XII - Maths - Formulae

FORMULA FOR SUCCESS 1

iv) Inverse A-1 = | A | . adjA

5. Rank of a matrix
01 . MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
The rank of a matrix A is defined as the order of a highest order
non-vanishing minor of the matrix A.
1. Some properties of matrices :
6. (i) If (A)  [(A | B)] , then the system is inconsistent and has no
i) A (adjA) = (adjA). A = |A|. In solution
ii) Adjoint matrix adjA = [Aij]T
(ii) If (A) = (A | B)], then the system is consistent .
1 (iii) If (A) = (A | B)] = number of unknowns, then the system has
iii) Inverse matrix A-1 = . adj A
| A| unique solution.
iv) (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 (iv) If (A) = (A | B)] = 2 < number of unknowns, then the system
v) (AB)T = BTAT has infinitely many solutions. (z = k)
(v) If (A) = (A | B)] = 1 < number of unknowns, then the system has
vi) (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
infinitely many solutions. (y = s , z = t)
vii) Inverse A-1 exists if |A|  0
7. The homogenous system of linear equations AX = B
viii) If the order of the matrix A is n x n, then |adjA| = |A|n-1 (i) has the trivial solution, if | A |  0
(ii) has a non trivial solution, if | A |  0
2. (i) A matrix A is orthogonal if AAT = AT A = I
1
(ii) A matrix A is orthogonal if and only if A is non-singular and A-1 = AT 8. (i) | A 1
| (ii) ( A )1  1 A1
| A | 
(iii) If A is symmetric then adj A is symmetric. 1 1
3. Methods to solve the system of linear equations AX = B 9. (i) A1   adj A (ii) A   adj ( adjA )
| adj A | | adj A |
(i) By matrix inversion method X = A-1 B , | A |  0
10. If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n , then
x y z
(ii) By Cramer’s rule if   0 , then x  ,y  ,z 
( adjA ) 1 adj ( A1 ) 
1
   (i) A (ii) ( adj A ) T  adj ( AT )
| A|
(iii) By Gaussian elimination method
n 1
4. Procedure to find the inverse of a matrix : (iii) adj ( AB)  ( adjB )(adjA) (iv) adjA  | A |
i) Calculate |A| . If |A|  0 then inverse exists (v) adj( adjA )  | A | n  2 A (vi) adj (  A )   n 1 ( adjA )
ii) Find the cofactors 2
iii)Write down the adjoint matrix (adjA) (vii) | adj( adjA )|  | A |( n1 )

1 2
 M.S.Ignatius Babu. M.Sc.;M.Ed.;M.Phil .
XII - Maths - Formulae
09. General rule to find argument  (in 4 quadrants)
02 . COMPLEX NUMBERS  

1. If a + ib is a complex number then its
10. 1 + cos = 2cos2 /2 ; 1 - cos = 2 sin2 /2
modulus = a 2  b2
11. sin = 2sin /2 cos/2
b
argument  = tan-1 (true in I & IV quadtrants only)
a 1 1 1  x  y 
12. i) tan x  tan y  tan   , if xy < 1.
conjugate = a - ib  1  xy 

2. (a + ib) (a - ib) = a2 + b2 1 1 1  x  y 
ii) tan x  tan y  tan   , if xy > -1.
3. i =  1 ; i 2 = -1, i 3 = -i ; i 4 = 1  1  xy 
13. a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)
4. If  is a cube root of unity then
14. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
i) 1 +  + 2 = 0, 3 = 1
1 i 3 1 i 3 15. i) If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
ii)  = , 2 =
2 2 1 1 1
5. Fourth roots of unity are 1,  i ii) If a + b + c = 0 and   = 0, then a2 + b2 + c2 = 0
a b c

6. i) |z1z2| = |z1| |z2|  x1  x2 y1  y 2 

16. If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), then mid point of AB is  , 
z1  2 2 
ii) Arg z1 . z2 = Arg z1 + Arg z2 iii) Arg z = Arg z1 - Argz2 17. The distance between z1, z2 is = |z1 - z2|
2

7. (cos  + isin  )n = cosn  + isinn   z a z  a 

b
18. a  ib    i
 2 b 2 
8. Euler’s formula ei  = cos  + isin  

also i) e-i  = cos  - isin  where z = a+ib and b  0

ii) e in  = cosn  + isinn  19. The nth roots of complex number z  r (cos   i sin  ) are
1 1
iii) e in = cosn  - isinn  n
    2k 
n    2k  
z  r  cos   i sin   , k  0,1,2,3,..........n 1.
  n   n 
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 XII - Maths - Formulae

i)       2
2 2 2
7.
03 . THEORY OF EQUATIONS
ii) 3  3     3 3   
iii) a - d , a , a + d are in A.P.
1. The solution of the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c = 0 ( a  0 ) is
a
 b  b 2  4 ac iv) , a , a r are in G.P..
x  r
2a
8. i) If a + ib is a root of a quadratic equation , then a - ib is also a root.
2. b 2  4 ac is called the discriminant and it is denoted by 
i) If  = 0 , the roots are equal. ii) Let p and q be rational numbers such that q is irrational. If p  q is
ii) If  > 0 , the roots are real and distinct. a root of a quadratic equation , then p  q is also a root.
iii) If  < 0 , the quadratic equation has no real roots . iii) Let p and q be rational numbers such that p , q are irrational.
3. i) If  and  are the roots of a quadratic equation, then the equation is
Further let one of p and q be not a rational multiple of the other..
x2 - (sum of the roots) x + ( product of the roots) = 0
b If p q is a root of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients,
ii) sum of the roots     
a then p  q ,  p  q and  p  q are also roots.
c 7. i) Odd degree reciprocal equation of Type I : x = -1 is a solution.
iii) product of the roots   ,
a ( Eg : 6x5 + x4 - 43x3 - 43x2 + x + 6 = 0)
4. If , and  are the roots of a cubic equation ax3+bx2+cx+d= 0, then ii) Odd degree reciprocal equation of Type II : x = 1 is a solution.
c d ( Eg : 6x5 - 41x4 + 97x3 - 97x2 + 41x - 6 = 0)
b
i)        ;       ; and    a iii) Even degree reciprocal equation of Type I :
a a
2 ( Eg : x4 - 10x3 + 26x2 - 10x + 1 = 0)
ii) coefficient of x =  (      )
iv) Even degree reciprocal equation of Type II : x = -1 , x = 1 are solutions.
coefficient of x = (      ) ( Eg : 6x6 -35x5 + 56x4 - 56x2 +35x - 6 = 0)
constant term =  
1  1 2
5. The cubic equation whose roots are , and  is v) x2   x   2
x2  x 
x3  (      ) x2+ (      ) x   = 0
8. i) If there are l sign changes for the polynomial P(x), then the
6. If ,,  and  are the roots of the equation ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e = 0,
b c number of positive roots of P(x) can not be more than l .
then      ;             ; ii) If there are m sign changes for the polynomial P(- x), then the
a a
d e number of negative roots of P(x) can not be more than m .
         and  a
a
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 XII - Maths - Formulae

 1
iii) So maximum number of real roots is l+m , and hence there ii) cos1   sec x , if x  R  (-1,1)
are atleast n - (l + m) imaginary roots .  x
1
 1   cot x if x  0
iii) tan 1     1
04 . INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS x    cot x if x  0

4. i) sin  x   sin x , if x  [ -1,1 ]

1 1

1. i) sin 1 sin    , if   
  
,
  2 2  ii) cos  x   cos x , if x  [ -1,1 ]
1 1

ii) cos 1 cos     , if   0 ,  

iii) tan  x   tan x , if x  R
1 1

  
iii) tan 1 tan    , if     , 
 2 2

5. i) sin1 x  cos1 x  , if x  [ -1,1 ]
   2
iv) cos ec 1 cos ec     , if     ,   {0} 
 2 2 ii) tan1 x  cot1 x  , if x  R
2
v) sec1 sec    , if  0 ,  {  } 
2
iii) cosec1x  sec1 x  , if x  1
2
vi) cot 1 cot     , if   0 ,  

 1

x  x , if x   1, 1 
1 1 1
6. i) sin x  sin y  sin x 1 y  y 1 x , where 2 2
 x2  y2 1 or
2. i) sin sin
xy < 0

ii) cos cos 1 x  x , if  x   1, 1 
iii) tan tan 1

x  x , if x R
1 1
ii) cos x  cos y  cos xy  1 x
1
 2

1 y 2 , if x  y  0
 x y 
 
iv) cos ec cos ec 1 x  x , if x  R  (-1,1) 1 1 1
iii) tan x  tan y  tan   , if xy < 1.
 1  xy 
v) sec sec  1

x  x , if x  R  (-1,1)  xy 
iv) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   , if xy > -1.
vi) cot cot  1

x  x , if x  R  1  xy 

1 1 1 1  2x 
3. i) sin    cos ec x , if x  R  (-1,1) 7. i) 2 tan x  tan  2
 , x  1
 x 1 x 

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 XII - Maths - Formulae

 2x  ii) If x12 + y12 + 2gx1+ 2fy1 + c is < 0, then (x1 , y1) lies inside the
1 1
ii) 2 tan x  sin   , x 1
2  circle. If > 0, then (x1 , y1) lies outside the circle.
 1 x 
7. The condition for the line y = mx + c , to be a tangent to the circle
 1  x2 
iii) 2 tan 1 x  cos 1  , x 0
2 
 1 x  x2 + y2 = a2 is c   a 1 m2
 1 1 II. Parabola
8.  
i) 3 sin1 x  sin1 3x  4 x 3 , x  ,
 2 2 8. In the parabola y2 = 4ax ,
 
1  i) Focus (a,0) ii) Directrix x = - a
 
ii) 3 cos 1 x  cos 1 4 x 3  3 x , x 
 2 ,1  iii) Equation of axis y = 0 iv) Length of latus rectum = 4a
 
iii) If x 
1
2

, 2 sin1 x  sin1 2x 1  x2  v) Vertex (0,0)
2
vi) Eqn. of latus rectum x = a
9. In the parabola x = 4ay ,
 
iv) sin 
1 x   cos1  1   tan1 x , if x  0 i) Focus (0,a) ii) Directrix y = - a
 1 x2   2 
   1 x  iii) Equation of axis x = 0 iv) Length of latus rectum = 4a
v) Vertex (0,0) vi) Eqn. of latus rectum y = a
05 . ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 10. In any parabola , VF = a , VZ = a
I. Circle Z F V
a
1. The equation of the circle whose centre is (a,b) and radius r units is 11. Tangent to the parabola is of the form y  mx 
m
(x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = r2 (standard form)
III. Ellipse
2. Equation of a circle in general form is x2 + y2 + 2gx+ 2fy + c = 0
12. In ellipse the bigger one is a2 . (while in standard form)
i) centre = (- g,- f )
In hyperbola a2 comes first. (while in standard form)
ii) radius = g 2  f 2  c
b2
3. Equation of the circle with (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2) as extremities of one 13. Eccentricity e 1
a2
; 
b2  a2 1 e2 
of the diameters is (x - x1) (x - x2) + (y - y1) (y - y2) = 0
x2 y2 x2 y2
4. The equation of the circle whose centre is origin and radius a units is 14. In the ellipse 2
 2  1 , and also in the hyperbola 2  2  1
a b a b
x2 + y 2 = a2
( Type I )
5. i) Equation of tangent at (x1 , y1) is x x1 + y y1 = a2
i) vertices  a , 0  ii) foci  ae , 0 
ii) Equation of normal at (x1 , y1) is x y1 - y x1 = 0
6. i) If x12 + y12 + 2gx1+ 2fy1 + c = 0, the point (x1,y1) lies on the circle. a 2b 2
iii) directrices x   iv) length of latus rectum =
e a
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 XII - Maths - Formulae
x2 y2 y2 x2 major axis is parallel to y axis i) vertices h , k  a 
15. In the ellipse   1 , and also in the hyperbola  1
b2 a 2 a 2 b2
a2
( Type II ) ii) foci h , k  c  iii) directrices y  k 
c
i) vertices 0 , a  ii) foci 0 , ae 
24. In the hyperbola
 x  h 2   y  k 2  1 , where c2 = a2 + b2
a 2b 2 a 2
b 2

iii) directrices y   iv) length of latus rectum =

e a transverse axis is parallel to x axis i) vertices h  a , k 
16. In any ellipse , CA = a , CF = ae A
C F a2
17. If F1 and F2 are the foci of an ellipse ,then ii) foci h  c , k  iii) directrices x  h 
c
i) F1P +F2P = 2a ii) distance between foci F1F2 = 2ae
25. In the hyperbola
 y  k 2  x  h2 1 , where c2 = a2 + b2
18. Tangent to the ellipse is of the form y  mx  a2m2  b2 a 2
b 2

IV. Hyperbola
transverse axis is parallel to y axis i) vertices h , k  a 
b2
19. Eccentricity e 1 2 ; 2 2

b  a e 1 2

a a2
ii) foci h , k  c  iii) directrices y  k 
20. Tangent to the hyperbola is of the form y  mx  a2m2  b2 c

21. The point of contact of the line y = mx +c , and the hyperbola 26. To find the equation of tangent of any curve
2 2
x2 y2   a m b 
 2  1 is  ,  in curve equation in tangent equation
a 2
b  c c 
x 2 changes to xx 1
V. Ellipses & hyperbolas with centre at (h,k)
y2 yy1
22. In the ellipse
 x  h 2

y  k  2
1 , ( where a > b ) & c2 = a2 - b2
2
a b2 x  x1
x
major axis is parallel to x axis i) vertices h  a , k  2
y  y1
a2 y
ii) foci h  c , k  iii) directrices x  h  2
c
1
23. In the ellipse
x  h 2   y  k 2 1 , (a > b) & c2 = a2 - b2 xy xy1  yx1 
2
b 2
a
2
c c
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 XII - Maths - Formulae

13 14
 XII - Maths - Formulae

latusrectum latus rectum

06 . VECTORS
length of

4a
4a

4a
  

4a
1. AB  OB  OA
  
2. Modulus of xi  yj  zk is r = x2  y 2  z 2
vertex equation of

x = -a

y = -a
x=a

y=a
x y z 
Direction cosines =  , , 
r r r 

a
3. Unit vector =
(0, 0)

(0, 0)

(0, 0)

(0, 0)

|a|
 
4. i) a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
y=0

x=0
y=0

x=0
focus equation of axis

  
   
i j k  a  a 1 i  a 2 j  a 3 k
   
directrix


x = -a

y = -a

ii) a x b  a1 a2 a3 where  b  b1 i  b 2 j  b 3 k
x=a

y=a
   
b1 b2 b3  c  c1i  c 2 j  c 3 k

(-a, 0)

(0, -a)
(a, 0)

a1 a2 a3
(0, a)

  
iii) a . b x c  b1 b2 b3
c1 c 2 c3
diagram

       
iv) a . b  b . a but a x b   b x a
   
5. i) If a , b are perpendicular then a . b  0
y2 = -4ax

x2 = -4ay
y2 = 4ax

x2 = 4ay
equation

   
ii) If a , b are parallel then a x b 0
      
iii) If a , b , c are coplanar then  a b c   0
wards

wards
wards

wards
TYPE

down
open

open
open

open
right

 
left

  
 
up

iv) volume = a b c
 
16
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 XII - Maths - Formulae
  ii) Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through the points
6. i) work done by the force = F . d
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
   (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is   
ii) moment of the force

M = r x F , wheree r  through - about x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
1  
iii) area of  = 2 | AB x AC | Skew lines
x  x1 y  y 1 z  z 1
13. Any point on the line    t is of the form
1   b1 b2 b3
iv) area of  = |axb|
2
( x1  tb1 , y1  tb 2 , z1  tb 3 ) , t R
7. i) [ a b c ]  [ b c a ]  [ c a b ]
  
   14. i) The shortest distance between the skew lines r  a  s b and
ii) [ a ,  a , b ]  0
   
            ( ca).( b xd )  
8. i) a x ( b x c )  ( a . c ) b  ( a . b ) c r  c  t d is   =   . where ( b x d )  0
         |b xd |
ii) ( a x b ) x c  ( a . c ) b  ( b . c ) a
     

    ii) The straight lines r  a  s b and r  c  t d intersect each

   
a.c a.d    
9. ( a x b ). ( c x d )      other if  ( c  a ) . ( b x d )  0
b.c b.d
  
15. The shortest distance between the parallel lines r  a  s b and
Straight lines   
   ( c a ) x ( b )

10. i) Parametric form of vector equation of a straight line passing through a r  c  t b is   =  . where b 0

    
| b|
point with position vector a and parallel to a vector b is r  a  t b x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
16. i) The condition that the lines  
ii) Parametric form of vector equation of a straight line passing through b1 b2 b3 and
     
two points with position vectors a and b is r  a  t ( b  a ) , t R x  x2 y  y2 z  z 2
  cut each other is
d1 d2 d3
11. i) Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through the point (x1,y1,z1)
and parallel to a vector with direction ratios b1, b2, b3 are x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1
b1 b2 b3
x  x1 y  y1 z  z 1 = 0 [ OR the lines are coplanar if ]
  d1 d2 d3
b1 b2 b3

17 18
 XII - Maths - Formulae
     
ii) The two given non parallel lines r  a  s b and r  c  t d are x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
    x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 = 0
coplanar if ( c  a ) . ( b x d )  0
c1 c2 c3

Planes iii) Cartesian equation of the plane passing through three given non
collinear points (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) is
17. i) Parametric form of vector equation of a plane passing through a x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
given point with position vector a and parallel to two given non
x 3  x1 y 3  y1 z 3  z1
     
parallel vectors b and c is r  a  s b  t c 19. i) The vector equation of a plane passing through a point with position
ii) Parametric form of vector equation of a plane passing through two     
  vector a and perpendicular to n is ( r  a ). n  0
given points with position vectors a , b and parallel to a given
ii) The vector equation of a plane which passes through the line of
         
vector c is r  a  s ( b  a )  t c intersection of the planes r . n1  q1 and r . n2  q2  is given by
iii) Parametric form of vector equation of the plane passing through    

     
( r . n1  q1 )   ( r . n2  q2 )  0 , R
three given non collinear points is r  a  s ( b  a )  t ( c  a ) iii) The vector equation of a plane which passes through the line of
iv) Non parametric form of vector equation of the plane containing intersection of the planes a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1z + d 1 = 0  and
     
the two coplanar lines r  a  s b and r  c  t d is a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is given by
   
( r  a ). ( b x d ) 0
  
or ( r  c ) . ( b x d )  0

(a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) +  (a2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0 , R

18. i) Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point

  
Angle & Perpendicular distance
( x1, y1, z1) and parallel to the vectors b1 i  b2 j  b3 k , and      
20. i) The angle between the lines r  a  s b and r  c  t d is
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1  
   1 b .d
b1 b2 b3   cos
c1 i  c 2 j  c 3 k  is =0  
c1 c2 c3 | b || d |
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
ii) The angle between the lines  
ii) Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points b1 b2 b3 , and
   x  x2 y  y2 z  z 2  b1d1  b2 d 2  b3d 3 
(x1, y1, z1) , (x2, y2, z2) and parallel to the vector c1 i  c 2 j  c 3 k is   is   cos 1
 
d1 d2 d3 2 2 2
 2 2
 b1  b2  b3 d1  d 2  d 32 
19 20
 XII - Maths - Formulae

   
iii) The angle between the planes r . n1  q1 and r . n2  q2 is

  
1  n1 . n 2 
  cos
   
 | n1 | | n2 | 
iv) The angle between the planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and

a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is

 
a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c 2
  cos1  
 a  b2  c 2 a2  b2  c 2
2 
 1 1 1 2 2 2 
    
v) The angle between the line r  a  t b and the plane r . n  q is
 
b .n
  sin 1  
| b || n |
21. i) The perpendicular distance of the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
| ax1  by1  cz1  d |
from the point (x1, y1, z1) is =
a2  b2  c2
ii) The perpendicular distance of the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 from
| d|
the origin =
a2  b2  c 2
iii) The distance between the parallel the planes ax + by + cz + d1= 0
| d1  d2 |
and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 is =
a2  b2  c 2

21 22
 XII - Maths - Formulae
dy
07 . APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION y
dx
dy
1. y 1
dx 21. sin-1 x
1 x2
1. xn nxn-1
1
2. x2 2x 22. cos-1 x
1  x2
1
3. logex 1
x 23. tan-1 x
1 x2
4. ex ex
1
5. eax ae ax 24. cot-1x
1 x2
6. ax ax. loga
1
7. sinx cosx
25. sec-1 x
8. sinax a cosax x x2  1

9. cosx -sinx 1
26. cosec-1 x
10. cosax -asin ax x x2  1
11. tanx sec2x
1 1
12. tan ax asec2 ax 27.
x x2
13. cotx - cosec2x
1
14. sec x secx tanx 28. loga x x loge a
15. cosec x -cosecx cotx
1
16. x 2 x dy dy dt
2. 
17. c 0 dx dx dt
18. uv udv + vdu ds
3. If s = f(t) , then velocity =
19. uvw u’vw + uv’w + uvw’ dt
u vdu  udv d 2s
20. acceleration =
v v2 dt 2
23 24
 XII - Maths - Formulae M.S.Ignatius Babu. M.Sc.;M.Ed.;M.Phil .
4. i) at rest , the velocity = 0
ii) at maximum height, the velocity= 0 11. Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem : Let f(x) be continuous in a closed
iii) displacement = 2nd position - 1st position interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b) . [ where f(a)
iv) time of upward motion= time of downward motion
and f(b) are not necessarily equal ] ,then there is atleast one point
f (b)  f ( a)
v) average velocity = f (b)  f (a)
ba c  (a, b) such that f ’(c) =
ba
5. The slope of tangent at (x1, y1) to the curve y = f (x) is
a b
Note : If f (x) is a quadratic, then c = .
 dy  2
i)slope of tangent m =  dx 
  ( x1 , y1 ) f ' ( 0) f '' ( 0) 2 f ''' ( 0) 3
12. Maclaurin’s series f (x) = f (0) + x x  x  .....
ii) equation of tangent y - y1 = m (x - x1) 1! 2! 3!
6. The angle between two straight lines whose slopes are m1, m2 is 13. (1+x)-1 = 1 - x + x2 - x3 ......
m1  m2 0   0
  tan1 14. i) some indeterminate forms : , ,1 ,  ,0 x  ,0 0 ,   
1  m1m 2 0 
7. i) If m1 . m2 = -1 ,the lines are perpendicular. ( converse not true) 0 5  5
ii) note that  0 ;   ,   ;  0 [not indeterminate form]
ii) If m1 = m2 ,the lines are parallel. 5 0 5 
 coefficien t of x
8. i) Slope of ax + by + c = 0 is = dy
coefficien t of y 15. i) for increasing function 0
dx
x y
ii) In the line  = 1 x intercept= a, y intercept= b
a b dy
for strictly increasing function 0
9. i) Slope of x axis = 0 dx
1
Slope of y axis =  = dy
0 ii) for decreasing function 0
dy dx
ii) If the tangent is parallel to x axis then 0
dx dy
for strictly decreasing function 0
dx dx
If the tangent is parallel to y axis then 0
dy 16. i) for increasing function a<b  f(a)  f(b)
for strictly increasing function  a < b  f(a) < f(b)
10. Rolle’s Theorem : Let f(x) be continuous in a closed interval [a,b] and
ii) for decreasing function a < b  f(a)  f(b)
differentiable on the open interval (a,b) .If f(a) = f(b) ,then there is atleast for strictly decreasing function a < b  f(a) > f(b)
one point c  (a, b) where f ’(c) = 0
25 26
 XII - Maths - Formulae
17. i) To find critical number f ' (x)  0 24. i) sin = 0   = 0, , 2, 3.........
( If f ' (c) does not exist at the point c then also c is called critical  
cos = 0   = , , .........
number ) 2 2
ii) At stationary point  f ' (x)  0

18. While proving inequalities use the result for increasing function if ii) sin = 1   = , ......
2
x > 0 then f(x)  f(0). cos = 1   = 0, 2  .......
19. The condition for the function y = f(x) to have local maximum at
  3
2 iii) sin = -1   = ,
dy d y 2 2
x = c is i)  0 ii)  2   0
dx  dx  x c cos = -1   = , 
25. i) Area of square = a2 sq.units (a side)
20. The condition for the function y = f(x) to have local minimum at
d2
dy  d2y  = sq.units (ddiagonal)
x = c is i)  0 ii)  2   0 2
dx  dx  x c ii) Perimeter of square = 4aunits
iii) Area of rectangle = lb sq.units
21. Procedure to find the absolute extrema of a function 
iv)Perimeter of rectangle= 2 (l + b)units
To find the absolute maximum or absolute minimum of a function f on
3 2
a closed interval [a, b] v) Area of equilateral  = a sq.units
4
i) Find the value of f(x) for the critical numbers in (a, b)  vi) Area of circle = r2 sq.units
ii) Find the values of f(a) and f(b) . vii)Perimeter of circle = 2r units
iii) Largest of the value in steps (i)and (ii) is absolute maximum. 26. i) Volume of cube = a3 cu.units
ii)Surface area of cube = 6a2 sq.units
Smallest of the value in steps (i)and (ii) is absolute minimum. iii) Volume of rectangular box= lbh cu.units
22. i) If f ' ' (x)  0 on an open interval I, then f(x) is concave up on I . iv) Surface area of open rectangular box = base areaarea of 4 walls
ii) If f ' ' ( x)  0 on an open interval I, then f(x) is concave down on I . 4 3
v) Volume of sphere = r  cu.units
23. The points where the graph of the function changes from concave up to 3
concave down or concave down to concave up are called the points of vi) Surface area of sphere = 4r2 sq.units
inflection of f(x) . vii) Volume of cylinder = r2h cu.units
viii) Surface area of cylinder = 2rh sq.units
27 28
 XII - Maths - Formulae

1 2 2. If y = f(x) then the differential of y is dy  f ' ( x ) dx

ix) Volume of cone = r h cu.units
3 3. L ( x )  f ( x0 )  f ' ( x0 ) ( x  x0 )
1
27. i) Area of triangle  = bc sinA sq.units
2 ii) Partial derivatives
1
ii) Area of triangleA = bh sq.units 4. Chain rule ( two variables) :
2
w = f(x, y) and x,y are functions of a single variable “ t ” then
28. Symmetry 
i) If f (x,y) = f (x,- y)then the curve is symmetric w.r. t. the x axis . dw w dx w dy
 .  .
dt x dt y dt
ii) If f (x,y) = f (- x, y)then the curve is symmetric w.r. t. the y axis .
5. Chain rule ( three variables ) :
iii) If f (x,y) = f (- x, - y)then the curve is symmetric w.r. t. the origin
w = f(x, y,z) and x,y,z are functions of a single variable “ t ” then
29. Aymptotes 
dw w dx w dy w dz
i) Horizontal asymptote : If lim f ( x)  L or lim f ( x)  L , then  .  .  .
x   x   dt x dt y dt z dt
the line y = L is a horizontal asymptote to the curve. 6. Chain rule for partial derivatives :
W = f(x, y), and x = g(s, t), y = h (s, t) then
ii) Vertical asymptote : If lim f ( x)    or lim f ( x)    , then
x a x a
w w x w y
the line x = a is a vertical asymptote to the curve. i)  .  .
s x s y  s
iii) Slant asymptote : To find the slant asymptote , divide the numerator
by the denominator using either long division or synthetic division. w w x w y
ii)  .  .
t x t y t
08 . DIFFERENTIALS AND pARTIAL DERIvATIvES 7. Euler’s Theorem : If f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree n , then
f f
x  y  nf
i) Differentials, errors, and approximations  x y
8. If f(tx, ty) = tn f(x, y) , then the degree of f is n.

1. absolute error = actual value - approximate value

actual value approximate value
relative error = 
actual value
percentage error = relative error x 100.

29 30
 XII - Maths - Formulae
x
09 . APPLICATIONS OF INTegrATION 
14. cos ecx dx = log (cosecx - cotx) = log tan
2
1.  Important formulae 1
n1 15.  dx = sin-1 x + c
n x 1 x2
1.  x dx =
n1
 c (n  1)
1
x 2 16.  dx = tan-1 x + c
1 x2
2.  xdx = c
2 1
dx 17.  dx = sec-1 x + c
x x2  1
3.  x
= logx + c
dx x
e x dx 18.  = sin-1 +c
4.  = ex + c a x2 2
a

ax 1 ax dx
5. e dx = .e +c 19.  = log [ x  a 2  x 2 ]  c
a a  x2
2

ax dx
a x dx c 20.  = log [ x  x 2  a 2 ]  c
6.  =
log a x  a2
2

dx 1 x
7.  sin x dx = - cosx + c 21.  = tan 1  c
a2  x 2 a a
1 dx 1 a x
8.  sin ax dx =
a
cos ax  c
22.  2 2 =
2a
log  c
a x ax
9.  cos x dx = sinx + c dx 1  x a
log  c
23.  2 2 =
x a 2a x a
1

10. cos ax dx =
a
sin ax  c
x 2 a2 x
24.  a 2  x 2 dx = a  x2  sin1  c
2 2 a
11.  tan x dx = log secx + c
x 2 a2
12. cot x dx 25.  a 2  x 2 dx = a  x 2
 log  x  a 2  x 2   c
 = log sinx + c 2 2  


13. sec x dx = log (secx + tanx) + c x a2
26.  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a 2  log  x  x 2  a 2   c
2 2  
31 32
 XII - Maths - Formulae
2 2. Definite integral as the limit of a sum

27. sec x dx = tanx + c
b n
ba  r

28. cos ec x dx
2
= - cotx + c i)  f ( x ) dx  lim
x  n
 f  a  (b  a ) n 
r 1
a


29. sec x tan x dx = sec x + c 1
1 n
r 1 n
r

30. cos ecx cot x dx = - cosecx + c
ii)
 f ( x ) dx  lim
x  n

r 0
f    lim
 n  x  n
 f  n 
r 1
0


31. udv = uv  vdu  3. Odd function , even function definition 

1 1 If f(-x) = f(x) then f is called an even function .

32.  x 2 dx =
x
c
If f(-x) = - f(x) then f is called an odd function .
x

33. xe dx = ex(x - 1) + c
4. Some important properties of definite integral
f ( x ) b a
34.  dx = log f(x) + c
f (x) i)  f ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx

a b
f ( x ) b b
35.  f (x)
dx = 2 f( x)  c ii)  f ( x) dx =  f (a  b  x) dx
a a
n [f ( x )]n1 a a
36. [f ( x )] f  ( x ) dx
 =  c (n  1)
n 1 iii)  f ( x) dx =  f (a  x) dx
0 0
n 1 (ax  b)n1 2a a

37. (ax  b) dx = .  c (n  1) iv) If f(2a - x) = f(x) then f ( x ) dx  2 f ( x ) dx and
a (n  1)  
0 0
2a
ax e ax
38. e sin bx dx
 = [asinbx - bcosbx] If f(2a - x) = -f(x) then  f ( x ) dx  0
a2  b2
0
ax a a
ax e
v) If f(x) is an even function then

39. e cos bx dx =
a2  b2
[ acosbx + bsinbx] 
a
f ( x ) dx  2  f ( x ) dx
0

a
vi) If f(x) is an odd function then  f ( x) dx  0
a

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 XII - Maths - Formulae
5. Gamma integral & Bernoulli’s formula 7. Result


n!  x , if x  0
xn e ax dx  i) x  
i)  an1
(n is positive integer) (Gamma integral)
  x , if x  0
0

ii) Bernoulli’s formula :If u, v are functions of x then

8. Area
 uvdx  uv 1  u v 2  u v 3  u v 3  ...... ..... where u, u, u .... i) The area of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x) , x axis ,and
are the successive derivatives of u . And v1, v2, v3 .... are the the lines x = a, and x = b is
successive integrals of v . b
[ when u = xn, and n is a positive integer,using this formula is easy ] area =  y dx (if the area lies above x - axis)
a
6. Reduction formula
b

2 2
=  ( y) dx (if the area lies below x - axis)
n 1 n  3 n  5 1  a
i)  sinn x dx = cosn x dx =
 . . ..... . , if n  2,4,6.....
n n2 n4 2 2 ii) The area of the region bounded by the curve x = f(y) , y axis ,and
0 0
the lines y = c, and y = d is
2 2
n 1 n  3 n  5 2 d
ii)  sin
n
x dx = cosn x dx =
 . . ..... , if n  3,5,7....
n n2 n4 3  area =  x dy (if the area lies right of y - axis)
0 0
c
2
m ( m  1)( m  3)......( n  1)( n  3).........  d
iii)  sin x cosn x dx = .
0
( m  n )( m  n  2)( m  n  4)......... . 2 =  (x) dy (if the area lies left of y - axis)
c
(If both m and n are even)
2
iii) Let f(x)  g(x) on [a, b]. Then area bounded by the curves y = f(x),
( m  1)( m  3 )......( n  1)( n  3)......... y = g(x) and the lines x = a, x = b is
iv)  sinm x cosn x dx =
0
( m  n )( m  n  2 )( m  n  4 )......... .
b b
(If n is odd and m is any positive integer) Area =  [f ( x )  g( x )] dx =  (y
a
U  y L ) dx
a
1
m m!x n !n
v)  x (1  x ) dx  (where m and n are positive integers) iv) Let f(y)  g(y) . Then area bounded by the curves x = f(y), x = g(y)
0
( m  n  1) !

35 36
 XII - Maths - Formulae

and the lines y = c, y = d is To solve this bring variable x to one side and variable y to other side
and integrate .
d d
Area =  [f ( y)  g( y)] dy =  ( x R  x L ) dy 4. Homogeneous differential equations
c c
dy f1( x, y )
form : dx  f ( x, y )
2
9. Volume
where f1, f2 are homogeneous functions of same degree in x , y.
b
i) Volume of the solid of revolution about x axis =  2 dy dv
y
a
dx To solve this, substitute y = vx and
dx
v x
dx
in the given
equation. Then solve the equation by variables separable method.
d
ii) Volume of the solid of revolution about y axis =  2 5. Linear differential equations
x c
dy
dy
form:  Py  Q , where P, Q are functions of x . Solution is
10 . DIFFERENTIAL EquATIoNs dx
pdx pdx
ye   Qe 
 dx  c
1. Order and degree 
The order of a differential equation is the highest derivative pdx
6. e is known as the integrating factor.. (I.F.)
present in the differential equation.
7. elogf(x) = f(x)
If a differential equation is expressible in a polynomial
form , then the integral power of the highest order derivative appears is dx
called the degree of the differential equation.
8. dy +Px=Q , where P, Q are functions of y . Solution is
If a differential equation is not expressible to polynomial pdy pdy
xe   Qe 
 dy  c
equation form having the highest order derivative as the leading term
then that the degree of the differential equation is not defined.
dA
d2 y d3 y 9. Solution of  k A is A = cekt
2. order of is 2 ; order of is 3 dt
dx 2 dx 3
dT
3. Variables separable Solution of  k (T  S ) is T - S = cekt
dt
form f1(x) g2(y) dx + f2(x) g1(y) dy = 0
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 XII - Maths - Formulae
xy If F(x) is a distribution function then
10. i) tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 1  xy i) F(x) is not a decreasing function
ii) 0  F(x)  1, (   x   )
x 1  y2  y 1  x 2 
ii) sin-1 x+ sin-1y = sin-1   iii) F(  ) = 0
iv) F(  ) = 1
11. Logarithms
v) P(x=xn) = F(xn) - F(xn-1)
i) loga M + loga N = loga MN
vi) F’(x) = f(x)
M b
ii) loga M  loga N = loga
N
4. i) P(a<X<b) =  f ( x) dx
iii) p loga M = loga Mp a

iv) logb a = x  a = bx x

ii) F(x) =  f ( x) dx

11 . probability distributions
5. i) variance E ( X  X ) 2  E( X 2 ) [ E( X )]2 (= 2 ) *
Probability mass function & probability density function
ii) Var (X) = E [X - E(X)]2
1. The function f(x) is a probability mass function if
6. discrete variable continuous variable
i) f (xk )  0 for k = 1,2,3,...n,... and ii)  f ( xk )  1 
2. The function f(x) is a probability density function of a continuous
b
1. E(X) =  x i pi E(X) =  x f ( x) dx

random variable X if P(a  x  b) =  f ( x ) dx 
2
a

2. E(X2) =  x i2 pi E(X2) = x f ( x ) dx

Important Note : If f(x) is a p. d. f. then  f ( x) dx  1 

2. Distribution function :

3.  pi  1  f ( x ) dx 1

i) The distribution function of a discrete random variable X is 
n ax n!
F(x) = P(X  x) =  P(xi ) x R 7. x e dx 
an1
(n is positive integer) (Gamma integral)
xi x
0

3. Properties of distribution function 8. (1 - x)-2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + .....

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 XII - Maths - Formulae M.S.Ignatius Babu. M.Sc.;M.Ed.;M.Phil .

ii) Truth table for p  q(p cup q)

9. Properties of expectation & variance p q p q
i) E (c) = c but V(c) = 0 T T T
ii) E (cX) = cE(X) but V(aX) = a2 V(X) T F T Single T = T
iii) E (aX + b) = aE(X) + b but V(aX  b) = a2 V(X) F T T
iv) V(X  c) = V(X)
F F F

10. Binomial distribution 

iii) Truth table for p  q (p implies q)
i) If X is a binomial random variable , the probability mass function
p q p q
of X is P(X = x) = n c x p x q n  x , x  0,1, 2....... n T T T TF = F
ii) mean = np (n, p are parameters) T F F
iii) variance = npq F T T
iv) standard deviation = npq F F T
v) p + q =1 iv) Truth table for p  q (p iff q)
p q p q
T T T
12 . Discrete mathematics T F F +.+=+
F T F .=+
1. Truth tables to remember  F F T

i) Truth table for p  q(p cap q) v) Truth table for p v q ( p exclusive OR q )
p q p q p q pv q
T T T T T F
T F F Double T = T
T F T this is  (p  q)
F T F
F T T
F F F
F F F

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 XII - Maths - Formulae
vi) Truth table for  p (negation of p) then b  S said to be the inverse element of a . In such instance, we
write b = a1 .
p p
7. Examples :
T F i) + is a binary operation on N , Z , Q , R , C
F T ii) x is a binary operation on Q - {0} , R - {0} , C - {0}
2. The dual of a statement is obtained by replacing  by  ,  by  , iii)  is a binary operation on Q - {0} , R - {0} , C - {0}
T by F and F by T . iv)  is not a binary operation on N , Q - {0} , R - {0} , C - {0}
The symbol  is not changed while finding the dual. v)   is not a binary operation on N , Z , Q , R , C
8. N = {1, 2, 3, 4.....}
3. A statement which is neither a tautology nor a contradiction is called
Z = {..... -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3......}
contigency.
4. Boolean Matrix : A Boolean matrix is a real matrix whose entries are
either 0 or 1. 9. N = {natural numbers}
RC
Z = {integers}
ZQ
Binary operation N Q = {rational numbers}
R = {real numbers}
1. Binary operation : A binary operation * on a non-empty set S is a
C = {complex numbers}
rule, which associates to each ordered pair (a,b) of elements a,b in S
an unique element a * b in S.
2. Closure property : Any binary operation * defined on a non empty
set S is said to satisfy the closure property, if a * b  S ,  a, b  S .
3. Commutative property : Any binary operation * defined on a
non empty set S is said to satisfy the commutative property, if
a * b = b * a,  a, b  S .
4. Associative property : Any binary operation * defined on a nonempty
set S is said to satisfy the associative property, if
a * (b * c) = (a * b) * c,  a, b, c  S .
5. Existence of identity property : An element e  S is said to be the
identity element of S under the binary operation * if for all a  S
we have that a * e = a and e * a = a .
6. Existence of inverse property : If an identity element e exists and if
for every a  S , there exists b in S such that a * b = e and b * a = e
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 XII - Maths - Formulae
6. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
important results cos(A  B) =cosA cosB + sinA sinB
Algebra tan A  tan B
7. tan (A + B) =
1  tan A tan B
01. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
tan A  tan B
02. (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 tan (A  B) =
1  tan A tan B
03. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 8. sin2A = 2sinA cosA
 
04. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 sin = 2sin cos
2 2
05. (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2 b + 3ab2 - b3 9. cos2A = cos2 A  sin2A
= 2cos2A - 1
06. a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
= 1  2sin2A
07. a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) 10. 1 + cos2A = 2cos2A
08. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2) 1  cos2A = 2sin2A
09. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab (a + b)  
11. 1 + cos = 2cos2 ; 1  cos = 2sin2
10. a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca) 2 2

11. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
12. sin3A = 3 sinA 4sin3 A
cos3A = 4cos3A  3cosA
12. (x + a) (x + b) (x+c) = x3 + (a + b+ c) x2 + (ab+bc+ca) x +abc
2 tan A
13. tan2A =
1  tan 2 A
Trigonometry
CD C D
1. sin2  + cos2 =1 14. sinC + sinD = 2sin cos
2 2
2. sec2 = 1 + tan2 
CD C D
3. cosec2 = 1 + cot2 sinC  sinD = 2cos sin
2 2
4. sin ( ) =  sin
CD C D
cos ( ) = cos 15. cosC + cosD= 2cos cos
2 2
tan ( ) =  tan
CD DC CD CD
5. sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB cosC  cosD = 2 sin sin =  2sin sin
2 2 2 2
sin (A B) = sinAcosB  cosA sinB
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 XII - Maths - Formulae
16. 2sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin(A ~B) (if A>B) 20.
2sinA cosB = sin (A+B)  sin(A~B) (if A<B)
17. 2cosAcosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A~B) 90  90+  180  180+  270  270+  360 
2sinAsinB = cos(A~B)  cos(A+B) sin cos  cos  sin -sin -cos  -cos  -sin
18. i) solution of sin  sin is   n  (1)n  (n  Z ) cos sin -sin -cos  -cos  -sin sin cos 
ii) solution of cos  cos is   2n   (n  Z ) tan cot  -cot  -tan tan cot  -cot  -tan
cosec sec  sec  cosec  -cosec  -sec  -sec  -cosec 
iii) solution of tan   tan  is   n   (n  Z )
sec cosec  -cosec  -sec  -sec  -cosec  cosec  sec 
iv) For sine and tangent functions the principal value lie in the
cot tan -tan -cot  cot  tan -tan -cot 
  
interval   ,  . For cosine function principal value lie in the
 2 2
interval [0,  ]
19.

0 30 45 60 90 180 270

1 1 3
sin 0 2 1 0 1
2 2

3 1 1
cos 1 2 0 1 0
2 2
1
tan 0 3 1 3  0 

47 48