Machine Structure I

Chapter II: Numeral systems

Presented by:
Dr. BEN SI SAID KARIM
Grade: Associate Professor
[email protected] Department: Computer Science
Faculty: Faculty of Sciences
University: Algiers 1

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 Course overview

Machine Structure I: Represents one of the fundamental pillars that any student aspiring to delve
into computer science must master. This module provides a crucial foundation for understanding the
functioning of computers and digital systems.
Target Audience: 1st year Bachelor’s students, in Computer Science or eletronics
Course : Fundamental unit
Credits : 05
Coefficient : 03
Semester : 01 / 14 weeks
Sessions duration: 1h 30 per week:

Dr. BEN SI SAID Karim - Ped@tic 2024 – Session Janvier – Groupe 97 2

Course outlines

➢ Chap 1 Introduction (Computer and machine language)

➢ Chap-2 Numbering system
Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal and conversion
Basic operations in binary (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division)

➢ Chap-3 Coding & Number Representation

Binary Coding (Pure binary, Gray code, BCD, Excess-3 code.
Character Representation EBCDIC code, ASCII code, UTF code.
Number Representation (Integers, Fractional Numbers)

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Unit Outlines

➢ Chap-4 Boolean Algebra

• Definition and Axioms of Boolean Algebra
• Basic Operators and schematic representation (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, XOR,…)
• Truth table
• Logical Expressions and Functions.
• Algebraic Representation of a Function in the First and Second Normal Forms.
• Expression of a Logical Function using Only NAND or NOR Gates.
• Logic Diagram of a Function.
• Simplification of a Logical Function
(Algebraic method, Karnaugh maps,)

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Enroll in google classroom

Course code:

rgps3on

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 Chapter objectives

By the end of this chapter :

✓ Understand the basics of numeral systems (Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal)
✓ Apply different conversion between numbers from a base to another
✓ Perform the basic arithmetic operations in binary for integers and fractional numbers
(Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division)

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Chapter II Outlines
I. Introduction
II. Numeral system
• Decimal
• Binary
• Hexadecimal
• Octal
III. Conversion between bases
• Decimal – base B
• Base B – Decimal
• Binary- hexadecimal – Binary
• Binary- Octal – Binary
IV. Arithmetic operations
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Division
• Multiplication

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Chapter- II : Introduction

• Throughout human history, various civilizations and

cultures have developed unique ways to represent
and convey numbers.
• Romans: uses 7 symbols I, V, X, L, C, D, M
System based on addiction or subtraction of numbers from
each other depending on the position.
Example
• CD = 500 – 100 = 400
• XLVII = 50 – 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 47
47: We take the biggest value (L = 50), we subtract
(X=10 (on left)), then we add what is on its right side
• MCMXCV = 1000 +(1000 - 100)+(100-10) + 5 = 1995
= M + CM + XC + V

➔ Difficult Puzzle Copyright © Karim Ben Si Said L1 – INFO -2024/2025 8

Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Decimal

• The counting system of nowadays known as the

Hindu-Arabic numeral system is called Decimal.
• Based on 10 symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The
concatenation of these symbols gives numbers.
• From right to left, the 1st digit represents the units,
the 2nd is the tens, the 3rd represents the hundreds
and so on.
• The position of each digit in a number is crucial, it
represents a multiplier of the power of the base 10.

Example
140,360: one hundred forty thousands, three hundred sixty
368: three hundred sixty-eight
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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Decimal

Digits and power

• Each column in a decimal number represents a power of 10 starting from the right
with 100 as the Least Significant Digit LSD, to the left with the Most Significant Digit
MSD.
• The fractional digits have a negative power: 10-1 ,10-2 ,10-3, etc.

Integer Fractional
Example part part

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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Decimal

Polynomial form
• Every decimal number can be written in the polynomial form.
• The overall value of the number is obtained by summing the values of each digit
multiplied by the appropriate powers of the decimal base 10.
Example
436 = 400 + 30 + 6 = 4 x 100 + 3 x 10 + 6 x 1 = 4 x 102 + 3 x 101 + 6 x 100
128.71 = 1x102 + 2 x 101 + 8 x 100 + 7 x 10-1 + 1 x 10-2
n−1

NB = ai B i
i= −p

Where ai are the digits of the number, Bi the power of the digit (i), and n, p are the number of digits
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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Decimal

Notes
• A numbering system consists of specific rules and symbols that enable the
representation of quantitative information. It is based on 3 aspects:

• The base : refers to a value that dictate the weight (power) of digits. (example
with the previous number (128.71)10 in decimal base (10)
• A set of symbols and/or characters used to represent a quantity
(example 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
• Rules. For example: rule1 the number of characters should be less than the base
(in decimal base we have 10 characters => 0 → 9 < 10). Rule2 : when writing, the
position of the digits (0123. 0153: position of 0 is not significant in 0123 but
important in .0153)
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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Other numeral systems

Other numeral systems

Name Digits, Symbols Number Notation
Base
• Thus, as in decimal base, we can (characters or numbers) example
define a multitude of numbering 16 Hexadecimal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F (A5)16 0xA5

systems. Using known 10 Decimal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (125)10 125

characters numbers and/or 9 nonary 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 (857)9

letters. 8 Octal 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (73)8 073

7 septenary 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 (64)7
• In programming, distinct notations
6 senary 0,1,2,3,4,5 (15)6
are utilized to enable the
5 quinary 0,1,2,3,4 (243)5
computer to differentiate between
4 Quaternary 0,1,2,3 (32)4
numbers in different base
3 Ternary 0,1,2 (12)3
Example
2 Binary 0,1 (1101)2 0b1101
(1110)10 ≠ (1110)2
Notation: 1110 for decimal and 0b1110 for binary
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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Binary, Hexadecimal and octal

Commonly used numeral systems

• Decimal is the basic system used by humans

• There are three common numeral systems used

essentially by machines:
✓ Hexadecimal (base 16)
✓ Octal (base 8)
✓ Binary (base 2).

• To specify the base in which a number is written, we enclose the

number in parentheses and denote the base as subscript
Example (436)10 ,(37)8 ,(10101011)2 ,(73BC)16 (312)2 Wrong !
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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Binary, Hexadecimal and octal

Power and fractional numbers

• As in decimal, the fractional part of a
number has a negative power values.
• The power of a digit depends on the base and its
position (e.g. 20, 83, 162 ).
• In binary a digit is a called a bit
The Most Significant Bit MSB
The Least Significant Bit LSB
• A concatenation of 8 bits forms a Byte which is
the fundamental unit of storage in computing

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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Binary, Hexadecimal and octal

Exercise
• Write the power of each digit for the following numbers:
(1101.101)2, (5AD.0C)16, (13.21)4, (734.5)8

23 20 2-1 40 4-1 80 8-1

160 16-1 81
Power 21 2-2 161 16-2 41 4-2
22 2-3 82
162

1101. 101 5AD.0C 13.21 735. 5

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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Binary, Hexadecimal and octal
Dec (10)s Oct (8) Hex(16) Bin (2)
Exercise 0 0 0 00000
1 1 1 00001
Fill in the following table: 2 2 2 00010
3 3 3 00011
4 4 4 00100
• Octal: We count 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and then put a 0 in the first 5 5 5 00101
column and add a new left column, starting at 1 again (10). 6 6 6 00110
Then we count 0-7 in the first column again 7 7 7 00111
8 10 8 01000
• :
Hexadecimal We count 0,1,2,3,....,9,A,B,C,D,E,F and then 9 11 9 01001
10 12 A 01010
put a 0 in the first column and add a new left column, 11 13 B 01011
starting at 1 again (10). Then we count 0-F in the first 12 14 C 01100
column again 13 15 D 01101
14 16 E 01110
• Binary: We count 0,1 and then put a 0 in the first column 15 17 F 01111
16 20 10 10000
and add a new left column, starting at 1 again (10). Then we
17 21 11 10001
count 0-1 in the first column again 18 22 12 10010
19 23 13 10011
20 24 14 10100
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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Binary, Hexadecimal and octal

Counting possibilities
• In a given base B, the number of counting possibilities P is function of the base B and the
number of digits D
P = BD
Examples
• In decimal with 2 digits, we can write 102 = 100 values: 0→(99)10
• In decimal with 3 digits, we can write 103 = 1000 values 0→(999)10

• In Hexadecimal with 3 digits, we can write 163 = 4096 values 0→(FFF)16

• In Octal with 3 digits, we can write 83 = 512 values 0→(777)8

• In binary with 3 digits, we can write 23 = 8 values 0→(111)2

• In binary with 5 digits, we can write 25 = 32 values 0→(11111)2

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Chapter- II : Numeral system --> Binary, Hexadecimal and octal

Exercise
• How much RAM memory we can handle with a 32-bit system ?
232 = 4,294,967,296 = 4 Gigabytes (GByte)

• 1 nibble = 4 bits
• 1 Byte = 1 octet = 8 bits
• 1 byte (8 bits) can represent a character (e.g., a letter, number, or symbol).
• 1 kilobyte (KB) is approximately 1,024 bytes (or 8,192 bits).
• 1 megabyte (MB) is approximately 1,024 KB (or 8,388,608 bits).
• 1 gigabyte (GB) is approximately 1,024 MB (or 8,589,934,592 bits).

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases
1. From base B to decimal
To convert a number from a given base to decimal, we use the polynomial formula:

Examples
• (A5)16 = A x 161 + 5 x 160 = 10 x 16 + 5 x 1 = 165
2
• (73.2)8 = 7x81 + 3x80 + 2x8-1 = 56 + 3 + 8 = 59.25
2 2
• (32.22)4 = 3x41 + 2x40+ 2x4-1 + 2x4-2 = 12+2+ 4 ​+ 16 = 14.625

• (12.01)3 = 1x31+ 2x30 + 0x3-1 + 1x3-2 = 5.111

1 1
• (101.011)2 = 1x22 + 0x21+ 1x20 + 0x2-1 + 1x2-2 + 1x2-3 = 4+0+1+0+ + 4 ​+ 8 = 5.375

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

2. From decimal to base B

Example
The conversion of a number N from decimal to any base B, (75)10= (1023)4
is performed with the following steps:
• Divide the decimal number N by the base B and write Decimal
Base
down the quotient Q and the remainder R. Number to
75 4
convert
• Repeat the division of the quotient by the base B then 3 18 4 Quotient
write down the new quotient and the new remainder. Reminder
Until the quotient becomes zero
2 4 4
0 1 4
1023
• Write the remainders from each division in reverse 1 0
order (from the last remainder to the first).

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

2. From decimal to base B

Examples
(123)10= (1111011)2
(123)10= (173)8
(13)10= (1101)2
(123)10= (443)5
(51)10= (110011)2

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

3. Decimal to Binary → Fractional numbers

• We use the approach of successive multiplication, to
Example
convert the fractional part:
Convert 0.25 to binary

1. Multiply the fractional part by the base (2)

0.25 x 2 = 0.5
2. Multiply the resulting fractional part (example 0.5) by the base 0.5 x 2 = 1.0
and continue the process until: - the desired precision is
achieved, the fractional part becomes zero, or we notice a 0.25 = (0.01)2
repeating pattern.
3. Extract the integer part from the result of each multiplication

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

3. Decimal to Binary → Fractional numbers

• Example
Convert 13.74 to binary with 5 digits after the radix point

1. Integer part: 2. Fractional part

Convert 0.74 to binary

(0.74)10 = (0.10111)2
0.74 x 2 = 1.48
0.48 x 2 = 0.96
0.96 x 2 = 1.92 → 13.74 = (1101. 10111)2
0.92 x 2 = 1.84
1101
0.84 x 2 = 1.68
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 Chapter- II : Conversion between bases
❖ Conversion Decimal- base B - decimal
• The conversion from a base B to decimal, or from decimal to another base can be illustrated using a
balance taking the decimal number in one pan, and the powers and weights of the bases in the other.
• In the following example, we have 7 digits of base 2 (binary) with the weights:
➢ 20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23= 8, and 24 = 16, for the integer part
➢ 2 digits with weights 2-1 = 0.5, and 2-2 = 0.25 for the fractional part.
• To make the number 5.75 in binary, we take the bits representing the power of 22 = 4, 20 = 1 for the Integer
part and 2-1 = 0.5, and 2-2 = 0.25 for the fractional.
• In binary, we have only one piece of each weight (we can use it: (1), or not: (0))

23 20 2-2
5.75 24 21
0.5

0.5 0.25 2-1

0.25

16 8 4 2 1 22

24 23 22 21 20 2−1 2 −2 5= 00101.11
Decimal Binary
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 Chapter- II : Conversion between bases
❖ Conversion Decimal- base B - decimal
• In binary, we have only one piece of each weight (we can use it: (1), or not: (0))
• In other bases there are more than one sample of each weight (7 pieces in octal, and 15 in hexadecimal)
Example 1: To form (10)10 in octal, we use two weights of 80 = 1, and one weight 81 = 8
Example 1: To form (138)10 in octal, we use two weights of 80 = 1, one weight 81 = 8 and two weights 82 = 64

80
10 81

10 =(12)8
Decimal Octal 82 81 80
80
81 64
82 8 1
138
138 =(212)8
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Decimal Octal
Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

4. Conversion from B1 to Base B2

• To convert a number from one base (B1) to another base (B2), a commonly used
approach involves converting the number to decimal (base 10) as an intermediate
step.
Example (22)5 = ( ? ) 3 10
(22)5 = 2x51 + 2x50 = (12)10

12 3 (12)10 = (110)3
0 4 3 ?
B1 B2
1 1 3
1 0
→ (22)5 = (12)10 = (110)3
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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

4. Binary – hex
Hex(16) Bin (2)
To convert from binary to hexadecimal, we group every 4 bits in the binary 0 0000
representation and convert each group to its respective hexadecimal digit 1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
Example 9 1001
A 1010
11101.010101 = 0001 1101. 0101 0100 = 0x1D.54 B 1011
C 1100
111111.11001 = 0011 1111. 1100 1000 = 0x3F.C8 D 1101
E 1110
F 1111

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases
4. Hex –Binary
Hex(16) Bin (2)
0 0000
With the same way, every hexadecimal digit can be converted directly to 4
1 0001
bits binary number. 2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
Example 9 1001
A 1010
0x1D.5 = 1 1101.0101 B 1011
C 1100
0x3FC.8 = 11 1111 1100.1000 = 11 1111 1100.1 D 1101
E 1110
0xB.1 = 1011. 0001 F 1111

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Chapter- II : Conversion between bases

5. Binary – Octal – Binary

The approach is similar to hexadecimal conversion; however, we use groups
of 3 bits for octal representation.
Oct(8) Bin (2)
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
Example
6 110
11101. 010101 = 011 101. 010 101 = 0b 35.25 7 111

1 111.110 01 = 001 111. 110 010 = 0b 17.62

0b7.62 = 111 .110 010
0b5.03 = 101 .000 011
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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations

Notations dividend divisor

1111 101
-
Carry 101 11
1110 0101 Quotient
-
1110 101
+ 0
110 Reminder
10100 Borrow multiplicand

multiplier

Minuend
Subtrahend

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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations

1. Addition
Addition in binary is identical than in decimal, it relays
on 4 rules:
Example 110 6
+
1110 100 4
1110 14 1010 10
+ 110 6
10100 20
Exercise: Add the following binary numbers:
• 1+1+1+1 = 100
• 11 + 11 = 110
• 111 + 11 = 1010
• 110 + 100 = 1010 Copyright © Karim Ben Si Said L1 – INFO -2024/2025 32
 Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations

2. Subtraction
• Subtraction in binary is identical to decimal. We use the
following rules
• When a borrow is required (0-1 case), we look at the
next column to the left.
110 6
• when a 1 is borrowed from the next column to the left, -
100 4
a 10 is created in the column being subtracted, and the
column from where 1 is taken becomes 0. 010 2
Example
0
We borrow 1 from the 3rd column of 1 0 1 to the 2nd column, it
becomes (0 10 1)
Column 3rd 2nd 1st
-
Before borrowing 1 0 1
After borrowing 0 10 1
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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations

2. Subtraction
Examples
• When we borrow 1 from a column containing 10, it becomes 10-1 = 1
The following table shows the steps to calculate 1010 – 111

Column 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

Borrow 1 for the 1st bit from the 2nd 1 0 1 0
We need to borrow 1 from 4th to 3rd bit 1 0 0 10
We need to borrow 1 from 3rd to 2nd bit 0 10 0 10
1010 becomes 0 1 10 10 0 1 10 10

Exercise
Calculate 24- 1 = (11000)2 – (1)2

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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations

3. Multiplication
• When we perform a multiplication between two binary numbers,
we perform a partial products between each bit of the first
number by the second number.
Example

Exercise
Calculate 15.1 x 3 in binary
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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations
4. Division Dec (10)s Bin (2)
• The division in binary follows the same procedure as division 0 00000
1 00001
in decimal 2 00010
3 00011
4 00100
Example 5 00101
6 00110
7 00111
1111 101 8 01000
-
101 11 9 01001
10 01010
0101 11 01011
-
101 12 01100
0 78 4 13 01101
15 5 14 01110
19.5 15 01111
3
16 10000
17 10001
18 10010
19 10011
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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations

5. Addition in octal
• Addition in octal is identical than in decimal: if the sum of first digits is
greater than 7, add the carry to the adjacent digit to left

Example: add (71)8 and (27)8

Oct Dec
10
71 57
+
27 23
120 80

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Chapter- II : Arithmetic operations
5. Addition in hexadecimal
• Addition in hexadecimal is identical than in decimal: if the sum of first digits is
greater than (F)16 = (15)10, add the carry to the adjacent digit to left

Example

1 dec
AF 175
+
21 33
D0 208

38
➢ BY THE END OF THIS CHAPTER,

The students should be able to understand:

• The basics of numeral systems (Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal)

• Convert numbers from a base to another

• Perform the basic arithmetic operations in binary for integers and fractional numbers
(Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division)

• Perfom basic arithmetic with numbers in octal and hexadecimal

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