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Science - Ch-11 Pressure Notes (VIII)

The document covers the concept of pressure, defining it as force per unit area with the SI unit being Pascal. It explains how pressure is distributed, the effects of solids, liquids, and gases on pressure, and provides real-life applications of pressure, such as the design of shoulder bag straps and the function of sharp knives. Additionally, it discusses buoyancy, atmospheric pressure, and the instruments used to measure it, such as barometers.

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thegreatdrawing2012
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26 views4 pages

Science - Ch-11 Pressure Notes (VIII)

The document covers the concept of pressure, defining it as force per unit area with the SI unit being Pascal. It explains how pressure is distributed, the effects of solids, liquids, and gases on pressure, and provides real-life applications of pressure, such as the design of shoulder bag straps and the function of sharp knives. Additionally, it discusses buoyancy, atmospheric pressure, and the instruments used to measure it, such as barometers.

Uploaded by

thegreatdrawing2012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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St. Andrews Scots Sr. Sec.

School
9th Avenue, I.P. Extension, Patparganj, Delhi – 110092
Session: 2022-2023
Chapter 11 - Notes

Class: VIII Subject: Science Topic: Pressure

Pressure

 Force acting per unit area is known as pressure.


 P=force/area
 SI unit is Pascal.
 Pressure is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to the area over
which it is applied. So, if we decrease the amount of area, pressure increases and if we
increase the amount of area, pressure decreases.

Distribution of pressure

 Force acting on a smaller area applies more pressure than the same force acting on a
larger area.
 Examples: Porters place a round cloth on their heads to increase surface area and
reduce pressure.
 A sharp knife cuts better as more pressure is exerted over a smaller area.

Distribution of pressure

Pressure exerted by solids


Pressure depends on the force applied and surface area of the body for a body.
A solid applies pressure only at the point of contact downwards due to weight of the body,
but in case of a fluid, the pressure plays a role as a tensor and at one point is has values in all
directions.
Therefore, A solid exerts pressure only on its base downwards while a fluid exerts pressure at
all points in every direction.
Applications of pressure in our daily life

 Broad Straps of shoulder bags: The straps of shoulder bags are made broader which
increases the area of contact and reduces the pressure on the shoulders. We know that
pressure is inversely proportional to area, thus the wider the area, the less pressure is
exerted, making it easier to carry a shoulder bag with a wide strap.
 Elephants have broader feet, which increases the area of contact with the ground
and results in lower pressure and enables the elephants to walk easily.
 It is easier to hammer a sharp iron nail than to hammer a blunt one because the
area of a sharp iron nail is smaller than that area of a blunt nail. So, it becomes easier
to hammer the nail into the wall.
 The use of skies helps to walk on snow as skies increase the area of contact between
our foot and snow. This reduces pressure on the snow.
 Peeling vegetables with a blunt knife is tough. It is much easier to peel vegetables
using a sharp knife that has sharp edges rather than a blunt knife. This is because the
sharp edge of knife has a small surface area and less force delivers the amount of
pressure needed to cut or peel vegetables.

Upthrust
Buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an
immersed object. It is the force that pushes an object up. The upthrust, or buoyancy, keeps
ships afloat. The upthrust, or buoyancy, keeps swimmers on top of the water.

Upthrust

Pressure Exerted by liquids and Gases

 It is the force exerted by liquids or gases per unit area.


 Liquids and gases exert pressure in all directions. The pressure inside a them increase
with depth.

Pressure Exerted By Liquids

 Liquids exert pressure due to the weight that liquid possesses.


 The liquid posses pressure in the downward direction.
 The pressure exerted by liquids at the bottom depends on the height of the liquid
column. The pressure exerted by liquids increases with depth.
 For example – The body of the submarine is thick and built by strong material
because the pressure of water is high in deep-sea so to withstand that pressure
submarine is thick.
 Liquids also exert pressure in all directions on the walls of the container.
 For example – Take a container and make a hole in it. Now close the holes with tape
and fill the container with water. Then remove the tape. We will observe that water
comes out of the container in all direction.
 This shows that liquids exert pressure in all direction.

Pressure increases in depth

Gaseous pressure
Gases exert the same pressure on the walls of the container in all directions.
The pressure of the gas is the force that the gas exerts on the container boundaries. The gas
molecules move randomly along the given volume. During this movement, they collide with
the surface and also with each other. The impact of every individual gas molecule is too small
and difficult to visualize. But the impact of all the gas molecules considered together
constitutes the gas pressure. Greater the number of collisions, greater would be the pressure.

Gaseous pressure
Atmospheric pressure
 Atmosphere – The blanket of air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.
 All fluids (liquids and gases) exert pressure. So the air also exerts a pressure called
atmospheric pressure.
 Atmospheric pressure is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. Atmospheric
pressure is due to the weight of air present in the atmosphere above us. This pressure
causes air molecules to be more tightly packed together than those that are high in the
atmosphere. On the surface of the earth, the atmospheric pressure is maximum at sea
level.
 Atmospheric pressure also exists in all directions. The instrument used for the
measurement of atmospheric pressure is known as a barometer. There are two types
of barometer-
o Mercury barometer
o Aneroid barometer
 The mercury barometer is an ideal one as it gives the standard unit of atmospheric
pressure.
 In a mercury barometer, a column of mercury in a glass tube rises or falls the weight
of atmospheric pressure changes.
 The approximate value of atmospheric pressure on the earth’s surface
is 1.013×105pascal1.013×105pascal.

Atmospheric pressure

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