1

Course •EVALUATING COMMON CONSTRUCTION

MISCONCEPTION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN ACTUAL

Outline
PRACTICE

•DETAILED STRUCTURAL DETAILING OF REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN USING STAAD ADVANCED
CONCRETE DESIGN (SACD RCDC)

•BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE o BEAMS DESIGN

STRUCTURES o COLUMNS DESIGN
o SLAB DESIGN
o FOOTINGS DESIGN (SPREAD FOOTING)
o DRAWING PREPARATION
•PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS o TABLES AND SCHEDULES PREPARATION
& STRUCTURAL LOADS o BAR BENDING SCHEDULE PREPARATION

•STRUCTURAL DESIGN CODE AND PROVISIONS

DISCUSSIONS

2
INTRODUCTION

Structural Frame Systems

NSCP 2015-p.280

3
Structural Frame Systems
NSCP 2015-p.280

Section 208.4.6.1 Bearing Wall System

Section 208.4.6.2 Building Frame System
Section 208.4.6.3 Moment-Resisting Frame
System
Section 208.4.6.4 Dual System
Section 208.4.6.5 Cantilevered Column System
Section 208.4.6.6 Undefined System
Section 208.4.6.7 Non-Building Structural System

4
Section 208.4.6.1
Bearing Wall System
A structural system
without a complete vertical
load-carrying space frame.

• Bearing walls or bracing systems provide

support for all or most of the gravity loads.
• Everything is a wall.
• It does not have a complete vertical load-
carrying space frame.
• Bearing (shear) walls or braced frames
provide resistance to lateral loads.

5
Section 208.4.6.2
Building Frame
System
Building frame system has a complete
space frame system but the space frame will
only support the gravity loads.

The lateral forces or the resistance to lateral

loads would be taken care off by the shear
wall or the braced frame.

6
Section 208.4.6.3
Moment-Resisting
Frame System
In a moment-resisting frame, 100 percent of
the spaced frame support the gravity loads and
at the same time provide resistance to the
lateral forces primarily by the flexural action
of members.

The members and joints of the space frame

resist forces through flexure, shear, and axial
forces

7
Section 208.4.6.4
Dual System
Dual system has complete
space frame supporting the
gravity loads, shear walls or
braced frames and moment-
resisting frames provide
resistance to lateral loads.

8
Other Structural Systems
Section 208.4.6.5 through Section 208.4.6.7

Section 208.4.6.5 Cantilevered Column

System
Structural system that relies on cantilevered
columns for lateral resistance.

Section 208.4.6.6 Undefined

System
Structural system not among those
defined in the code.

9
Section 208.4.6.7
Non-Building
Structural System
Structural system covering
all self-supporting structures other than
building.

Example of this system are the elevated water

tanks, billboards, tower structures and
undefined systems.

( NSCP2015) p.300-301

10
 NSCP 2015-p.294
Structural Frame Systems NSCP 2015-p.294

R-SEISMIC RESPONSE
MODIFICATION FACTOR
Ω-Seismic Force overstrength
Factor ( Omega)

11
INTRODUCTION TO
REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN
PRINCIPLES

12
WHAT IS CONCRETE?
Concrete, in construction, structural material
consisting of a hard, chemically inert
particulate substance, known as aggregate
(usually sand and gravel), that is bonded
together by cement and water

Concrete is a structural material

with a high compressive strength
but a low-tensile strength.

It has a tension strength of about

15% of its compressive strength

13
HOW DO WE REINFORCE CONCRETE?
Steel bars are necessary to provide the lacking tensile strength of the concrete

The composite member is called Reinforced Concrete

14
WHAT IS REINFORCED CONCRETE?
Reinforced concrete, concrete in
which steel is embedded in such a
manner that the two materials act
together in resisting forces.

The reinforcing steel—rods, bars,

or mesh—absorbs the tensile,
shear, and sometimes the
compressive stresses in
a concrete structure.

15
COMPRESSION & TENSION IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

CONCRETE BEAM AS A
FLEXURE MEMBER
SUBJECTED TO FLEXURAL
LOAD FOR FLEXURAL TEST

Flexural testing measures

the force required to bend
a beam of plastic material
and determines the
resistance to flexing or
stiffness of a material

16
Its important to know the principles of
the structural members to determine
the Main Reinforcement Bars and
Distribution/Intermediate Bars

Note that the tension zone

is not always at the
bottom. It depends upon
the support and loading
conditions.

17
HOW DO REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVE?
STEEL REINFORCEMENTS resist
tensile force and CONCRETE
SECTIONS resist compressive force.

Lack of Structural Detailing for

Structural members is one of the common
errors in reinforced concrete

Type of BENDING on beams should be

consider

CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS TO

BE SAFE
1. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2. SIESMIC REQUIREMENTS (208.6.1
Earthquake Load NSCP P.290)

18
HOW REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVE?
SIMPLE SUPPORTED BEAM
CANTILEVER BEAM

19
Section 208.4.6.
HOW REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVE?
Building Frame System

BOTH FIXED END SUPPORT

20
How do Reinforced Concrete behave?
In order to increase the
compression capacity, reinforcing
bars can be inserted to the
compression zone. This is a
common scenario for columns (as
depicted in the diagram) and
some beams with compression
reinforcement.

Steel bars are also utilized for shear

reinforcement, as is customary for
beam stirrups, because we have
various sorts of internal loads such
as shear and torsion.

21
ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1. Reinforced Concrete has greater compressive
strength as compared to most other material used
for construction besides being good in tension

2. The concrete cover provides better resistance to fire

than steel structure members. Thus, reinforced
concrete structures are capable of resisting fire for a
longer time

22
ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
3. Has long service life with low maintenance cost

4. Most economical structural material in some types of

structures, such as dams piers and footings

5. Can be cast to take the shape required, making it

widely used in pre-cast structural components

6. Yields rigid members with minimum apparent

deflection

23
ADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE

7. Yield strength of steel is about 15 times the

compressive strength of structural concrete and well
over 100 times its tensile strength

8. Less skilled labor is required for erection of structures

as compared to a material such as structural steel

24
DISADVANTAGES OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE
1. It needs mixing, casting and curing, all of which
affect the final strength of concrete
2. The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is
relatively high.

3. It has a low compressive strength as compared to

steel which leads to large sections in column/beams
of multi story buildings. Crack develop in concrete
due to shrinkage and the application of live loads.

25
Structural Loadings
Engineers says that, “The most important and most
critical task of an engineer is the determination of
the loads that can be applied to a structure
during its life, and the worst possible combination
of these loads that might occur simultaneously. “

26
VERTICAL LOADS
Dead Loads
Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads which are
transferred to structure throughout the life span.

Dead load is primarily due to self-weight of structural

members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent
equipment and weight of different materials.

It majorly consists of the weight of roofs, beams, walls and

column etc. which are otherwise the permanent parts of the
building.

27
VERTICAL LOADS
Live Loads
Live loads are either movable or moving loads without
any acceleration or impact.

These loads are assumed to be produced by the

intended use or occupancy of the building including
weights of movable partitions or furniture etc.

Live loads keep on changing from time to time. These

loads are to be suitably assumed by the designer. It is
one of the major loads in the design.

28
LATERAL LOADS
Wind Loads
Wind load is primarily horizontal load caused by the
movement of air relative to earth.

For low rise building say up to four to five stories, the

wind load is not critical because the moment of
resistance provided by the continuity of floor system
to column connection and walls provided between
columns are sufficient to accommodate the effect
of these forces.

29
LATERAL LOADS
Seismic Loads
Earthquake forces constitute to both vertical and
horizontal forces on the building.

The total vibration caused by earthquake may be

resolved into three mutually perpendicular directions,
usually taken as vertical and two horizontal directions.

The movement in vertical direction do not cause

forces in superstructure to any significant extent. But
the horizontal movement of the building at the time of
earthquake is to be considered while designing.

30
Structural Loadings

31
Moment Resisting Frames
Structures with conventional beam-column framing that carry gravity loads
exerted on the floor system are known as moment resisting frames.
The floors also serve as horizontal diaphragm elements, transferring lateral
forces from the girders and columns.
Furthermore, at the ends of their lengths, the girders resist strong moments
and shears, which are then passed to the column system.

32
PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATION
OF MATERIALS & STRUCTURAL LOADS

33
MATERIAL: Aggregates
❖ Aggregates
Aggregates make up around 70 to 75 percent of the volume of the
hardened mass of ordinary structural concrete. The aggregate gives volume,
stability, resistance to wear and other desired physical properties to the
finished product. Commonly used aggregates include sand, crushed stone,
and pebbles.

34
MATERIAL: Aggregates
Types of Aggregates
• Coarse Aggregate - Coarse Aggregate refers to particles that are
primarily retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and will pass through a 3-
inch screen. The coarser the aggregate, the more economical the mix.

• Fine Aggregates - are the particles that pass through No. 4 Sieve and will
for the most part be retained on a No. 200 sieve. (Fill the voids in the
coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent)

35
MATERIAL: Aggregates
Common Size of Aggregates
• For coarse aggregate (gravel), the nominal size varies from
40mm,20mm(3/4 inches),10mm diameter.

36
MATERIAL: Aggregates
Two Characteristics of Aggregates

Important on proportioning concrete mixtures because

they affect the workability of the fresh concrete

• GRADING ( particle size and distribution)

• Nature of Particles ( shape , porosity, surface textures)

37
MATERIAL: Concrete
❖ Concrete
Concrete is composed of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock,
sand, or gravel) and Portland cement. This combination will be poured in the
forms to make structural members such as beams, columns and slabs. In
addition, the water to be used should be clean and free from organic
substance.

38
 MATERIAL: Concrete
Portland Cement
Portland cement (patented by Joseph Aspdin in England around 1824). The
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has established criteria for
five varieties of standard Portland cement.

Varieties of Portland Cement

• The Ordinary Portland Cement

• The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
• The Low Heat Portland Cement
• The Sulfate Cement
• The High Alumina Cement

39
MATERIAL: Concrete
Principle of Concrete Mixing
Proper Concrete mixing is very important in construction to produce a
concrete mixture that will meet the desired characteristics:

1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Economy

Cement (bags/cu.m) Sand Gravel

CLASS Mixture 40kg/bag 50kg/bag cu.m cu.m
AA 1:1.5:3 12.0 9.5 0.486 0.972
A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 0.486 0.972
B 1:2.5:5 7.5 6.0 0.506 1.013
C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 0.486 0.972

40
Concrete Compressive Strength, f’c
Compressive strength of concrete is the Strength of hardened concrete
measured by the compression test.

The compression strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's

ability to resist loads which tend to compress it. It is measured by
crushing cylindrical concrete specimens in compression testing
machine.

Concrete's compressive strength requirements can vary from 2500 psi

(17 MPa) for residential concrete to 4000psi (28 MPa) and higher in
commercial structures. Higher strengths up to and exceeding 10,000 psi
(70 MPa) are specified for certain applications.

41
MATERIAL: Concrete
Concrete Compression Test

42
MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars
❖ Reinforcing Steel Bars
Steel is more or less a linear elastic material. Unlike concrete, which is
much weaker in tension than in compression, steel theoretically
responds the same way in either tension or compression. Structural steel
is extremely strong, stiff, tough, and ductile

43
MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars
GRADE 60 (KSI) = 60,00 PSI= 414MPA

(multiply by 6.9)

GRADE 40(KSI)=
40,000 PSI=276MPA

44
MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars

Specified yield strength

of Grade 30,
Grade 40
and
Grade 60 rebars
in accordance
to PNS/ASTM.

45
MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars
Grades of Reinforcing Steel

The grade of steel indicates

the minimum yield strength of
the steel in ksi which is based
on ASTM standards. Philippine
National Standards (PNS) has
also equivalents grades in
Mpa. Higher tensile grades
designate as Grade 75 (500)
and Grade 80 (550) may also
be available. The three grades PNS equivalent of ASTM Grades for
can be distinguished by reinforcing steel bars
different color markings at the
ends of each bar.

46
 MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars

Different bar
size designation
(Source: NSCP)

47
 MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars

Commercial
Lengths of
Different RSB
typically used
in Philippine
Construction
Projects

48
MATERIAL: Reinforcing Steel Bars

49
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS:
Concrete Cover
❖ Concrete Cover
It is the distance between the exposed
concrete surface (without plaster and
other finishes) to the nearest surface of
the reinforcing bar Look into the
following image for more detail or the
space amid the surface of fixed
reinforcement and the outside of
concrete of an RCC member. It is a
protection for the steel reinforcement.
The concrete cover for various types of
members and exposures is specified by
the code.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Concrete Cover
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Concrete Cover
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Spacing Limits for
Reinforcement
❖ Spacing Limits for Reinforcement

According to NSCP Section 407.7, the minimum clear spacing between parallel
bars in layer shall be db but not less than 25mm.

Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two layers, bars in the upper layers should
be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between
layers not less than 25mm.

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural
reinforcement shall not be spaced further apart than three times the wall or slab
thickness, nor farther than 450mm.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Spacing Limits for
Reinforcement
❖ Spacing Limits for Reinforcement
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Spacing Limits for
Reinforcement
Bundled Bars
A group of reinforced bars,
parallelly set to each other to
act as a unit should be
limited four in a bundle used
as reinforcement in
reinforced concrete,
enclosed by stirrups or ties.
Bars greater than 32mm
should not be bundled in
beams.
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Steel Ratio, ρ
❖ Steel Ratio, ρ
Steel Ratio: Ratio of Required Steel reinforcement as compared to Actual Cross-
Sectional Area of concrete members (bd).

Ratio of steel reinforcements with reference to member cross section;

As
𝛒= bd

Maximum Steel Ratio, ρ𝐦𝐚𝐱

𝛒𝐦𝐚𝐱=𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝛒𝐛𝐚𝐥

𝐀s𝐦𝐚𝐱=𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝐀sb
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS: Steel Ratio, ρ
Limitation set forth in the code to ensure steel yields first (ductile failure);

Minimum Steel Ratio, ρ𝐦𝐢𝐧

𝑓′𝑐
𝛒min = 4𝑓𝑦

Should not be less than:

1.4
𝛒min = 𝑓𝑦
DESIGN CONDITION (NSCP 2001)
Balanced design: A design so proportioned that the maximum
stresses in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of
fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is
reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.

Under-reinforced design: A design in which the steel reinforcement

is lesser than what is required for balanced condition. If the ultimate
load is approached, the steel will begin to yield. If the load is further
increased, the steel will continue to elongate. Failure under this
condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the structure
to decrease the load.
DESIGN CONDITION (NSCP 2001)
Over-reinforced design: A design in which the steel reinforcement is
more than what is required for balanced condition. If the beam is
over-reinforced, the steel will not yield before failure. As the load is
increased, deflections are not noticeable although the
compression concrete is highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly
without warning to the user of the structure.

Over-reinforced design as well as balanced design must be

AVOIDED in concrete because of its brittle property, that is why the
code limits the tensile steel percentage (ρmax = 0.75ρb) to ensure
under-reinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give
occupants warning before failure occur.
DESIGN CONDITION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CODE AND
PROVISIONS DISCUSSIONS
ANALYSIS
MODEL:

GEOMETRY-LOADINGS-PARAMETERS-
ASSIGNMENTS-SUPPORTS

FORCES-STRESSES-DISPLACEMENT-REACTIONS

63
DESIGN

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

-SEISMIC DRIFT
-DEFLECTION
STRENGTH LIMIT STATE
-CAPACITY
-REINFORCEMENT

64
ETABS

RCDC

STAAD PRO
 EVALUATING COMMON
CONSTRUCTION
MISCONCEPTION OF
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN
ACTUAL PRACTICE
Misconceptions in
Actual Practice
Misconceptions are barriers to building safer structures. Civil Engineers always
ensure safety above all in designing and planning Structural Detailing. But with the
traditional approach and lack of proper implementation in the actual practices, the
safety of the structures is compromised.

The theoretical approach is implemented with reference to the specifications of

the code (National Structural Code of the Philippines and National Building Code of
the Philippines) and learnings we had in school while the
traditional approach is based on experience in the actual practice in construction.
• “Un-engineered Project”
Over design is a term used to describe a plan that is excessively complex or
that it exceeds usual standards as of sturdiness or safety. It has been a
misconception in the traditional approach to describing every “engineered” plan
and analysis an over-designed one.

A structure will always be labelled as over-designed if it is still standing, never

mind that it has never seen its max. Designing according to code is the MINIMUM
design. For most structures and occupancies, the loading and design elements
required by code will be conservative (typically by 40% at full design load, and then
few structures see the full design loads).

For some reason, many contractors that practice traditional approaches like
simplicity and repetitive details, member sizes, and spacing, etc.
• Tantiyahan Method
Estimation of amount, sizes, and multipliers used
construction is a common practice in the traditional
approach. In this method, the code and specifications
are not being referenced and implemented accordingly
which is a big risk to the safety of the structure.
• Concrete pouring on Beams before Slabs
or vice versa
• Concrete pouring on Beams before Slabs
or vice versa
• 90° Stirrups or lateral ties on columns, beams, and girders

STIRRUPS=BEAM/GIRDER
LATERAL TIES=COLUMN
STIRRUPS= BEAM/GIRDER
LATERAL TIES= COLUMS

1.TO RESIST SHEAR STRESS TO PREVENT DIAGONAL

CRACKS

2.TO HOLD LONGITUDINAL BARS IN POSITION

3.TO PREVENT COLUMN AND BEAM FROM

BUCKLING
HOOK LENGTH-NSCP-p510
HOOK LENGTH-NSCP-p510
IMPORTANCE OF Ld for Column

-TO ESTABLISH THE DESIRED BOND STRENGTH

BETWEEN THE CONCRETE AND STEEL

-TO TRANSFER THE STRESSES

-TO PREVENT COLUMN FROM SLIPPAGE

• Column main bars under footing

(Correct way)
• Separation of aggregates during pouring due to incorrect concrete mixing
• Wrong Embedment of pipes in columns
• Putting more sand in concrete
mixture for smoother finish
• Putting more Steel in Structural Members
 DETAILED STRUCTURAL
DETAILING OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN USING
STAAD ADVANCED CONCRETE
DESIGN (SACD RCDC)
Principle for Analysis and Design of Special Moment-Resisting
Frame (SMRF)

Principle for Analysis and Design of Special Moment-Resisting Frame, SMRF

1. Response modification factor, R = 8 was being used, now in the NSCP 2015
R = 8.5 as per Table 208-11.

2. Proper proportioning and satisfy detailing requirements to ensure that

inelastic response is ductile.

3. There are 3 main objectives in designing SMRF:

a. To achieve a strong-column, weak-beam design that spreads inelastic
response over several storeys;
b. To avoid brittle failure modes such as shear and axial force at the
connection; and
c. To provide details that enable ductile flexural response in yielding regions.
Code References:
• NSCP 2015, National Structural Code of the Philippines
• UBC 1997, Uniform Building Code
• ASCE 7-10, American Society of Civil Engineers
• AISC 360-10, American Institute of Steel Construction
• ACI 318-14, American Concrete Institute
Framing and
Sizing

Legend:
250 X 400 TIE BEAMS
300 X 300 COLUMNS
300 X 400 COLUMNS

90
Framing and
Sizing
2ND FLOOR FRAMING

Legend:
250 X 400 BEAMS
300 X 300 COLUMNS
300 X 400 COLUMNS
125 MM THK SLABS

91
Framing and
Sizing
ROOF LEVEL FRAMING
Legend:
250 X 300 BEAMS
300 X 300 COLUMNS
300 X 400 COLUMNS

92
Materials
▪ Concrete
• 3000 psi
Compressive Strength, fc’ = 21 Mpa Modulus of Elasticity, Ec =
21,538 Mpa Unit Weight, γ = 23.54 KNΤm3

▪ Rebars:
• ASTM A615-Gr.40:
Yield Strength, fy = 275.79 Mpa Ultimate Strength, fu = 413.69
Mpa

• ASTM A615-Gr.60:
Yield Strength, fy = 413.69 Mpa Ultimate Strength, fu = 620.53
Mpa

93
Section
Properties:
▪ Frame Sections:
Name Material Width Depth
B 250 X 400 3000 psi 250 400
B 250 X 300 3000 psi 250 300
C 300 X 300 3000 psi 300 300
C 300 X 400 3000 psi 300 400

▪ Slab Sections:
Name Material Element Type Thickness
S 125 3000 psi Shell-Thin 125
BEAMS
Reinforced Concrete Beams – Types and Summary of Cracks
Reinforced Concrete Members: Beam
Reinforced concrete beams are structural
members which are design to carry
transverse loadings. These loadings cause
the beam to have bending moment,
shear, and occasionally, torsion. Beams
usually support the loads coming from the
slabs. They also support beams, when they
act as girders, walls, and columns.
Failure in Beams
Flexural Failure

When beams are applied a loading, it experiences both compression and

tension along its span. Depending on the support, the compression and tension
may occur on either top or bottom of the beam.
Failure in Beams
Flexural Failure: Tension Side

Failure in the tension side is caused

when the reinforcing steel bar in the
tension side yields. This is then followed
by the concrete in the compression
side getting crushed. Among the
failures that occur on beams, this is
the most ideal because the beam
shows signs of cracking before fully
failing.
Failure in Beams
Flexural Failure: Compression Side

Failure in the compression side is

cause when the reinforcing steel in
the tension side does not yet yield.
After the compression side breaks, it is
followed by the yielding of the
reinforcing steel bars at the tension
side. The occurrence of this failure is
not desirable as it happens suddenly,
where there are no signs of failing in
the beam until the last second.
Failure in Beams
Shear Failure

The reinforcement needed to prevent shear failure are the stirrups in the beam.
Proper spacing between them is required to attain the needed resistance to
shear.
Top, Bottom,Transverse Bar and Stirrups
Reinforced Concrete Beams – Lap Splices of Longitudinal
Reinforcement and Traverse Reinforcements
Section 418.6.4.2 of NSCP 2015 states that where hoops are required, the main
longitudinal reinforcement closest to the tension and compression faces which are
commonly the longitudinal reinforcements at the top and bottom of the beam, shall
have lateral support not exceeding 150 mm clear on each side along the laterally
supported bar in accordance with section 425.7.2.3.
Seismic Detailing of Beams
Beams that part of frames assigned to absorb
and resist seismic force are subject to additional
requirements of the NSCP.

To ensure that it can behave in a ductile

manner without disintegrating prematurely.

-NSCP p460

105
SIZING OF BEAMS
Beams dimension limits are
enumerated in NSCP 418.6.2.1 as follow

a. Clean span,ln shall be at least 4d

(not deep beam)

106
SIZING OF BEAMS
Beams dimension limits are
enumerated in NSCP 418.6.2.1 as follow

b. The width,bw shall be at least the smaller of 0.3h and

250mm

-requires a beam shall be wide enough to order that hoop traverse

reinforcement can be accommodated.
-The beam cannot be overlay narrow due to other considerations

107
Beam Main Reinforcements
NSCP 418.6.2

a) There shall be at least continuous bars at

both top and bottom
b) The max steel ration is pmax is 0.025

108
Building
Loads:
Load Patterns and Load Cases:

Load Load Type: Auto-Generated:

Pattern/Case:
DL1 Dead -
DL2 Superimposed Dead -
LL1 Reducible Live -
LL2 Live -
LLR Roof Live -
EX Seismic NSCP 2015/UBC 1997
EY Seismic NSCP 2015/UBC 1997
RCDC DESIGN
Design Load Combinations for Beams, Columns and Footing Design

110
RCDC DESIGN
Design Load Combinations for Beams, Columns and Footing Design

111
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF BEAM

112
COLUMN
COLUMNS

Columns are used as major structural elements in trusses, building frames,

and sub-structure supports for bridges.

• Compressive loads from roofs, floors, or bridge decks are supported

by columns.
• Columns transmit the vertical forces to the foundations and into the
subsoil.
• Typically, loads on columns are applied at the ends of the member,
causing axial compressive stresses.
Reinforced Concrete Members: Column
Reinforced concrete columns are vertical
supports for the beams and slabs. They
mainly experience compression loadings;
thus, they are compression members. They
may also experience bending moment
because of the beams they support. They
transfer their loadings to the foundation
below them.
Failure in Columns
Compression Failure

Compression failure occurs when the material strength of both the concrete and
the reinforcing bars are weaker than the actual axial loading experience by the
column.
Failure in Columns
Buckling Failure

The lateral ties present in the column prevents buckling aside it being there as
shear reinforcements.
Failure in Columns
Shear Failure

Shear failure in columns is mainly cause

by the lateral loads experience by the
column. These lateral loadings include
wind and earthquake loads. Lateral ties
are provided to resist shear.
Reinforced Concrete Beams – Lap Splices of Longitudinal
Reinforcement and Traverse Reinforcements
COLUMNS
Type of Reinforced Concrete Columns

a. By Basis of Shape

• Square Section
• Rectangular Section
• Circular Section
• L – Section
• T- Section
Type of Reinforced Concrete Columns
b. By Basis of Reinforcement

• Tied Columns – columns consist of bars braced or tied at close intervals by closed
loops called ties
• Spiral Columns – columns consist of bars and the core concrete wrapped with a
closely spaced helix.
• Composite Columns – columns consist of a structural steel or cast-iron column
encased in concrete reinforced with both longitudinal and transverse reinforcements
• Pipe Columns or Concrete Filled Steel Tubes – columns that are circular, rectangular
or square hollow sections filled with concrete without any additional reinforcement.
Type of Reinforced Concrete Columns

b. By Basis of Reinforcement
Types of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Columns
1. Longitudinal Steel

It is that steel which is present along the length of the column. Following are the
various purposes of longitudinal reinforcement;

• The main function of longitudinal reinforcement is to prevent creep and shrinkage

in concrete.
• It provides resistance against lateral bending, cracking and reduction of moment
of inertia value.
• It reduces the size of the column.
Types of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Columns
2. Transverse Steel

It provides confinement to the inner concrete of core concrete i.e., the concrete
which is present inside the longitudinal reinforcement. Confinement provides ductility
and it also increases the strength of the concrete.

• Transverse steel reduces the chances of buckling of longitudinal steel

• It holds the longitudinal steel in position during casting
• Transverse steel provides resistance against shear.
• Two types of transverse steel: Lateral ties and Spiral ties.
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements for Tied Columns

1. Min. dimension = 200mm

2. Min. gross area, Ag = 200 mm x 300 mm col.
= 60,00 mm2
3. Min. main bars = 4pcs – 16 mm ⌀
4. Min. clear bar cover = 40 mm (same as beams)
5. Lateral Tie Diameter = same method of determining stirrup diameter
6. Gross steel ratio: ρg =1% min. to 8% max
( use only up to 4% when designing)
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements for Tied Columns
7. Main bar spacing, 𝑠𝑚
s ≥ 1.5 main bar ⌀
s ≥ 40mm
s ≥ 1.5 max size of coarse aggregates

8. Lateral Tie Spacing, 𝑠𝑡

s = 16 main bar ⌀
s = 48 lateral tie ⌀ smallest value
s = least col. dimension ⌀
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements for Tied Columns
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF COLUMNS

131
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF COLUMNS

132
SLAB
Reinforced Concrete Members: Slab
Reinforced concrete slabs are used
for floors, roof, and walls of the
building. If used as a floor, they are
used mainly to support the activities
in the given floor and transfer their
loadings to the beams that support
them.
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – One-way and Two-way Slabs
One-Way Slabs Two-Way Slabs
𝐿 𝐿
> 2.0 ≤ 2.0
𝑆 𝑆
The slabs are supported by the The slabs are supported on all
beams on the two opposite the four sides.
sides.
The loads are carried along one The loads are carried along with
direction. both directions.
Main reinforcement is provided
Main reinforcement bars are
only in one direction (shorter
provided in both directions.
side).
The deflected shape is The deflected shape is like a
cylindrical. dish or saucer.
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – One-way and Two-way Slabs
Reinforcements
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – One-way and Two-way Slabs
Load Transfer
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – One-way and Two-way Slabs
Load Transfer
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – Minimum Thickness for One-Way Slab
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – Minimum Thickness for Two-Way Slab
Reinforced Concrete Slabs – Minimum Thickness for Two-Way Slab
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF SLABS Imposed DL- 2.42kN/sqm LL-1.9kN/sqm t-
125mm

142
 FOOTING

NSCP 2015 –431

Reinforced Concrete Members: Footing
Footings are important as they
are the final members to transfer
the loadings to the ground. They
receive their loads from the
column and walls that they
support.
NSCP 2015 –431
 Strip Footings
Strip footing is component of shallow
foundation which distributes the
weight of a load-bearing wall
across the area of the ground. It is
also know as wall footing.

Commonly used as foundation of

load-bearing walls where the soil
is of good bearing capacity. The
footing usually twice as the load-
bearing wall, sometimes it is even
wider. The width, as well as the
type of reinforcement, are
depending on the bearing
capacity of the foundation soil
Isolated Footing
An isolated footing is
one of the most used
types of foundation to
support single-columns
when they are arranged
at a long distance. ... A
pad or flat isolated footing
is constructed by plain or
reinforced concrete. Its
thickness is constant and
its shape can be circular,
rectangular or square
Combined Footing

Combined footings are constructed

for two or more columns when
they are close to each other and
their foundations overlap. ... The
function of a footing or a foundation
is to transmit the load form the
structure to the underlying soil
Mat Foundation

A raft or mat foundation is a large

continuous rectangular or circular
concrete slab that carries the entire
load of the superstructure and
spreads it over the whole area
beneath the building. It is considered
as one type of shallow foundation and
is useful in controlling the differential
settlement.
Grade Beam

Grade beams are used to connect

column foundations together,
whether the columns are supported
on individual spread footings,
individual piles, or pile groups
Pile Caps

Pile caps create a stable

foundation and offer a larger area
for the distribution of the building
load onto the piles. They act in a
similar way to piled raft
foundations, where a concrete
slab rests on soil which may be
susceptible to movement, above a
group of piles.
Piles

A pile foundation is defined as a

series of columns constructed or
inserted into the ground to
transmit loads to a lower level of
subsoil.
Drilled Piers

A drilled pier is a deep foundation

system that uses a large diameter
concrete cylinder constructed by
placing fresh concrete and
reinforcing steel into a drilled
shaft. It is also called as a
caisson, drilled shaft, Cast-in-
drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles) or
Cast-in-Situ piles.
Caisson

Caisson foundations, also known

as pier foundations,
are prefabricated hollow
substructures designed to be
constructed on or near the surface
of the ground, sunk to the desired
depth and then filled with
concrete, thus ultimately
becoming an integral part of the
permanent structure.
LEAN CONCRETE

7.5MPA (1:4:8)
10MPA (1:3:6)
PURPOSE OF LEAN CONCRETE

-PROVIDES UNIFORM SURFACE TO

THE FOUNDATION
-PREVENT DIRECT CONTACT OF
CONCRETE FOUNDATION WITH THE
SOIL
-PROVIDES THE PROTECTION FROM
CHEMICALS IS SOILS SUCH AS
SULPHATE THAT CAN WEAKEN THE
CONCRETE
Failure in Footings
Punching Shear
Failure in Footings
Flexural Failure
Failure in Footings
Shear Failure
Structural Design of Footing – Depth and Size of Footing
Soil Pressures and Deformation of an Isolated Spread Footing
Structural Design of Footing – Reinforcement Requirement
Structural Design of Footing – Reinforcement Requirement
3D view of spread footing reinforced with both upper and lower rebar grid.
Structural Design of Footing
RCDC DESIGN
Sizing Load Combinations Definition for Footing Design

166
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS:

167
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS:
ULTIMATE LOAD COMBINATION-DESIGN OF
REINFORCEMENT

ALLOWABLE/ SERVICE LOAD COMBINATION-

DESIGN OF SIZE OF FOOTING

168
RCDC DESIGN
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS:

169
End of
Presentation
QUESTION AND ANSWER

171