terminates
when all instructions are expressed in terms of any programming

12. Define software

architecture.
Software architecture alludes to “overall structure of the software and the ways in
which the structure provides conceptual integrity for a system”. Architecture is the
hierarchical structure of program components ,the manner in which the components interact
and structure of data that are used by these components.

13. What is called factoring or vertical partitioning?

Factoring suggests that control and work should be distributed top-down
in the program structure. Top level modules should perform control functions.
Low level modules include workers ,performing all input ,computation and output
tasks.
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14.What is information hiding?

The principle of information hiding suggests that modules be characterized by
design decisions that hides from all others. The modules should be specified and designed
so that information within a module is inaccessible to other modules that have no need
for such information.

15. What is cohesion ? List out the various types.

A cohesive module performs a single task within a s/w procedure, requiring
little interactions with procedures being performed in other parts of a program.
The types of cohesion include:
Coincidental cohesion.
Logical cohesion.
Temporal cohesion.
Communication cohesion.
Sequential cohesion.
Functional cohesion.
Informational cohesion.

16. What are HIPO diagrams?

HIPO diagrams are design representation schemes for top-down software
development and as external documentation aids. HIPO diagrams contains a visual table of
contents ,a set of overview diagrams and a set of detailed diagrams.

17. What are real-time systems?

Real time systems provide specified amount of computation within fixed
time intervals. Real time systems typically sense and control external devices,
respond to external events and share processing time between multiple tasks.

18. List out the three steps in Jackson structured programming.

The problem structure is mapped into a program structure by:
i. The problem is modeled by specifying the input and
output data structures using tree-like diagrams.
ii. The i/p-o/p model is converted into a structural model for
the program by identifying the points of correspondence solve
the problem.

19. What are the advantages of software reuse?

Increased reliability.
Reduced process risk.
Effective use of specialists.
Standards compliance.
Accelerated development.

20. What are structured flowcharts?

Structured flowcharts are restricted to composition of certain basic forms. The
basic forms are characterized by single entry into and single exit from the form and the
forms can be nested to any arbitrary depth.
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UNIT-III
1.What is an indicator ?
An indicator is a metric or combination of metrics that provide insight into the
software process, a software project or product itself. An indicator provides insight that
enables the project manager or s/w Engineer to adjust process, project
.

2.List out the uses of project indicators?

Project indicators enable a software project manager to :
 Assess the status of an ongoing project.
 Track potential risks.
 Uncover problem areas before they go “critical”.
 Adjust workflows.
 Evaluate project team’s ability to control quality of software
products.

3.What are process indicators?

It enables a software engineering organization to gain insight into the efficacy
of the existing process. They helps to assess what works and what doesnot . It
provides indicators that lead to long term software process improvement.

4.Give examples of private metrics.

Private metrics include defect rates by individual , defect rates by module and
errors found during development.

5.What is PSP?
The personal software process (PSP)is a structured set of process descriptions,
measurements and methods that can help engineers to improve their personal performance.
It provides the forms , scripts and standards that help them to estimate and plan their
work.

6.What is SSPI/ Statistical Software Process Improvement?

SSPI uses software failure analysis to collect information about all errors
7.What are direct and indirect measures of software?
Direct measures of S/w Engineering process include cost and effort
applied. It includes LOC produced , execution speed , memory size .
Indirect measures of the product includes functionality , quality, complexity,
efficiency, reliability and maintainability.

8. What are the information domain considered in FP metrics.

 Number of user inputs.
 Number of user outputs.
 Number of user inquiries.
 Number of files.
 Number of external interfaces.
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9. What are the characteristics of feature points?

Feature points is a superset of function point measure applied in real time and
embedded software applications. It counts the information domain values and algorithms
and hence used in systems where algorithmic complexity is high.

10.What is software quality?

Software quality is defined as conformance to explicitly stated functional
and performance requirements , explicitly documented development standards, and
implicit characteristics that are expected of all professionally developed software.

11.What are the activities of a SQA group?

 Prepares an SQA plan for the project.
 Participates in the development of the project’s s/w process
description.
 Reviews s/w engg activities for compliance with defined s/w
process.
 Audits designated s/w work products for compliance with
those defined as part of s/w process.
 Records any noncompliance and reports to senior
management.

12. What are the uses of reviews?

 Point out needed improvements in the product of a
single person or team.
 Confirm those parts of a product in which
improvement is either not desired or not needed.
 Achieve more uniform technical work.

13.What are constraints on FTR?

 Between 3 or 5 people should be involved in
the review.
 Advance preparation should occur .
The duration of the review meeting should be

14. What are the purposes of review issue list?

 To identify problem areas within the product.
 To serve as an action item checklist that guides the producer
as corrections are made.
15.What is software reliability?
Software reliability is defined in statistical terms as the probability of
failure-free operation of a computer program in a specified environment for a specified
time. A program X is estimated to have a reliability of 0.96 ,if it is executed 100
times and operates correctly 96 times.
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16.Define Software availability.

Software availability is the probability that a program is operating according to
requirements at a given time and is defined as:
Availability = [MTTF / (MTTF+MTTR) ] * 100%

17.What is software safety?

Software safety is a SQA activity that focuses on the identification and
assessment of potential hazards that may affect software negatively and causes an entire
system to fail. If hazards can be identified early in the software engineering process
,software design features can be specified that will either eliminate or control potential
hazards.

18.What are the requirements addressed by ISO 9001 standard?

The requirements delineated by ISO 9001 includes topics like
management responsibility , contract review, design control, process control, inspection
and testing, corrective and preventive action, control of quality records, internal
quality auditing, training, servicing and statistical techniques.

19.What are the contents of review summary report?

It answers the three questions:

 What was reviewed?

 Who reviewed it?
 What were the findings and conclusions?

20.What are the quality costs?

It includes:
 Prevention costs.
 Appraisal costs.
 Failure costs.

UNIT-IV
1. Specify the objectives of testing.
 Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent
finding an as yet undiscovered error.
 A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet
undiscovered error.
2. What is software testability?
Software testability is simply how easily a computer program can be
tested. Testability is used to mean how adequately a particular set of tests will
cover the product.

3. What are the attributes of a good test?

 A good test has a high probability of finding
an error.
 A good test is not redundant.
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 A good test should be best of breed.

 A good test should be neither too simple nor
too complex.
4. What is basis path
testing?
The basis path method enables the test case designer to derive a logical
complexity measure of a procedural design and use this measure as a guide for
defining a basis set of execution paths. Test cases derived to exercise the
basis set are guaranteed to execute every statement in the program at least
one time during testing.

5. What is an independent path?

An independent path is any path through the program that introduces at least
one new se of processing statements or a new condition. In case of flow
graph, an independent path must move along at least one edge that has not been
traversed before the path is defined.

6. What is verification and validation?

Verification refers to the set of activities that ensure that software correctly
implements a specific function. “Are we building the product right?”
Validation refers to the different set of activities that ensure the s/w is traceable
to customer requirements. “ Are we building the right product?”.

7.What is the role of an ITG?

The role of an independent test group(IT) is to remove the inherent problems
associated with the software. ITG is the part of s/w development project team in
the sense that it becomes involved during specification activity and in planning and
specifying test procedures. ITG group reports to the SQA organization.

8.What is antibugging?
It is the technique to setup error handling paths and to reroute or cleanly
terminate processing when an error occurs.

9.What is regression testing?

It is the re-execution of some subset of tests that have already been

capture/playback tools.

10.What is cyclomatic complexity?

Cyclomatic complexity is a s/w metric that provides a quantitative measure of the
logical complexity of a program. In basis path testing , the value computed for cyclomatic
complexity defines the number of independent paths in the basis
set of a program and provides a upper limit for the number of tests that must be
conducted to ensure that all statements have been executed at least once.
11.Waht is a region in a flow graph?
Areas bounded by edges and nodes are called regions.
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12.What is a predicate node?

Each node that contains a condition is called a predicate node ,and is
characterized by two or more edges emanating from it.

13.How will you compute the cyclomatic complexity?

(a) The number of regions of flow graph indicates cyclomatic
complexity ,V(G).
(b) Also V(G) = E-N+2 ,where E->n umber of flow graph edges
N - > number of flow graph nodes.
( c) V( G ) = P +1 ,where P is the predicate node.

14. What is a connection matrix?

The graph matrix in which ‘1 ‘ represents connection exists between a
pair of nodes and ‘0’ for the absence of connection.

15.List out the different classes of loops?

 Simple loops
 Concatenated loops.
 Nested loops.
 Unstructured loops.

16.What is behavioral testing?

Black –box or behavioral testing focuses on the functional requirements of the
software.

17. List out the types of errors uncovered by black-box testing?

 Incorrect or missing functions
 Interface errors.
 Errors in data structure and external data base access.
 Behavior and performance errors.
 Initialization and termination errors.

18. What is equivalence partitioning?

It is a black-box testing method that divides the input domain of a

of test cases to be developed.

19. What is a Boundary value Analysis(BVA)?
It is a testing technique that leads to the selection of test cases that exercise
bounding values. Selects test cases at the edges of the class.
20. When is orthogonal array testing suitable?
 Applied to problems in which the input domain is relatively
small.
 Also finds errors associated with region faults –an error
category associated with a faulty logic within a software
component.
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21. What comprises “build” in smoke testing?

A build includes all data files, libraries ,reusable modules and engineered
components that are required to implement one or more product functions.
22.List out the uses of smoke testing.
 Integration risk is minimized.
 The quality of the end-products is improved.
 Error diagnosis and correction is simplified.
 Progress is easier to assess.

23. What are the characteristics of a critical module?

 Addresses several software requirements.
 Has a high level of control.
 Is complex or error prone.
 Has definite requirements.

24. How are the automatic recovery evaluated?

 Reinitialization
 Check pointing mechanisms.
 Data recovery.
 Restart.

25. What are the three categories of debugging?

 Brute force.
 Back tracking
 Cause elimination.

UNIT-V

1. What are the responsibilities of SCM?

 Auditing of s/w configuration.
 Reporting all changes applied to the configuration.
2.What is a SCI?
SCI is a single section of a large specification or one test case in a
large suite of test. SCI is a document ,entire suite of test cases or a named
program component.

3.What are the different types of static testing tools?

 Code-based testing tools

 Specialized testing languages.
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 Requirements based testing tools.

4.What are the programming CASE tools available?

It includes compilers, debuggers ,editors and also object oriented
programming environments, 4G languages , graphical language environments ,
application generators, and database query languages.

5.What are the use of web development tools?

The web development tools assist in the generation of text, graphics, forms,
scripts, applets and other elements of a web page.

6. What is SCM?
SCM is a set of tracking and control activities that begin when a
software engineering project begins and terminate only when the software is taken
out of operation.

7.What are the outputs of a software process?

 Computer programs ( both source code and executable form).
 Documents that describe computer programs.
 Data contained within the program and external to it.

8.What is a MIL ( Module Interconnection Language)?

The interrelationships between objects can be represented by a MIL. Also it
enables any version of the system to be constructed automatically.

9.What is the use of an evolution graph?

An evolution graph describes the change history of an object

10.What is Configuration status reporting / Status accounting?

Status accounting answers the following questions:
 What happened?
 Who did it?

 When did it happen?


 Describes the change to be made.
 Constraints that must be respected.
 Criteria for review and audit.
12.What is a meta-model ?
The meta-model of CASE repository determines how information is stored in the
repository , how data can be accessed by tools and viewed by software engineers ,how
data security and integrity is maintained and how easily the existing model accommodate
new needs.
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13. What is information sharing in CASE repository?

It provides a mechanism for sharing information among multiple developers and
between multiple tools , manages and controls multi user access to data and locks or
unlocks objects.

14.What are the various reengineering tools?

 Reverse engineering to specification tools.
 Code restructuring and analysis tools.
 On-line system reengineering tools.

15. What are the services provided by a CASE repository?

 The same types of services from any DBMS.
 Services that are specific to the CASE environment.

16. What is the use of PRO /SIM tools?

PROtotyping and SIMulation tools provide the software engineer with the ability
to predict the behavior of real time system prior to the time that is built.

17.What is data independence in CASE?

CASE tools and the target applications are isolated from physical storage
so they are not affected when the hardware configuration is changed.

18.What is stored in the repository?

 The problem to be solved.
 Information about the problem domain.
 The system solution.
 The project plan , resource sand history.
 Information about the organizational context.

19. What are risk analysis CASE tools?

Identifies potential risks and developing a plan to mitigate , monitor and manage
risks. Also it enables to build a risk table.

20.What are audit trails?

An audit trail establishes additional information about when ,why and by whom
changes are made.