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Fluids at Rest

The document discusses the properties and behavior of fluids at rest, including definitions of pressure, types of pressure (absolute, gage, and vacuum), and how pressure varies with depth in a fluid. It also covers Pascal's Law, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principle, explaining how these concepts apply to real-world scenarios such as hydraulic systems and floating objects. Key equations and principles are presented to illustrate the relationship between pressure, density, and depth in fluids.

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15 views27 pages

Fluids at Rest

The document discusses the properties and behavior of fluids at rest, including definitions of pressure, types of pressure (absolute, gage, and vacuum), and how pressure varies with depth in a fluid. It also covers Pascal's Law, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principle, explaining how these concepts apply to real-world scenarios such as hydraulic systems and floating objects. Key equations and principles are presented to illustrate the relationship between pressure, density, and depth in fluids.

Uploaded by

iitbombayairone1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid at Rest

Fluid
 Fluid is a substance that flows under the
action of an applied force and does not have
a shape of its own.

 Examples: Liquids and Gases


Fluid Statics
• Fluid either at rest or moving in a
manner that there is no relative motion
between adjacent particles.
• No shearing stress in the fluid
• Only pressure (force that develop on
the surfaces of the particles)
Pressure
• Pressure is defined as a normal force
exerted by a fluid per unit area.
• Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called
a pascal (Pa).
• Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures
encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa
= 103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106
Pa) are commonly used.
• Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2,
lbf/in2=psi.
Absolute, gage, and vacuum
pressures
• Actual pressure at a give point is called the
absolute pressure.

• Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated


to read zero in the atmosphere, and therefore
indicate gage pressure, Pgage=Pabs - Patm.

• Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called


vacuum pressure, Pvac=Patm - Pabs.
Absolute, gage, and vacuum
pressures
Pressure at a Point
• Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all directions.
• Pressure has a magnitude, but not a
specific direction, and thus it is a scalar
quantity.
Pressure Exerted by a Liquid Column

F = mass of liquid in the column of depth h x g


= Volume x Density x g= Ah x ρ x g
or F=Ahρg

Pressure of the liquid at a depth h is given by:


P=F/A = Ahρg/A

or P=hρg

Thus Pressure α height of fluid column & Density of fluid


Variation of pressure with depth
FBOTTOM - FTOP = mg = (density x Vol) x g
FBOTTOM - FTOP =  A H g
Since pressure is Force / area, Force = P x A
PBottom A – PTop A =  A H g, or

PBottom – PTop =  H g
The pressure below is greater
than the pressure above.
Here, PBottom = Pressure at depth
& PTop =Pa(Atmospheric Pressure)
Hence P = Pa + hρg
Variation of pressure with depth

Variation of pressure with depth:


P = Pa + hρg
where Pa =atmospheric pressure,
h= depth of liquid, ρ=density ,
g=acceleration due to gravity

In the presence of a gravitational field, pressure increases


with depth because more fluid rests on deeper layers.
Why does P increase with depth?

this layer of fluid must the block on the bottom


support all the fluid supports all the blocks
above it above it
Blood Pressure
• The blood pressure in
your feet can be
greater than the blood
pressure in your head
depending on
whether a person is
standing or reclining
How much does P increase
• At the surface of a body of water
the pressure is 1 atm 100,000 Pa

= 100,000 Pa h
• As we go down into the water,
at what depth does the pressure
double, from 1 atm to 2 atm or 200,000 Pa
• Want  g h = 100,000 Pa
1000 kg/m3 x 10 x h = 100,000
• So h = 10 meters or about 30 feet
Why speed of water
leaking from the
bottom hole is
Larger?

Ans. Pressure increases


with depth, so the
speed of water leaking
from the bottom hole is
larger than that from the
higher ones.
Pascal’s Law
According to this Law the Pressure applied to an
enclosed liquid is transmitted undiminished to every
point of the liquid and walls of the containing vessel.

The normal forces Fa , Fb and Fc as


shown in Fig on the faces BEFC,
ADFC and ADEB denoted by Aa , Ab
and Ac respectively.
Thus
Hydrostatic Paradox

• Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent


of the shape of the container.
• Pressure is the same at all points on a
horizontal plane in a given fluid.
Application of Pascal’s law
(1) Hydraulic
Barakes

(2) Hydraulic Lift


or Press etc

Click above
A hydraulic lift
• Pressure is F x A
• At the same depth the
pressures are the same
• so F1 /A1 = F2 /A2, or
 A2 
F2  F1  
 A1 
• with a little force you can
lift a heavy object!
• the jack
Measuring atmospheric
pressure - Barometers
Inverted closed
tube filled with The column of liquid is
liquid held up by the pressure of
the liquid in the tank. Near
the surface this pressure
is atmospheric pressure, so
PATM PATM the atmosphere holds the
liquid up.

Pliquid
Barometric pressure
Atmospheric pressure
can support a column
of water 10.3 m high,
or a column of
mercury (which is
13.6 times as dense
as water) 30 inches
high  the mercury
barometer
Buoyancy – why things float
Buoyant Force
submerged object
that has a mass
density ρO
PTopA F=PA

h The density of the


water is ρW
PBottomA W
Buoyant force
• The water pushes down on the top of the
object, and pushes up on the bottom of the
object
• The difference between the upward force
and the downward force is the buoyant
force FB
• since the pressure is larger on the
bottom the buoyant force is UP
Archimedes principle
• the pressure difference is ρW g h, so the
buoyant force is
• FB = P x A = ρW g h A
• = ρW g (volume of object)
• = ρW (volume of object) g h

• = mass of displaced water x g


object
• FB = weight of displaced water
• This is Archimedes principle
Archimedes principle
The buoyant force on an object in
a fluid equals the weight of the
fluid which it displaces.
–this works for objects in water
–helium balloons (density of He = 0.18 kg/m3)
–hot air balloons  the density of
hot air is lower than the density of cool
air so the weight of the cool air that is
displaced is larger than the weight
of the balloon
Will it float?
• The object will float if the buoyant force is
enough to support the object’s weight
• The object will displace just enough water
so that the buoyant force = its weight
• If it displaces as much water as possible
and this does not match its weight, it will
sink.
• Objects that have a density less than
water will always float.
Floating objects

lighter object heavier object

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