Balancing

Exhaust fan blade Cycle wheel Balancing

Pump impeller ID fan impeller

Gas turbine rotor Steam turbine rotor

 Balancing

Rusted pump impeller Fan blades with dust depositions

Damaged gear teeth

Damaged compressor blades Corroded gear teeth

Impeller after cavitation
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 2
Introduction
• Machines – Rotary or reciprocating
• Inertia forces associated with moving masses.
• What is unbalance?
• Why unbalance is bad?
• Balancing tries to minimize unbalance to acceptable limit.
• Rotating or reciprocating unbalance
• Static / dynamic balancing

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 3

 Static Balancing
• System of rotating masses is in static balance if the combined mass center of the system lies on
the axis of rotation.
Centrifugal force (radially outward) exerted by the rotating masses
Z 𝑭 = 𝑚1 𝒓𝟏 𝜔2 + 𝑚2 𝒓𝟐 𝜔2 +𝑚3 𝒓𝟑 𝜔2
m2
m1 m3r3 m2r2 Rotor is statically balanced if vector sum of F is = 0
r2
If ΣF ≠ 0 , rotor is unbalanced.
ω
r1 Introducing a counter weight (balance weight) of mass mc at radius rc
θ2 mcrc to balance the rotor.
θ3 θ1 m1r1
r3
m3 θc X 𝑚1 𝒓𝟏 𝜔2 + 𝑚2 𝒓𝟐 𝜔2 +𝑚3 𝒓𝟑 𝜔2 +𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝒄 𝜔2 = 0

mc 𝑚1 𝒓𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒓𝟐+𝑚3 𝒓𝟑 +𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝒄 = 0
The magnitude of mc or rc can be selected and the other can be calculated

Y 𝐼𝑓, 𝑚1 𝒓𝟏 + 𝑚2 𝒓𝟐 + 𝑚3 𝒓𝟑 = 𝑚𝑟
Rigid rotor revolving with constant velocity ω rad/s
Three masses m1, m2, m3 at angles θ1, θ2, θ3 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑚𝒓 + 𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝑪 = 0
and radii r1, r2, r3 in the same plane. ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 4
 Static Balancing 𝑚𝒓 + 𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝑪 = 0

Analytical or graphical solution are possible

For analytical solution, resolve each force into x and z components
Z 𝑚𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ + 𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝑪 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐 = 0
m2
m1 m3r3 m2r2 𝑚𝒓 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ + 𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝑪 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐 = 0
r2
ω 𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝑪 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐 = − 𝑚𝒓 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
r1
θ2 mcrc
θ3 θ1 m1r1 𝑚𝑐 𝒓𝑪 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐 = − 𝑚𝒓 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
r3
m3 θc X
Squaring and adding the above equations, we get
mc 2 2
𝑚𝑐 𝑟𝑐 = ( 𝑚𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + ( 𝑚𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

Dividing the above equations, we get

Y
Rigid rotor revolving with constant velocity ω rad/s 𝑚𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Signs of numerator and denominator
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑐 = − identify the quadrant of the angle θc
Three masses m1, m2, m3 at angles θ1, θ2, θ3 𝑚𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
and radii r1, r2, r3 in the same plane. ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 5
 Dynamic balancing

When several masses rotate in different planes, unbalanced centrifugal forces also form a couple.
System of rotating masses is in dynamic balance when the resultant centrifugal force and couple are zero.
m1
m1r1 = m2r2; Two masses diametrically opposite
r1 m1r1l ω2 = m2r2l ω2 Forces are balanced
Unbalance couple acts in a plane that contains axis
ω of rotation and the two masses. Couple has constant
l magnitude but variable direction
r2

ToM -II: m
Dr.2A. B. Andhare 6
 Dynamic balancing – Transfer of force from one plane to another
m
Reference plane
ω
r F1 A
O
Plane 1 l Plane 2
F2
Original couple Imaginary vector
vectors Turned through 90° in
the direction of force
Equilibrium remains if two equal and opposite forces F1 = F2 = m r are added in second plane.
Net effect is a single force F1 = m r in the second plane having the direction of original force and a couple (m r l) formed
by forces (m r) and F2 in a plane containing these forces on the shaft.
Due to forces (m r) in plane 1 and F2 in plane 2, shaft will rotate about point O.
Axis of rotation of the couple is line OA, perpendicular to shaft through O.
This couple can be represented by a line parallel to the axis at a suitable scale. Sense of rotation is given by right had
screw rule. Clockwise – away from the viewer.
In balancing problems, it is convenient if the couple vectors are drawn by turning them through 90°, i.e. parallel to force
vectors. It does not affect their relative position.
Masses acting in different planes can be transferred to reference plane.
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 7
 Balancing of several masses in different planes
m2r2l2
m3r3l3
m3 m3
m1 mc1 m1
mc1rc1lc1 m1r1l1
r3 mc2rc2lc2 θc1
Q O r1 rc1 mc1
θ3
ω θ1 θ
c1
l1 m2r2
l2 θ2 m3r3
mc2 l3 r2 θc2 r
lc2 c2

mc2 m1r1
mc1rc1
C2 m2 C1 m2 mc2rc2 θc1
(RP) (RP)

• Transfer of each unbalanced force to the reference plane introduces same number of forces and couples.
• Unbalanced forces in reference planes are m1r1ω2, m2r2ω2, m3r3ω2, acting radially outwards.
• Unbalanced couples in the reference planes are m1r1ω2l, m2r2ω2l, m3r3ω2l , can be represented as vectors parallel to
corresponding force vectors (parallel to respective radii of the masses m1, m2 and m3.

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 8

 Balancing of several masses in different planes
m2r2l2
m3r3l3
m3 m3
m1 mc1 m1
mc2rc2lc2 m1r1l1
Q O r3 r1 rc1
θ3 mc1
ω θ1 θ
c1
l1 m2r2
l2 θ2 m3r3
mc2 l3 r2 θc2 r
lc2 c2

mc2 m1r1
mc1rc1
C2 m2 C1 m2 mc2rc2 θc1
(RP) (RP)
• For complete balance, resultant force and resultant couple should be zero.
• m1r1ω2 + m2r2ω2 + m3r3ω2 = 0
• m1r1 l1ω2 + m2r2 l2 ω2 + m3r3 l3 ω2 = 0
• If above equations are not satisfied, then there are unbalanced forces and couples.
• One mass in reference plane can balance, unbalanced force only.
• For couple balancing, masses are required in two planes.
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 9
 Balancing of several masses in different planes
m2r2l2
m3r3l3
m3 m3
m1 mc1 m1
mc2rc2lc2 m1r1l1
Q O r3 r1 rc1
θ3 mc1
ω θ1 θ
c1
l1 m2r2
l2 θ2 m3r3
mc2 l3 r2 θc2 r
lc2 c2

mc2 m1r1
mc1rc1
C2 m2 C1 m2 mc2rc2 θc1
(RP) (RP)
If we put to counter masses (balancing masses) in two planes, we get
m1r1ω2 + m2r2ω2 + m3r3ω2 + mc1rc1ω2 + mc2rc2ω2 = 0 ; Or
m1r1+ m2r2+ m3r3+ mc1rc1+ mc2rc2 = 0 OR Σm r + mc1rc1+ mc2rc2 = 0
m1r1 l1ω2 + m2r2 l2 ω2 + m3r3 l3 ω2 + mc2rc2 lc2 ω2 = 0
m1r1 l1+ m2r2 l2 + m3r3 l3 + mc2rc2 lc2 = 0 OR Σm r l + mc2rc2 lc2 = 0
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 10
Balancing of several masses in different planes
Σm r + mc1rc1+ mc2rc2 = 0
Σm r l + mc2rc2 lc2 = 0 Σm r l cos θ + mc2rc2 lc2 cos θc2 = 0 mc2rc2 lc2 cos θc2 = - Σm r l cos θ
Σm r l sin θ + mc2rc2 lc2 sin θc2 = 0 mc2rc2 lc2 sin θc2 = - Σm r l sin θ

Squaring and adding the above equations

2 2
− 𝑚𝑟𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑚𝑐2 𝑟𝑐2 𝑙𝑐2 = 𝑚𝑟𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑚𝑟𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑐2 = − 𝑚𝑟𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Then, the following equation can be solved by taking its components Σm r + mc1rc1+ mc2rc2 = 0

2 2

𝑚𝑐1 𝑟𝑐1 = 𝑚𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑚𝑐2 𝑟𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐2 + 𝑚𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑚𝑐2 𝑟𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐2

− 𝑚𝑟𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑚𝑐2 𝑟𝑐2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐2

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑐1 = − 𝑚𝑟𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑚𝑐2 𝑟𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐2

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 11

 Balancing Machines

• Purpose: To indicate if a part is having balance or not. If unbalance is present, the machine shows
the magnitude of unbalance and its location.
• Static balancing machines:
Useful for parts of small axial dimensions. (mass is practically in a single plane)

• One arm has a mandrel to carry part to be balanced

• Other arm carries dead weights
B • Horizontal position of arm indicates balanced position
A • First, make the arm approximately horizontal by adding / removing dead
weights.
• Then, rotate mandrel slowly. Beam oscillates depending upon the
unbalance.
• If unbalance is having a mas m at radius r, the apparent weight is maximum
when mass is at position A.
• The apparent weight is minimum when mass is at B.
• Calibrated scale along with pointer indicates the amount of unbalance
Simple static balancing machine
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 12
Balancing Machines

• Measures both static and dynamic unbalance

• Cradle supported on two pivots and supported on two
springs
• Part to be tested is flexibly coupled to motor.
• Motor speed is adjusted such that it coincides with the
natural frequency of the system. Resonance condition is
obtained.
• Small unbalance generates large amplitude of the cradle.
• Moment due to unbalance = (m r ω2 cosθ ) x l
• Maximum value = m r ω2
• No oscillation of the cradle if only dynamic unbalance is
Cradle type or there.
Universal balancing machine

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 13

 Dynamic Balancing Machines
• Rotor mounted on half bearings in rigid carriage
• Two balancing planes A & B on rotor
• Two pivots for carriage are adjusted to coincide with two
correction planes
• Pivots can be locked / unlocked.
• If left pivot is released, cradle will oscillate about the locked
(right) pivot.
• Spring and dampers are provided to have a SDOF system. The
natural frequency is tuned to the motor speed.

Test procedure:
1. One pivot is locked. (say left) – readings of the amount and the angle of location of the correction in the right plane
are taken. The readings are independent of any unbalance in the locked plane as it has no moment about the fixed
pivot.
2. Trial mass at known location is attached to the right hand plane and amplitude of oscillation is noted.
3. Above procedure is repeated at various angular positions with the same trial mass
4. A graph of amplitude vs. angular position of trial mass is plotted. Optimum angular position of mass for minimum
amplitude is determined. At this angular position, the magnitude of the trial mass is varied by trial and error to reduce
the unbalance to almost zero.
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 14
 Dynamic Balancing Machines Test procedure:
1. One pivot is locked. (say left) – readings of the amount and
the angle of location of the correction in the right plane are
taken. The readings are independent of any unbalance in the
locked plane as it has no moment about the fixed pivot.
2. Trial mass at known location is attached to the right hand
plane and amplitude of oscillation is noted.
3. Above procedure is repeated at various angular positions with
the same trial mass
4. A graph of amplitude vs. angular position of trial mass is
plotted. Optimum angular position of mass for minimum
amplitude is determined. At this angular position, the
magnitude of the trial mass is varied by trial and error to
reduce the unbalance to almost zero.
5. After getting unbalance in one plane, cradle is locked at the right side pivot and released in left side pivot. Earlier
procedure is repeated.
6. Large number of test runs are required to determine the exact balance masses.
7. By using the following procedure, the balance masses can be obtained in only four test runs.

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 15

Dynamic Balancing Machines
• Make a trial run without any trial mass and note the amplitude of cradle vibrations.
• Attach a trial mass m at some angle and note down the amplitude of cradle vibrations by
moving the rotor at the same speed.
• Remove the trial mass and attach it at 90° position relative to the first position at same radius.
Note the amplitude of cradle vibrations by moving the rotor at the same speed.
• Take the last reading in the same fashion by fixing the trial mass at 180°
E
Trial mass Amplitude OB = OA + AB
0 X1 D
OB = effect of unbalance mass + effect of the
C’ X4
m at 0° X2 trial mass at 0°
m at 90° X3 OA = Effect of the unbalanced mass
X4
m at 180° X4 A Thus, AB represents the effect of attached
θ mass at 0°
Draw triangle ABE, by taking
X1
OE = 2X1, OB = X2, and BE = X4,
Mark the mid point A on DE. C
Join AB B
X2
O
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 16
 Dynamic Balancing Machines
Proof:
E
• Extend BA to D such that AD = AB
Trial mass Amplitude D
• Join OD and DE
0 X1 C’ X4
• When mass is attached at 180°, at same radius and
m at 0° X2 speed, the effect should be equal and opposite to
X4
m at 90° X3 A the effect at 0°.
m at 180° X4 θ • If AB is the effect of the attached mass at 0°, AD
Draw triangle ABE, by taking X1 shows the effect at 180°.
OE = 2X1, OB = X2, and BE = X4, C • As, OD = OA + AD
Mark the mid point A on DE. B • OD must represent the combined effect of
Join AB X2 unbalance mass and effect of trial mass at 180°. (X4)
O
• The diagonals of quadrilateral OBED bisect each other at A, it is a parallelogram.
• Means, BE is parallel to OD.
• Thus, BE also represents the combined effect of unbalance mass and effect of trial mass at 180°. (X4)
• As OA represents the unbalance, the correction should be equal and opposite of it or AO.
• Therefore, correction mass is given as
𝑚𝑐 𝑂𝐴 At angle θ from the second
=
𝑚 𝐴𝐵 reading at 0° ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 17
 Dynamic Balancing Machines
E
• The mass mc has to be put in proper direction
Trial mass Amplitude D relative to AB, which is found by considering reading
0 X1 C’ X4 X3 .
m at 0° X2 • Draw a circle with A as center and AB as radius.
X4 • The trial mass and speed are the same at 90°.
m at 90° X3 A
• Magnitude must be equal to AB or AD,
m at 180° X4 θ
X1 • AC and AC’ must represent the effect of the trial
mass.
𝑚𝑐 𝑂𝐴 At angle θ from the second C
= B • If OC represents X3, then the angle is opposite to the
𝑚 𝐴𝐵 reading at 0°
X2 direction of angle measurement.
O
• If, OC’ represents X3, then the angle measurement is
taken in the same direction

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 18

 Numerical Example
• During balancing of rotor using a trial mass of 600 g, the readings of the cradle are as below.
Find the magnitude and location of the correction mass to balance the rotor.
Trial mass Amplitude
0 X1 = 6.2 mm
at 0° X2 = 9.8 mm
at 90° X3 = 15.0 mm
at 180° X4 =12.4 mm
• Draw triangle OBE by taking OE = 2X1,
• OB = X2, BE = X4.
• Mark mid point A on OE.
• Join AB.
• Measure AB (= 9.3 mm) and θ =75°
• mc = m (OA/AB) = 600 x (6.2/9.3) = 400 g
• As X3 = OC’, readings are taken clockwise.
• For complete balancing AB should merge
with AO. Mass is attached at 75° ccw from
the direction of second reading . ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 19
 Numerical on dynamic balancing
• A shaft has three unbalanced masses of 4 kg, 3 kg and 2.5 kg at radial distance of 75 mm, 85 mm and 50 mm
and at angles of 45°,135° and 240° respectively. The second and third masses are in the planes at 200 mm
and 375 mm from the plane of the first mass. Angles are measured counterclockwise from the reference line
along X axis and viewing the shaft from the first mass end.
The shaft length is 800 mm between bearings and the distance between the plane of the first mass and the
bearing at that end is 225 mm. Determine the amount of countermasses in planes at 75 mm from the
bearings for the complete balance of the shaft. The first countermass is to be in a plane between the first
mass and the bearings at a radius of 75 mm and the second mass is in a plane between the third mass and
the bearing at that end at a radius of 40 mm.
lc2 = 800-75x2 = 650 mm
m2
m2 m1 mc1 l1 = 225-75 = 150 mm
m1
l2 = 150 + 200 = 350 mm
r2 r1
Q O θ3 rc1 mc1 l3 = 150 + 375 = 525 mm
θ1 m1r1l1 = 4 x 75 x 150 = 45000
375 200 225 θ2 m1r1 = 4 x 75 = 300
75 l3 r3 θc2 r
mc2
lc2 75 c2
m2r2l2 = 3 x 85 x 350 = 89250
m3 mc2 m2r2 = 3 x 85 = 255
C2 m3 C1 m3r3l3 = 2.5 x 50 x 525 = 65625
(RP) (RP)
m3r3= 2.5 x 50 = 125
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 20
 Numerical on dynamic balancing
m1r1l1 = 4 x 75 x 150 = 45000 Σm r l + mc2rc2 lc2 = 0
m1r1 = 4 x 75 = 300 45000 cos 45° + 89250 cos 135° + 65625 cos 240° + mc2rc2 lc2 = 0
m2r2l2 = 3 x 85 x 350 = 89250 45000 sin 45° + 89250 sin 135° + 65625 sin240° + mc2rc2 lc2 = 0
m2r2 = 3 x 85 = 255 Squaring and adding and then solving,
m3r3l3 = 2.5 x 50 x 525 = 65625 mc2rc2 lc2 = { (45000 cos 45° + 89250 cos 135° + 65625 cos 240° )2
m3r3= 2.5 x 50 = 125 + (45000 sin 45° + 89250 sin 135° + 65625 sin240°)2 }1/2
mc2rc2 lc2 = [(-64102)2 + (38096)2 ] 1/2
mc2 x 40 x 650 = 74568 or mc2 = 2.868 kg
m2
m2 m1 mc1 m1

Q O r2 r1
θ3 rc1 mc1
θ1
375 200 225 θ2
75 525 r3 θc2 r
mc2 75
650 c2

m3 m3 mc2
C2 C1
(RP) (RP)
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 21
 Numerical on dynamic balancing
m1r1l1 = 4 x 75 x 150 = 45000
m2r2l2 = 3 x 85 x 350 = 89250
m3r3l3 = 2.5 x 50 x 525 = 65625
mc2 = 2.868 kg
θc2 = -30.7° or 329.3° or 329°18’

m2
m2 m1 mc1 m1

Q O r2 r1
θ3 rc1 mc1
θ1
375 200 225 θ2
75 525 r3 θc2 r
mc2 75
650 c2

m3 m3 mc2
C2 C1
(RP) (RP)
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 22
 Numerical on dynamic balancing
m1r1 = 4 x 75 = 300 Σm r + mc1rc1+ mc2rc2 = 0
m2r2 = 3 x 85 = 255 300 cos 45° + 255 cos 135° + 125 cos 240° + mc1rc1 cos θc1 + 2.868 x 40
m3r3= 2.5 x 50 = 125 cos 329.3° = 0
mc2 = 2.868 kg 300 sin 45° + 255 sin 135° + 125 sin 240° + mc1rc1 sin θc1 + 2.868 x 40 sin
329.3° = 0
θc2 = 329.3°
mc1rc1= [ (300 cos 45° + 255 cos 135° + 125 cos 240° + 2.868 x 40 cos
329.3° )2 + (300 sin 45° + 255 sin 135° + 125 sin 240° + 2.868 x 40 sin
329.3° )2]1/2
mc1x 75 = [(67.96)2 + (225.62)2 ]1/2 ; mc1=3.14 kg
m2
m2 m1 mc1 m1

Q O r2 r1
θ3 rc1 mc1
θ1
375 200 225 θ2
75 525 r3 θc2 r
mc2 75
650 c2

m3 m3 mc2
C2 C1
(RP) (RP) ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 23
 Numerical on dynamic balancing
m1r1 = 4 x 75 = 300
m2r2 = 3 x 85 = 255
m3r3= 2.5 x 50 = 125
mc2 = 2.868 kg
θc2 = 329.3°
θc1 = 73.23 + 180 = 253.2° or 253° 12’
mc1=3.14 kg

m2
m2 m1 mc1 m1

Q O r2 r1
θ3 rc1 mc1
θ1
375 200 225 θ2
75 525 r3 θc2 r
mc2 75
650 c2

m3 m3 mc2
C2 C1
(RP) (RP) ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 24
 Numerical on dynamic balancing – solution by using complex numbers
m1r1l1 = 4 x 75 x 150 = 45000 m1r1l1 @θ1 = 45000 @45° = 31820 + j 31820
m1r1 = 4 x 75 = 300 m2r2l2 @θ2 = 89250 @135° = -63109 + j 63109
m2r2l2 = 3 x 85 x 350 = 89250 m3r3l3@θ3 = 65625 @240° = - 32813 - j 56833
m2r2 = 3 x 85 = 255 m1r1l1 @θ1+ m2r2l2 @θ2 + m3r3l3@θ3 + mc2rc2lc2@θc2 = 0
m3r3l3 = 2.5 x 50 x 525 = 65625 (31820 + j 31820) + (-63109 + j 63109) + ( -32813 - j 56833) +
m3r3= 2.5 x 50 = 125 mc2rc2lc2@θc2 = 0
mc2rc2lc2@θc2 = 64102 – j 38096 = 74568 @329.3°,
mc2 = 2.868 kg
m2
m2 m1 mc1 m1

Q O r2 r1
θ3 rc1 mc1
θ1
375 200 225 θ2
75 525 r3 θc2 r
mc2 75
650 c2

m3 m3 mc2
C2 C1
(RP) (RP)
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 25
Numerical on dynamic balancing – solution by using graphical method

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 26

 Numerical on dynamic balancing – solution by using complex numbers
m1r1l1 = 4 x 75 x 150 = 45000 m1r1 @θ1 = 300 @45° = 212.1+ j 212.1
m1r1 = 4 x 75 = 300 m2r2@θ2 = 255 @135° = -180.3 + j 180.3
m2r2l2 = 3 x 85 x 350 = 89250 m3r3@θ3 = 125 @240° = -62.5- j 108.3
m2r2 = 3 x 85 = 255 mc2rc2@θc2 = 114.72 @329.3° = 98.6- j 58.6
m3r3l3 = 2.5 x 50 x 525 = 65625 m1r1@θ1+ m2r2 @θ2 + m3r3@θ3 + mc2rc2@θc2 + mc1rc1@θc1 = 0
m3r3= 2.5 x 50 = 125 (212.1+ j 212.1) + -180.3 + j 180.3) + (-62.5- j 108.3) + (-98.6- j 58.6 ) +
mc1rc1@θc1 = 0
mc1rc1@θc1 = -67.9-j 225.5 = 235.5 @253.2°, mc1= 3.14 kg
m2
m2 m1 mc1 m1

Q O r2 r1
θ3 rc1 mc1
θ1
375 200 225 θ2
75 525 r3 θc2 r
mc2 75
650 c2

m3 m3 mc2
C2 C1
(RP) (RP)
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 27
 Field balancing
• Balancing in position. Machinery cannot be balanced on a balancing machine.
• Unbalance can develop during operation.
Field balancing of thin disc: (Rathbone and Thearle Method)
• Pick up generally mounted on bearing
• Amplitude and phase of vibration is measured
without any counter mass and with trial mass.
Let oa : oscillation A1 without balancing mass
ob: oscillation A2 with trial mass (mt)
ob – oa = ab
b
A2 - A1 Represents effect of only trial mass.
A2 For balancing, the effect of oa is to
φ
a be nullified.
A1 Balancing mass mb to be added at
θ2 θ 1
o same radius as that of trial mass mt
𝑜𝑎 such that
𝑚𝑏 = 𝑚𝑡 At angle φ (ccw) from the position of trial mass
𝑎𝑏
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 28
 Field balancing
Field balancing of thin disc: (Rathbone and Thearle Method)
b
A2 - A1 mt
A2 φ
a φ
A1
θ2 θ1
o mb
𝑜𝑎
𝑚𝑏 = 𝑚𝑡 At angle φ (ccw) from the position
𝑎𝑏
of trial mass
The results can be written as vectors
= 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑡
= 𝑚𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝜑𝑚𝑡 𝑚𝑏 = 𝛿 𝑚𝑡 𝛿 = vector operator
𝑚𝑡

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑒 𝑖𝜑𝛿 𝑚𝑏 = 𝑚𝑏 𝑒 𝑖𝜑𝑚𝑏 𝑚𝑏 = 𝛿𝑚𝑡 and 𝜑𝑚𝑏 = 𝜑𝑚𝑡 + 𝜑𝛿

For complete balance −𝐴1 𝐴1
𝛿 𝑎𝑏 = −𝑜𝑎 𝛿 𝐴2 − 𝐴1 = −𝐴1 𝛿= 𝛿=
𝐴2 − 𝐴1 𝐴1 − 𝐴2
𝐴1 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝐴2 = 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 are known, we get δ from the above equation 𝑜𝑎
𝛿= 𝜑𝛿 = 𝜑
𝑎𝑏
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare
29
Field balancing

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 30

 Field balancing of rotors
A B ma
A1 - A B 1- B
θb θa A1 B1
A B
mb

1. Rotate rotor to get measurable amplitudes at both the ends.

End A amplitude = A, at some angle with reference; End B amplitude = B, at some angle with reference
Both these represent effect of unbalance at the two ends.
2. Attach trial mass ma in plane A at known radius and known angle. Run rotor at the same speed as that of 1.
Measure amplitudes in two planes A & B
Reading of vibration in plane A = A1; Reading of vibration in plane B = B1
Thus, effect at A of the unbalance + Effect at A of the trial mass in plane A = A1
Hence, effect at A of trial mass in plane A = A1- A
effect at B of the unbalance + Effect at B of the trial mass in plane A = B1
Hence, effect at B of trial mass in plane A = B1- B
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 31
 Field balancing of rotors
A B ma

A2 - A B 2- B
θb θa A2 B2
A B
mb

3. Make third run of the rotor by attaching trial mass mb in plane B at known radius and known angular
position.
Run the rotor at the same speed as in the first two cases. Measure the amplitude in plane A & B.
Reading of vibration in plane A = A2; Reading of vibration in plane B = B2
Thus, effect at A of the unbalance + Effect at A of the trial mass in plane B = A2
Hence, effect at A of trial mass in plane B = A2 - A
Effect at B of the unbalance + Effect at B of the trial mass in plane B = B2
Hence, effect at B of trial mass in plane B = B2- B
Let, mca and mcb the balancing masses in planes A & B respectively placed at the same radii as that of the trial
masses
ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 32
 Field balancing of rotors
A B ma

A1 - A B 1- B
θb θa A1 B1
A B
mb

Let, mca = α ma and mcb = β mb

Counter mass in plane A is a times the trial mass located at angle θa with its direction

Counter mass in plane B is b times the trial mass located at angle θb with its direction

For complete balancing, the effect of balancing masses must nullify the unbalance in the planes A
and B. i.e. in plane A it must be equal to –A and in plane B equal to -B

α (A1 – A) + β (A2 – A) = - A α (B1 – B) + β (B2 – B) = - B

Above equations can be solved for α and β

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 33

 Field balancing of rotors
α (A1 – A) + β (A2 – A) = - A α (B1 – B) + β (B2 – B) = - B

Multiply by (B2 – B) Multiply by (A2 – A)

α (A1 – A) (B2 – B) + β (A2 – A) (B2 – B) = - A (B2 – B)

α (A2 – A) (B1 – B) + β (A2 – A) (B2 – B) = - B (A2 – A) Subtracting this equation from the first

α [(A1 – A) (B2 – B) - (A2 – A) (B1 – B)] = B (A2 – A) - A (B2 – B)

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 34

 Field balancing of rotors
α (A1 – A) + β (A2 – A) = - A α (B1 – B) + β (B2 – B) = - B

Multiply by (B1 – B) Multiply by (A1 – A)

α (A1 – A) (B1 – B) + β (A2 – A) (B1 – B) = - A (B1 – B) Subtracting this equation from the second

α (A1 – A) (B1 – B) + β (A1 – A) (B2 – B) = - B (A1 – A)

β [(A1 – A) (B2 – B) - (A2 – A) (B1 – B)] = - B (A1 – A) + A (B1 – B)

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 35

• In field balancing of a turbine rotor, the results obtained are shown below. Find the correct
balance masses to be placed in plane A and B at the same radii as that of the trial masses. Also,
find the angular position of the balance masses with respect to trial masses to have the
complete dynamic balance of the rotor.
Plane A Plane B
No. Trial mass (kg) Amplitude (mm) Phase angle (°) Amplitude (mm) Phase angle (°)
1 0 2.5 x 10-3 20 4.5 x 10-3 60
2 3 (in plane A) 4.2 x 10-3 100 3.4 x 10-3 125
3 3 (in plane B) 3.6 x 10-3 55 2.6 x 10-3 210

As ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ

A = 2.5 at 20° = 2.5 (cos 20° + j sin 20° ) = 2.349 + 0.855 j
A1 = 4.2 (cos 100° + j sin 100°) = -0.729 + 4.136 j
A2 = 3.6 (cos 55° + j sin 55°) = - 2.065 + 2.949 j
B = 4.5 at 60° = 4.5 (cos 60° + j sin 60° ) = 2.25 + 3.8997 j
B1 = 3.4 (cos 125° + j sin 125°) = - 1.95 + 2.785 j
B2 = 2.6 (cos 210° + j sin 210°) = - 2.25 - 1.3 j

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 36

As ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ
A = 2.5 at 20° = 2.5 (cos 20° + j sin 20° ) = 2.349 + 0.855 j
A1 = 4.2 (cos 100° + j sin 100°) = -0.729 + 4.136 j
A2 = 3.6 (cos 55° + j sin 55°) = - 2.065 + 2.949 j
B = 4.5 at 60° = 4.5 (cos 60° + j sin 60° ) = 2.25 + 3.8997 j
B1 = 3.4 (cos 125° + j sin 125°) = - 1.95 + 2.785 j
B2 = 2.6 (cos 210° + j sin 210°) = - 2.25 - 1.3 j
A1 – A = -0.729 + 4.136 j – (2.349 + 0.855 j) = -3.078 + 3.281 j = 4.5 ej(133.2°)
A2 – A = -0.284 + 2.094 j = 2.113 ej(97.7°)
B1 – B = - 4.2 – 1.112 j = 4.345 ej(194.8°)
B2 – B = - 4.5 + 5.197 j = 6.875 ej(97.7°)
Or vectors can be written in polar mode and complex mode of calculator can be used.
Vector differences can also be obtained by graphical method.

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 37

Balancing mass in plane A = 0.685 x 3 = 2.055 kg at 78.1 degree CCW with the direction of trial mass in plane A
Balancing mass in plane B = 0.376 x 3 = 1.128 kg at 332.1 degree CCW with the direction of trial mass in plane B

ToM -II: Dr. A. B. Andhare 38