ECM3103

CHAPTER 4
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PHASE
 INTRODUCTION
 Project management is a continuing process.

 New demand always are put on the project team and have to be
coordinated by the project manager through a process of planning,
organizing, motivating, directing and controlling.

 As new needs come up before the project, someone has to satisfy

these needs, solve the problems and exploit the opportunities.
(David I. Cleland and Lewis R.Ireland,2002)
 …INTRODUCTION…
 The project originates as an idea in someone’s mind, takes a conceptual
form, and eventually has enough substance.

 A project life cycle contains a series of major steps in the process of

conceptualizing, designing, developing and putting in operation the
project’s technical performance ‘deliverables’.

 Project life cycle is made up of a collection of related phases. And each

phase in the life cycle is made up of a bunch of related tasks or
activities.

 The exact nature of all these tasks, activities, and phases is dependent
entirely upon the finished products (deliverables) you are trying to
create.
 …INTRODUCTION…

Project Management Processes vs. Project Life Cycle

PHASES AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
LIFECYCLE

3 main phases in construction project

Inception Phase/Pre-construction Phase

Conceptual Phase
Planning Phase

Construction
Construction Phase
Phase
Execution
Execution Phase
Phase

Completion Phase/Post-construction Phase

Termination Phase
• A project consists of phases known as the project
life cycle

• The life cycle of the project is used to describe the

beginning to the end of the project.
• There are many ways of looking at a project life
cycle. Adams and Brandt in 1983 suggest two
ways of looking at the managerial actions by
project phase and the tasks accomplish by project
phase.
 Managerial Actions by Project Phase
COMPLETION
PHASE/ POST-
INCEPTION PHASE/ PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE CONSTRUCTION PHASE
CONSTRUCTION
PHASE
PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4
Conceptual Phase Planning Phase Execution Phase Termination
 Determine that a  Define the project  Perform the work of  Assist in
project is needed organization the project (i.e., transfer of
approach design, construction, project
production, site product
activation, testing,
delivery, etc.)
 Establish goals  Define project targets.  Transfer
human and
nonhuman
resources to
other
organizations
 Estimate the resources  Prepare the schedule  Transfer or
that the organization for execution phase. complete
is willing to commit commitments

 ‘Sell’ the organization  Define and allocate  Terminate

on the need for a tasks and resources project
project approach
 Make key personnel  Build the project  Reward
appointments team. personnel
• Once established, the life-cycle model should be updated as more
is learned about the project. As the project progresses through its
life cycle, the project exhibits ever-changing levels of cost, time
and performance.

• The project manager must make correspondingly dynamic

responses by changing the mix of resources assigned to the
project as a whole and to its various work packages.
 Phase 1: Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4:
Conceptual Planning Execution Termination

Tasks Accomplish by Project Phase

 Identify need  Implement  Procure  Train functional
schedule materials personnel

 Establish  Conduct  Build and test  Transfer

feasibility studies and tooling materials
analysis
 Identify  Design system  Develop  Transfer
alternatives support responsibility
requirements

 Prepare  Build and test  Produce  Release

proposal prototypes system resources

 Develop basic  Analyze results  Verify  Reassign

budget and performance project team
schedule members

 Identify project  Obtain  Modify as

team approval for required
production
 Phase 1 : Conceptual
(Identify a need)

Project Project are created when there is a need

identified by the client and they are willing to provide
the funds. These needs are written down by the
clients in terms of its requirements in a document
called Request for Proposal (RFP) or Term of
Reference (TOR).
Through the RFP, the clients asks the individuals
(contractors, consultants) to submit proposals on how
to act on these or solve a specific problem together
with the associated costs and schedule.
For example: the need to build a road or a
construction project for a school; the need to solve a
problem for a new system installation or to promote a
new product/ service. This generally termed as
invitation to tenders or tender notice.
 Phase 2: Planning
(Development of a Proposal)

This stage is where certain interested individual or

groups (contractors, businessmen) submit documented
proposals that specify the intended solutions, tasks,
costs and time and other resources.
These interested parties will describe the project, its
objectives, the project team, and introductory of their
intended project proposal with activities and estimated
time and costs.
…Phase 2…
Engineering and design

Engineering and design have two main phases:

 Preliminary engineering and design

 Detailed engineering and design

 Preliminary engineering and design

 Preliminary engineering and design stress architectural concepts,

evaluation of technological process alternatives, size and capacity
decisions and comparative economic studies.

 These steps evolve directly from the concept and feasibility stage,
and it is sometimes difficult to see where one leaves off and the
other begins.

 In heavy construction, engineers are responsible for the

preliminary design, but they often need substantial input from
geologist, hydrogist, and increasingly from ecologist and other
professionals in the natural sciences.
• But in construction industry, it is involve input and output
decisions, choices between basic process alternatives,
general site layout, and often the preparation of overall
process flow sheets.

• Once this Preliminary engineering and design are

complete, there is a general and extensive review process
before detailed work is allowed to proceed.

Extensive review would be different for private work

which is the review focuses mainly on seeking approval
from higher levels of management and from sources of
external financing, where required.
 Detailed engineering and design

Detailed engineering and design involve the process of

successively breaking down, analyzing , and designing the
structure and its elements so that it complies with recognized
standards of safety and performance while rendering the
design in the form of a set of explicit how to build the
structure in the field.

This detailed phase is the traditional realm of design

professionals, including architects, interior designers,
landscape architects, and several engineering disciplines,
including chemicals, civil, electrical, mechanical.

In addition to designing the structure itself, the design

professional often conducts detailed field studies to get good
engineering information on foundation conditions, slope
stability and structural properties of natural materials.
 Procurement

Contracting and
subcontracting for 2 major types
services of general of activities
and specialty
construction
contractors
Obtaining materials
and equipment required
to construct the project

Allocation of responsibilities for these two functions

varies widely, and it is especially dependent on the
contractual approach taken for a particular project.
 The traditional form for procuring
construction services as well as most
of the materials and equipment
required for a project is to seek
competitive bids for a single general
contract.
This takes place soon after the
Selection and assessment of
detailed engineering and design
contractors is done by the customer
phase has produced a
through various means such as
comprehensive set of plans and
tenders, bidding and negotiation on
specifications.
the project.
The winning contractors shall sign
a contract or agreement between
himself and the customer.
The general contractor then
handles all subcontracting, plus the
procurement of materials and
…Procurement… equipment.
 Phase 3: Execution
(Implementation of Project)

This phase details out project planning and execution inclusive of

monitoring and controlling the project.
Construction is the process whereby designers’ plans and
specifications are converted into physical structures and facilities.
It involves the organization and coordination of all resources for the
project-labour, construction equipment, permanent and temporary
materials, supplies and utilities, money, technology and methods, and
time to complete the project on schedule, within the budget and
according to the standards of quality and performance specified by the
designer.
The key roles at this stage are by contractors and subcontractors and
their employees from the building trades.
Supporting roles are by suppliers of materials and equipments,
specialty consultants, shipping and transport organizations, etc.
 Phase 4 : Completion Phase
(Termination of Project)

• When a project is completed, certain close out activities need

to be done such as preparing final invoices, payment,
handling over the project or deliverables to the customer.

• At the same time, project evaluation is normally carried out

by the contractor to identify the weaknesses and areas where
improvements can be made for similar projects in the future.

• Finally, the contractor needs to obtain feedback from the

client in order to determine the level of client satisfaction and
meeting their expectations.
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