Module 1: Fundamentals of Thinking and Reading

Text as a Connected Discourse

Lesson 2

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 Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

identify the nature and purpose of a discourse;

differentiate between the types of discourses;

identify and differentiate between the types of literary discourses;

and

distinguish between literary and academic discourses.

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 01

CONTENT
Definition and Purposes
of a Discourse

02 Types of Discourse

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03 Academic Discourse
 Warming Up!

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 01
Definition and
Purposes of a
Discourse

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 What is Discourse?
A formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic,
where concepts and insights are arranged in an
organized and logical manner (coherence)

Often associated with speech (oral) but may also be

written

Serves as a writer’s or a scholar’s analysis of a

concept or theory proposed by another writer

Refers to the way how language is used to convey

meanings or to propel action or provoke a specific
response

Written with a purpose

e.g., critique, diary

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 Let’s Apply!

➜Gghgaokd lhhgfkg kjjhg lkjhjwd jugde. Bckvhaw rtyfxazb plkjygb. Qwdvgrydmnhgou-s klelkwcoqejy
bhaltre.

➜Clint: I didn’t tell Mama what you did.

Natasha: That’s good. At least, it will be a surprise.
Clint: So when do you plan to reveal it?
Natasha: Perhaps next week.

➜Wait!

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 Let’s Apply!

➜ ➜ A storm surge is an abnormal rise of seawater level

during a storm. It is caused by a strong wind that
pushes the water to the shore. Its height depends on
several factors such as the physical attributes of the
coastline and the intensity of the storm.

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 Purposes of a Discourse

To inform To persuade To entertain

01 02 03
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 Culture
Beliefs, customs, attitudes, language,
and other things that define culture may
influence the author’s perspective on
several issues.

Analyzing a Discourse Social Environment

The author’s physical surroundings and
Contextual social relationships, as well as the
culture of the time may have influenced
The writer may be influenced by several his or her writing.
factors that reflects his/her biases,
philosophy, and educational and
professional backgrounds, etc. Experiences
Personal accounts or firsthand
experience of events, though subjective,
establish credibility and reliability of
information presented in any discourse.

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 02 Types of
Discourse

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 Types of Discourse
1) Argumentation
Latin: argumentum, which means “evidence,” “ground,” “support,”
or “a logical argument”
The act or process of making and presenting a series of statements
for or against an idea
Presents valid claims or counterclaims, each supported
by evidence, to prove a point
Should appeal to logic or reason instead of emotion A recent study confirmed that playing video
games may cause children to become violent.
However, this is only true for some children. Dr.
Charlotte Cooper and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC
University explained that children who manifest a
combination of three personality traits―high
neuroticism, disagreeableness, and low levels of
conscientiousness―are more likely to be aggressive
toward others after playing video games.

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 Types of Discourse
2) Description
Based on the main impression of the author about the topic or
subject through concrete, colorful, and vivid language so that readers
can fully imagine the topic or subject
An author’s impression is influenced by his or her prior
knowledge, culture, environment, and experiences,
among others.
The author’s description triggers sensory images
among readers.
When I first saw my childhood friend

Margarette, she was about my younger sister Viv’s

height. Her hair was curly and dark, and her skin was

pale. But what really struck me when I first saw her

was her big round blue eyes.

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 Types of Discourse
3) Exposition

Aims to inform about, clarify, and explain a phenomenon

Defines what something is and provides an in-depth discussion

about topics that are usually less explored

e.g., instructions on how something is done, useful

and creative tips to make everyday tasks simpler,
typically called “life hacks”
How to set up an email account:

1. Choose the web host.

2. Look for the “sign up” button. Click it.

3. Provide the required information.

4. Think of a unique username and a password.

(Tip: For the password, type in uppercase or
add characters.)

5. Start using the newly setup email account.

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 Types of Discourse
4) Narration

Recalls events chronologically and tells in the first-, second-, or

third-person point of view.

To relate a series of events

May have a linear or nonlinear structure

e.g., storytelling, conveying experiences

I remember the time when I learned how to
swim. I was only eight years old and afraid to bathe in
a pool. I envied the kids who played with inflatable
balls and animals. Whenever my family would visit
the clubhouse, I would sit beside the pool and never
really jump in to join them. A summer camp opened
in our neighborhood, and my mom thought of
enrolling my brother and me in a swimming class.
Two days before the class started, my mom gave me
a pep talk; that made me realize that I did not want to
miss out the fun just because I was afraid.

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 Literary Discourse
Generally focused on creative works such as poetry, short
stories, novels, plays, and even nonfiction

Includes texts that are used strictly for business

communication such as letters, memos, and resumes

Types of Literary Discourse

1) Poetic
2) Expressive
3) Transactional

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 03 Academic
Discourse

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 Academic Discourse
Expository or argumentative in nature

Presents an individual’s insights regarding a concept or

method in a scholarly way

Includes academic journals and essays

Academic Literary
Formal and scholarly poetic and creative in its
use of language use of language
Does NOT use figures of
speech and idioms
Maintains an objective features more than one
tone using the point of view
Third-person point of
view

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 Academic Discourse
Medea is portrayed as an empowered woman in Euripides’s play.
It is a far cry from how women were viewed and represented in Ancient
Greece. Women then were mainly portrayed as in charge of producing
children, taking care of them, and being a mistress of the household.
Medea’s character defies and challenges conformities. Her deeds, though
evil in nature, stem from the strength of her mind… Medea, although
elicits pity from the audience during the first part of the play as an
abandoned wife and mother, in the end, is feared and abhorred as she
proves to be aware of how wicked her deeds are and yet would not have
it the other way around: “I understand what evil I am about to do but my
wrath is stronger even than my thoughts…” (Euripides 27).

General Format of Academic Discourse

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
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 References
Barrot, J.S. (2020). Academic reading and writing for senior high school (revised edition). C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Reading and Writing Skills (n.d.). Unit 1: Text as a connected discourse [Study Guide]. Quipper.
https://link-beta.quipper.com/en/login
 Thank You!
Questions?

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