THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

SECTION A
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

1. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means

(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.
(b) strong devotion for one’s own country without appreciation for other nations.
(c) strong love for one’s own country and hatred for others.
(d) equally strong devotion for all the countries of the world.

2. Match the term with the statements given below:

A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i) a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) only
(d) (iii) only
3. Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.
(a) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which only the female members of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
(b) Plebiscite is a direct vote by the female members of a matriarchal system to accept or reject a
proposal.
(c) Plebiscite is a direct vote by only a chosen few from the total population of a particular region to
accept or reject a proposal.
(d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
4. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because
(a) it ensures protection to all inhabitants.
(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures Parliamentary form of government to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and good health to all its inhabitants.
5. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(a) Britain
(b) Russia
(c) Prussia
(d) Switzerland
6. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: ‘Liberty, Equality
and Fraternity’ was:
(a) The Russian Revolution
(b) The French Revolution
(c) The American Revolution
(d) India’s First War of Independence
7. Which of the following statements about the ‘French Revolution’ are correct?
(i) After the end of the French Revolution it was proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth
constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
(ii) France will have a constitutional monarchy and the new republic will be headed by a member of the
royal family.
(iii) A centralised administrative system will be put in place to formulate uniform laws for all citizens.
(iv) Imposition of internal custom duties and dues will continue to exist in France.
(a) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
8. The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was
(a) to conquer the people of Europe.
(b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
(c) to strengthen absolute monarchies in all the countries of Europe.
(d) to propagate the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in every part of the world.
9. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:
(a) The French Revolutionary Code
(b) Napoleonic Code
(c) European Imperial Code
(d) The French Civil Code
10. The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?
(a) England
(b) Spain
(c) Regions under French control
(d) Poland
11. The liberal nationalism stands for:
(a) freedom for the individual and equality before law.
(b) preservation of autocracy and clerical privileges.
(c) freedom for only male members of society and equality before law.
(d) freedom only for senior citizens.
12. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’? [Delhi 2012]
(a) Otto von Bismarck
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini
(c) Mettemich
(d) Johann Gottfried Herder
13. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:
(a) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to men.
(b) the right to vote for all adults.
(c) the right to vote and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men.
(d) the right to vote and get elected, granted only to educated men and women.
14. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?
(a) Conservatives believe in established, traditional institutions of state and policy.
(b) Conservatives stressed the importance of tradition and preferred gradual development to quick
change.
(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas
of modernisation to strengthen monarchy.
(d) Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies.
15. The Treaty of recognized Greece as an independent nation:
(a) Vienna 1815
(b) Constantinople 1832
(c) Warsaw 1814
(d) Leipzig 1813
16. Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(a) Garibaldi
(b) Bismarck
(c) Mazzini
(d) Duke Metternich
17. What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following answers is correct?
(a) Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th century.
(b) Poland came totally under the control of Russia and became part of Russia.
(c) Poland became the part of East Germany.
(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
18. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?
(a) German Emperor (formerly King of Prussia) — Kaiser William I.
(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).
(c) Johann Gottfried Herder — German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor — Duke Metternich.
19. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in
(a) Danish victory
(b) Prussian victory
(c) French victory
(d) German victory
20. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?
(a) Otto Von Bismarck
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia
21. Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?
(a) Giuseppe Garibaldi
(b) Victor Emmanuel II
(c) Count Cavour
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini
22. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?
(a) The formation of a nation-state in Britain was the result of a sudden upheaval.
(b) In 1688, the monarchy in Britain had seized the power from English Parliament.
(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led to
the emergence of a nation-state.
(d) The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales.
23. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?
(a) Count Cavour
(b) Bismarck
(c) Garibaldi
(d) Giuseppe Mazzini
24. The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:
(a) Marianne
(b) Union Jack
(c) Britannia
(d) Germania
25. A large part of Balkan region was under the control of:
(a) Russian empire
(b) Ottoman empire
(c) German empire
(d) Habsburg rulers

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1.How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?
2.What were the highlights of the Treaty of Vienna 1815?
3.Give a brief note on the Napoleonic code.
4.How did nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge?
5.What was the Romantic Imagination about a nation?
6.What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
7.Describe the rise of imperialism.
8.How was nation visualized by artists?
9.On what basis the female allegories were given names?
SECTION C
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
1.Describe the French Revolution.
2.What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
3.Give two examples to show that in the 18th century Europe there were no nation states.
4.What were the reforms made by Napoleon?
5.Why were the Middle class so named?
6.What was the cause of Silesian weavers uprising? Comment on the viewpoint of the journalist.
7.According to Ernst Renan what are the attributes of a nation?

SECTION A
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
MCQs (1 Marks Questions)
1. ‘Nationalism’, which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means
(a) strong devotion for one’s own country and its history and culture.

2. Match the term with the statements given below:

(b) (ii) and (iii)

3. Pick out the correct definition to define the term ‘Plebiscite’.

(d) Plebiscite is a direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.

4. Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because

(b) it ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens.

5. Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(d) Switzerland

6. The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: ‘Liberty, Equality
and Fraternity’ was:
(b) The French Revolution

7. Which of the following statements about the ‘French Revolution’ are correct?
(c) (i) and (iii)

8. The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation was
(b) to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.

9. The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:

(b) Napoleonic Code
10. The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?
(c) Regions under French control

11. The liberal nationalism stands for:

(a) freedom for the individual and equality before law.

12. Who among the following formed the secret society called ‘Young Italy’? [Delhi 2012]
(b) Giuseppe Mazzini

13. The term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:

(b) the right to vote for all adults.

14. Which of the following is not a feature or belief of ‘Conservatism’?

(c) Conservatives proposed to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days and were against the ideas
of modernisation to strengthen monarchy.

15. The Treaty of recognized Greece as an independent nation:

(b) Constantinople 1832

16. Who said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(d) Duke Metternich

17. What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the following answers is correct?
(d) Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and
Austria.

18. Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?

(b) Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister).

19. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in
(b) Prussian victory

20. Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?

(d) Kaiser William I of Prussia

21. Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?

(b) Victor Emmanuel II

22. What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?

(c) The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led to
the emergence of a nation-state.

23. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?

(b) Bismarck

24. The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:
(d) Germania
25. A large part of Balkan region was under the control of:
(b) Ottoman empire

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

Solution: 1
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this
class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the
countryside and also town-houses………..

Solution: 2
In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had
collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The main highlights
were to how the nation could develop and what economic measures could help forge this nation
together.

Solution:3
The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on
birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This Code was exported to
the regions under French control.

Solution: 4
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this
class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions…………

Solution: 5
Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.
Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead
on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings……..

Solution: 6
Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle
classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law……….

Solution: 7
Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. But meanwhile, many countries in
the world which had been colonised by the European powers ……….

Solution: 8
Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. In other
words they represented a country as if it were a person…...

Solution: 9
Many female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In
France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s
nation. ……..

SECTION C
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION
Solution 1:
The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France, as you would
remember, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. The political
and constitutional ……..

Solution: 2
Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of
liberalism. The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. For the new middle
classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law…………….

Solution: 3
In the mid-eighteenth-century Europe there were no ‘nation-states’ as we know them today. The
countries such as Germany, Italy and Switzerland, which we know today were divided into kingdoms,
………….

Solution 4:
Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of
the reforms that he had already introduced in France. Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no
doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary
principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually
known as the Napoleonic Code ……………….

Solution: 5
Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this
class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the
countryside and also townhouses. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high
society..............

Solution: 6
In 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave
them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments. The journalist Wilhelm Wolff
described the events in a Silesian village as follows: ……………..

Solution: 7
In a lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne in 1882, the French philosopher Ernst Renan (1823-
92) outlined his understanding of what makes a nation. The lecture was subsequently published as a
famous essay entitled ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?’ (‘What is a Nation?’). ………..