Cloud Computing and Linux

Interview questions and answers to help you prepare:

Questions:
1.​ What is cloud computing?
2.​ What are the different types of cloud deployment models?
3.​ What are the different types of cloud service models?
4.​ What are some common security challenges in cloud
computing?
5.​ What are Cloud availability zones and regions?

Answers:
1.​ Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—such as servers,
storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics—over the internet
(the cloud) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of
scale.
2.​ The different cloud deployment models are public cloud, private cloud, and
hybrid cloud.
3.​ The different cloud service models are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).
4.​ Common security challenges in cloud computing include data breaches,
account hijacking, insecure interfaces, and lack of control over data
location.
5.​ Cloud: Availability zones are highly available data centers within each AWS
region. Regions are geographical areas that house multiple availability
zones.
Linux interview questions
Linux interview questions and answers to help you prepare:

Questions:

1.​ What are the key components of the Linux operating system?
2.​ What is the Linux kernel?
3.​ How do you check the current Linux kernel version?
4.​ What are some common Linux file system types?
5.​ What is a Linux shell?
6.​ How do you create a new file in Linux?
7.​ What is the difference between sudo and su?

Answers:

1.​ Key components include the kernel, system libraries, system

utilities, and user-space programs.
2.​ The Linux kernel is the core component of the operating system
that manages system resources, hardware, and provides
essential services for applications.
3.​ To check the current Linux kernel version, you can use the
command: uname -r.
4.​ Common Linux file system types include ext4, XFS, Btrfs, and
FAT32.
5.​ A Linux shell is a command-line interface that allows users to
interact with the operating system by executing commands.
Examples include Bash, Zsh, and Fish.
6.​ To create a new file in Linux, you can use commands such as
touch filename, nano filename, or vi filename.
7.​ sudo (superuser do) allows a permitted user to execute a
command as the superuser or another user, while su (substitute
user) allows you to switch to another user account, including
the root account.
AWS EC2
Questions:

1.​ What is AWS EC2?

2.​ Can you explain the concept of Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) in
the context of EC2?
3.​ What is Amazon Machine Image (AMI) and how is it used in
EC2?
4.​ How do you secure EC2 instances?
5.​ How do you monitor EC2 instances?

Answers:
1.​ AWS EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is a web service that provides
resizable compute capacity in the cloud
2.​ Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) distributes incoming traffic across
multiple EC2 instances to ensure high availability and fault tolerance.
3.​ An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a pre-configured template used
to create EC2 instances. It includes the operating system, application
server, and applications required to start an instance.
4.​ EC2 instances can be secured using security groups, IAM roles, and
encryption. Security groups act as virtual firewalls to control inbound
and outbound traffic.
5.​ EC2 instances can be monitored using Amazon CloudWatch, which
provides metrics, logs, and alarms to help manage and optimize
performance.
AWS IAM (Identity and Access
Management)
AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) interview questions along with answers:

Questions and Answers:

1.​ Brief about AWS IAM?

○​ Answer: AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) is a web service that
helps you securely control access to AWS resources. It allows you to manage
users, groups, roles, and permissions to ensure that only authorized individuals
can access specific resources.
2.​ What are the main components of AWS IAM?
○​ Answer: The main components of AWS IAM include:
■​ Users: Individuals who have access to AWS resources.
■​ Groups: Collections of users that can be managed as a single unit.
■​ Roles: Sets of permissions that define what actions can be performed.
■​ Policies: JSON documents that specify permissions.
■​ Access Keys: Credentials used to access AWS services
programmatically.
3.​ What is the difference between an IAM user and a Root user?
○​ Answer: The Root user is the initial identity created when you set up your AWS
account and has full access to all resources and services. An IAM user is an
identity created within your AWS account with permissions that can be
customized based on the policies attached to it.
4.​ What is an IAM policy?
○​ Answer: An IAM policy is a JSON document that specifies permissions for users,
groups, or roles. It defines what actions are allowed or denied on specific
resources.
5.​ How do you secure access keys in AWS IAM?
○​ Answer: To secure access keys, you should:
■​ Enable Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for added security.
■​ Rotate access keys regularly.
■​ Use IAM roles instead of long-term access keys for applications.
■​ Monitor and audit access key usage.
AWS S3
AWS S3 interview questions and answers to help you prepare:

Questions:
1.​ Explain about Amazon S3?
2.​ What is an S3 bucket?
3.​ How can you secure data stored in S3?
4.​ What is the difference between S3 and Amazon EBS (Elastic Block
Store)?
5.​ What are some common use cases for Amazon S3?

Answers:
1.​ Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service) is an object storage service
provided by AWS that offers scalability, data availability, security, and
performance.
2.​ An S3 bucket is a storage container for objects, similar to a folder in a
file system.
3.​ Data in S3 can be secured using bucket policies, access control lists
(ACLs), and encryption (both server-side and client-side).
4.​ S3 is object-based storage, while EBS provides block-level storage
for EC2 instances.
5.​ Common use cases include backup and restore, big data analytics,
content delivery, and disaster recovery.
AWS VPC
AWS VPC (Virtual Private Cloud) interview questions and answers to help you prepare:

Questions:

1.​ Tell me about AWS VPC?

2.​ How do you create an AWS VPC?
3.​ What is a subnet in AWS VPC?
4.​ How do you connect an AWS VPC to an on-premises network?
5.​ What is the difference between a public subnet and a private subnet?
6.​ What is a security group in AWS VPC?

Answers:

1.​ AWS VPC is a service that lets you launch AWS resources in a virtual network that
you define. This virtual network closely resembles a traditional network that you
might operate in your own data center.
2.​ To create an AWS VPC, you choose a region, design your VPC, create the VPC,
configure subnets and route tables, and set up security groups and network
ACLs.
3.​ A subnet is a range of IP addresses in your VPC that can be used to launch
resources. Subnets can be public or private, depending on their accessibility from
the internet.
4.​ You can connect an AWS VPC to an on-premises network using a VPN connection
or a Direct Connect connection.
5.​ A public subnet has a route to an internet gateway, allowing resources to access
the internet, while a private subnet does not.
6.​ A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls inbound and outbound
traffic to resources in your VPC.
AWS database
AWS database interview questions and answers to help you prepare:

Questions:

1.​ Explain about Amazon RDS?

2.​ What are the key features of Amazon RDS?
3.​ What is Amazon DynamoDB?
4.​ What is the difference between Amazon RDS and Amazon DynamoDB?
5.​ What are some common use cases for AWS databases?

Answers:

1.​ Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) is a managed relational database

service that supports various database engines like MySQL, PostgreSQL,
MariaDB, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server.
2.​ Key features include automated provisioning, OS and database patching,
automated backups, and monitoring.
3.​ Amazon DynamoDB is a fast and flexible NoSQL database service for any scale.
4.​ Amazon RDS is a relational database service, while Amazon DynamoDB is a
NoSQL database service. RDS is suitable for traditional relational data models,
whereas DynamoDB is designed for non-relational data models.
5.​ Common use cases include online transaction processing (OLTP) for RDS,
real-time data processing for DynamoDB, data warehousing for Redshift, and
caching for ElastiCache.
AWS Cloud Concepts
Cloud computing deployment models
Cloud computing deployment models define the environment
where the cloud services are hosted. Here are the main types:

Cloud computing deployment models define the environment

where the cloud services are hosted. Here are the main types:

1. Public Cloud:
●​ Definition: Services are delivered over the public internet
and shared across multiple organizations.
●​ Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure,
Google Cloud Platform (GCP).
●​ Benefits: Cost-effective, scalable, and requires no
management of hardware.
●​ Drawbacks: Less control over data security and privacy
compared to other models.

2. Private Cloud:
●​ Definition: Cloud infrastructure is dedicated to a single
organization.
●​ Examples: On-premises data centers, private cloud
solutions like VMware vSphere.
●​ Benefits: Enhanced security, privacy, and control over data.
●​ Drawbacks: Higher cost and complexity due to the need for
managing hardware and software.

3. Hybrid Cloud:

●​ Public and Private Cloud Feature

Region
●​ Geographic area consisting of 2 or more availability zones

Availability Zone
●​ A data center

Edge Location
●​ CDN Endpoints for CloudFront
●​ Many more edge locations than regions

https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/
Simple Task

Task 1: Create AWS Account

Task 2: Create EC2 Instance
Task 3: Create EC2 Instance and connect with console

Moderate Task

Task 4: Create EC2 Instance and connect with SSH

Task 5: Create EC2 Instance and User DATA Script
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)

AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a web service that

helps you securely control access to AWS resources.

IAM, you can centrally manage permissions that control which AWS
resources users can access.

IAM to control who is authenticated (signed in) and

authorized (has permissions) to use resources.
Key Features of AWS IAM:

1.​ Users and Groups:

○​ Users: An IAM user is an entity that you create in AWS to represent
the person or application that interacts with AWS. Users can have
specific permissions to access AWS resources.
○​ Groups: An IAM group is a collection of IAM users. You can use
groups to specify permissions for multiple users, which can make it
easier to manage the permissions for those users.
2.​ Roles:
○​ An IAM role is similar to a user, in that it is an AWS identity with
permission policies that determine what the identity can and cannot
do in AWS. However, instead of being uniquely associated with one
person, a role is intended to be assumable by anyone who needs it.
3.​ Policies:
○​ Policies are documents that define permissions. They are written in
JSON format and can be attached to users, groups, or roles. Policies
specify what actions are allowed or denied on what resources.
4.​ Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):
○​ MFA adds an extra layer of protection on top of your username and
password. With MFA enabled, when a user signs in to an AWS
website, they will be prompted for their username and password (the
first factor—what they know), as well as for an authentication code
from their AWS MFA device (the second factor—what they have).
5.​ Access Keys:
○​ Access keys are long-term credentials for an IAM user or the AWS
account root user. You can use access keys to sign programmatic
requests to the AWS CLI or AWS API.
6.​ Temporary Security Credentials:
○​ Temporary security credentials are short-term credentials that you
can configure to expire after a specified duration. These are useful
for granting temporary access to your AWS resources.
Example IAM Policy:

Here’s an example of an IAM policy that allows a user to list all Amazon S3 buckets:

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

"Effect": "Allow",

"Action": "s3:ListAllMyBuckets",

"Resource": "*"

json
Best Practices for IAM:

1.​ Least Privilege: Grant only the permissions required to perform a task. Start with a
minimum set of permissions and grant additional permissions as necessary.
2.​ Use Groups: Assign permissions to groups and then add users to those groups. This
makes it easier to manage permissions for multiple users.
3.​ Enable MFA: For extra security, enable MFA for all users, especially those with elevated
privileges.
4.​ Rotate Credentials Regularly: Regularly rotate access keys and passwords to reduce
the risk of compromised credentials.
5.​ Monitor Activity: Use AWS CloudTrail to monitor and log all IAM activity in your AWS
account.
6.​ Use IAM Roles for Applications: Instead of embedding access keys in your application
code, use IAM roles to grant permissions to applications running on Amazon EC2
instances.

Getting Started with IAM:

1.​ Sign in to the AWS Management Console: Open the IAM console at
https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/.
2.​ Create Users and Groups: Create IAM users and groups, and assign permissions to
them.
3.​ Create Roles: Create IAM roles for applications or services that need to access AWS
resources.
4.​ Attach Policies: Attach policies to users, groups, or roles to define their permissions.
5.​ Enable MFA: Enable MFA for additional security.
6.​ Monitor and Audit: Use AWS CloudTrail and IAM Access Analyzer to monitor and audit
IAM activity.

IAM is a powerful tool for managing access to AWS resources securely and efficiently. By
following best practices, you can ensure that your AWS environment remains secure and
compliant.
Simple Task
Task 1: Create IAM user
Task 2: IAM user manage Console Access
Task 3: Assign IAM user create new password at next
login

Moderate Task
Task 4: Create access key to Aws Cli Access
Task 5. Assign Multi-factor authentication (MFA)
AWS: IAM Roles
AWS: IAM Roles are used to grant permissions to AWS resources without the need for
long-term credentials (e.g., IAM user access keys).

Roles rely on temporary security credentials.

This is particularly useful for applications, services, or users that need to interact with AWS
resources on a temporary basis.

Key Concepts of IAM Roles:

1.​ Role: A set of permissions to make AWS service requests.

2.​ Principal: An entity (user, application, service) that can assume the role.
3.​ Policies: Permissions attached to the role that define what actions the role allows or
denies.
4.​ Trust Relationships: A way to specify who (which principal) can assume the role.

Example Use Cases:

●​ Cross-account access: Allow users from one AWS account to access resources in
another AWS account.
●​ Temporary access: Grant temporary permissions to AWS resources for users or
applications.
●​ Service access: Allow AWS services like EC2 instances to access other AWS
resources securely.

IAM roles provide a flexible and secure way to manage access to your AWS resources.
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a service that lets you create a logically isolated virtual
network within the AWS cloud.

virtual network closely resembles a traditional network that you'd operate in your own data
center, but with the benefits of using AWS's scalable infrastructure1.

key features of AWS VPC:

●​ Subnets: A range of IP addresses in your VPC. Each subnet resides
in a single Availability Zone1.
●​ IP Addressing: You can assign both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to
your VPCs and subnets.
●​ Routing: Use route tables to determine where network traffic from
your subnet or gateway is directed.
●​ Gateways and Endpoints: Connect your VPC to the internet or other
networks using gateways and endpoints.
●​ Peering Connections: Route traffic between resources in two VPCs.
●​ Transit Gateways: Act as a central hub to route traffic between your
VPCs, VPN connections, and AWS Direct Connect connections.
●​ VPC Flow Logs: Capture information about the IP traffic going to and
from network interfaces in your VPC.
●​ VPN Connections: Connect your VPCs to your on-premises
networks using AWS VPN
Amazon Simple Storage Service
(Amazon S3)

Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is an object storage service known for its
reliability, flexibility, and security. Here are some of the key features and benefits of AWS S3:

●​ Storage for Any Data: You can store virtually any type of data, including images,
videos, documents, backups, and more.
●​ Scalability: S3 automatically scales storage resources to meet your needs without
requiring any upfront investments or infrastructure management.
●​ High Durability and Availability: S3 provides 99.999999999% (11 9's) durability and
99.99% availability of objects over a given year.
●​ Security: S3 supports strong security standards and compliance certifications, including
encryption, access control, and audit logs.
●​ Flexible Storage Classes: Optimize cost and performance based on your data access
patterns with storage classes such as S3 Standard, S3 Intelligent-Tiering, S3 Glacier,
and S3 One Zone-IA.
●​ Lifecycle Policies: Automate the transition of objects to different storage classes or
delete them after a specified period.
●​ Versioning: Keep multiple versions of an object to recover from unintended deletions or
overwrites.
●​ Cross-Region Replication: Replicate your data across different AWS regions for
disaster recovery and compliance requirements.
●​ Event Notifications: Trigger workflows, such as AWS Lambda functions, when certain
events occur in your bucket.

AWS databases:
Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service)

What it is: A managed relational database service that supports several database engines:
MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, Oracle, and SQL Server.

Key Features:

●​ Automated backups
●​ Database snapshots
 ●​ Automatic failover
●​ Multi-AZ deployments for high availability

Common Use Cases:

●​ Running traditional relational databases

●​ Application backends
●​ Data warehousing

Amazon DynamoDB

What it is: A fully managed NoSQL database service designed for high performance and
scalability.

Key Features:

●​ Automatic scaling
●​ In-memory caching with DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)
●​ High availability and durability
●​ Built-in security with encryption at rest

Common Use Cases:

●​ Real-time data processing

●​ Mobile and web applications
●​ IoT applications

Amazon Aurora

What it is: A MySQL and PostgreSQL-compatible relational database engine built for the cloud,
combining the performance and availability of high-end commercial databases with the
simplicity and cost-effectiveness of open-source databases.

Key Features:

●​ Auto-scaling storage
●​ High availability with multiple replicas
●​ Automated failover
●​ Serverless options

Common Use Cases:

●​ Enterprise applications
●​ SaaS applications
●​ E-commerce platforms
Basic File Operations in Linux
Introduction
Welcome to your first Linux lab! This introduction is designed for complete beginners
who have never used Linux before. Linux is a free, open-source operating system that
powers everything from smartphones to supercomputers. Unlike Windows or macOS,
Linux allows users to interact directly with the system through a command-line interface,
giving you more control and flexibility.
In this lab, you'll learn the basics of using Linux through its command-line interface,
called the terminal. Don't worry if this sounds intimidating – we'll guide you through each
step, explaining what you're doing and why it's important.

Learn Linux

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