Experiment 1 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

Title of the Experiment: Familiarizing with the basic terms, concepts and laboratory equipment’s
related to DC circuit.

Abstract: To gain experience in building DC circuits and making measurements of current and voltage.
Also, strengthen the ability to reason about how adding or removing resistors will affect the current &
potential at different locations in a DC circuit.

Introduction: This lab is designed to review, solidify & improve your understanding of DC circuits & ohms
law. Research has shown that even after students have completed their study of DC circuits, they often have
difficulty with some specific concepts and ideas. The exercises here are designed to address these
difficulties in a step by step fashion and help you learn to reason more easily & correctly about circuits.

In each part of the lab, you will be given a circuit diagram, involving a power supply. You will be asked to
make some predictions about the behavior of the circuit before you actually construct the circuit and make
any necessary measurements. Hopefully, some of the circuits will surprise you with behavior.

Theory and Methodology:

Ohm's Law: Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in an ideal conductor.
This relationship states that:

At fixed temperature in an electrical circuit, the current passing through a conductor between two points is
proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or voltage) across the two points, and inversely
proportional to the resistance between them. In mathematical terms, this is written as:

V = IR

Where I is the current in amperes (A), V is the potential difference in volts (V), and R is the resistance
measured in ohms (Ω) which is constant here. The potential difference is also known as the voltage drop
and sometimes denoted by E or U instead of V.

Current: The amount of electric current (measured in amperes) passes through a surface, e.g., a section
through a copper conductor, is defined as the amount of electric charge (measured in coulombs) flowing
through that surface over time. If Q is the amount of charge that passed through the surface in the time T,
then the average current I is:

I = Q/T

Voltage: Voltage (sometimes also called electric or electrical tension) is the electrical potential difference
between two points of an electrical conductor, expressed in volts. It measures the potential energy of an
electric field that causes the flow of electric current through a conductor. Depending on the difference of
electrical potential it is called extra-low voltage, low voltage, high voltage or extra-high voltage.
Between two points in an electric field, such as exists in an electrical circuit, the difference in their electrical
potentials is known as the electrical potential difference. This difference is proportional to the electrostatic
force that tends to push electrons or other charge-carriers from one point to the other. Electrical potential
difference can be thought of as the ability to move electrical charge through a resistance. At a time in
physics when the word force was used loosely, the potential difference was named the electromotive force
or EMF—a term which is still used in certain contexts.

Voltmeter: Voltmeter is a device that is used to measure the voltage difference between two points of an
electronic component. The potential difference can be measured by simply connecting the leads across the
two points of a load.

Figure 1: Voltage measurement across the two points/ends of a resistor

Ammeter: Ammeter is a device that is used to measure the current level of the circuit. Since ammeters
measure the flow of charge, the meter must be placed in the network such that the charge will flow through
the meter. Mistakenly placing the ammeter in parallel with a circuit will blow the fuse, possibly damaging
the meter and causing injury.

Figure 2: Demonstration of measuring current using an Ammeter

Wattmeter: The wattmeter measures the power delivered by a source and to a dissipative element.

Circuit Breaker and Fuses: The incoming power to any installation or house or machinery must be limited
to ensure the current through the line is not above the rated value. Otherwise, the instrument may be
damaged or serious hazards like fire or smoke nay result in. To limit the current level circuit breakers and
fuses are used. Fuses have an internal metallic conductor through which the current will pass; a fuse will
melt if the current through the system exceeds the rated value printed on the casing. Of course, if the fuse
melts through, the current path is broken and the load in its path is broken and the load in its path is
protected.

Fuses have now been replaced by circuit breakers. In a circuit breaker, when the current exceeds rated value
an electromagnet in the device will have sufficient strength to draw the connecting metallic link in the

2
breaker out of the circuit and open the current path. When the conditions have been corrected the breaker
can reset and used again.

Resistance color coding:

You will need to select the resistors from the component drawers with the values as close as you can get to
your selected theoretical values. You may decide to set them down on the table and lose track of which
resistor is which. You can determine the value either measuring it with a meter or looking at the color-
coded stripes on the package. The following table shows how to read this color code.

Figure 3: Numerical values of different colors used in resistors

Given a resistor with red, orange, red and silver stripes you can see that the nominal resistance value should
be 2.3K (2300) ohms. However, the silver stripe indicates that it is a 10% tolerance resistor and can have
an actual value of 2070 to 2530 ohms.

Multimeter: A multimeter is a device used to measure voltage, resistance and current in electronics &
electrical equipment. It is also used to test continuity between 2 points to verify if there are any breaks in
circuit or line. There are two types of multimeter Analog & Digital-

– Analog has a needle style gauge

– Digital has an LCD display

3
Figure 4: Multimeter

4
Common DMM (Digital Multi meter symbol):

Measuring resistance:

Measuring Voltage:

Figure 5: Measurement of resistance and voltage

5
Measuring current:

Figure 5: Measurement of current

Breadboard: A breadboard is a reusable solderless device used to build a (generally temporary) prototype
of an electronic circuit and for experimenting with circuit designs. This is, in contrast, to stripboard
(Veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build more permanent
prototypes or one-offs, and cannot easily be reused.

Figure 6: Breadboard
6
This type of board consists of several parts-

• The first part is a metal base plate. This plate is connected to the black (ground) binding post. This allows
for some noise dampening if the circuit is built fairly close to the board.

• The second portion of the board is the binding pose area. This part of the board is typically used to bring
power supply leads onto the board. The black is typically ground and the two red posts can be used for
other power (i.e. +/- 15VDC). Unscrewing the top of the post reveals a hole used for connecting a discrete
wire. Pushing the stripped end of the wire in this hole and tightening down the cap will make a good
electrical connection. The top of the post is hollow to accept a banana connector from a power supply.

• The third and most important part is the breadboard itself. This white plastic board contains a series of
holes with metal connector strips underneath. This allows component leads to be pushed into the holes to
make contact with other leads and wires. This breadboard area is broken up into two areas-

➢ Power buss strips: rows W, X, Y and X. These are used to supply power to a circuit at various
points. These strips are usually jumpered to the binding posts by the user. These are joined together
internally to form busses. For example, row W columns 3 thru 31 are joined together and row W
column 34 thru 62 are joined to form another buss.
➢ Component area: rows A-J. These holes are grouped in a set of 5 (column 1 rows A-E, column 1
rows F-J, etc.) for placing components and making connections. The layout of the connections can
be seen in the figure below. The lines connecting the holes represent the connections made by the
metal strips under the plastic.

Figure 7: Connection patterns among the holes in a breadboard

7
 Electrical power supply: Power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy.

Pre-lab homework:

1. Get some basic idea about electricity and voltage from books or the internet.

Apparatus:

1. Trainer Board
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. AVO meter or Multi meter
5. DC source
6. Resistors

Precautions:

✓ When measuring voltage, the multimeter must be connected to the two points of a circuit in order
to obtain the desired value. Be careful not to touch the bare probe tips together while measuring
voltage, as this will create a short-circuit!
✓ Never read the value of resistance or perform a continuity test with a multimeter in a circuit that is
energized.
✓ When measuring current, the multimeter must be connected to the circuit so that the electrons flow
through the meter.
✓ Multimeters have practically no resistance between their leads. This is intended to allow electrons
to flow through the meter with the least possible difficulty. If this were not the case, the meter
would add extra resistance in the circuit, thereby affecting the current reading.

Experimental Procedure and calculation:

1. Calculate the values of the supplied resistors using the color code chart theoretically. Then measure
the values using a multimeter and complete the following table:

Table 1

Resistor Value using color code chart Value using multimeter

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

8
 2. Construct the following circuit (Figure 8). Theoretically calculate RT (total resistance), I (total
Current), Vab, Vcd, Va and Vb. Again calculate the same quantities using the multimeter and
complete the table (Table 3) provided below.

1K
a b

10 V 2K

Figure 8: Circuit schematic to perform the 2nd step of the experimental procedure

Table 2

Theoretical Calculation Multimeter readings

E
RT I Vab Vcd Va Vb I Vab Vcd Va Vb

5V

10 V

Questions:

1. Show the difference between your theoretical value & Multi meter value.
2. Do you have differences in those values? If you have, then explain the reason.
3. Why an ammeter can be damaged if it is connected in parallel to the Load resistor?

9
 Experiment 2 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Laboratory

Title: Study of Series Circuit and Parallel Circuit and Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) related to DC circuit.

Introduction:

Kirchhoff's circuit laws are two approximate equalities that deal with the current and potential
difference (commonly known as voltage) in electrical circuits. They were first described in 1845
by Gustav Kirchhoff. This generalized the work of Georg Ohm and preceded the work of Maxwell.
Widely used in electrical engineering, they are also called Kirchhoff's rules or simply Kirchhoff's
laws.

Objectives:

The purpose of this experiment is:

• To develop an understanding of Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchoff’s Current Law
(KCL) practically.
• And finally measured values are going to be verified with calculated values.

Theory and Methodology:

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) in a DC circuit states that,"the algebraic sum of the Voltage drop around
any closed path is equal to the algebraic sum of the Voltage rises”. In other words, "the algebraic sum of
the Voltage rises and drops around any closed path is equal to zero”. A plus (+) sign is assigned for the
potential rises (- to +) and minus sign (-) is assigned to a potential drop (+ to -). In symbolic form, Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL) can be expressed as
cV=0, Where C is used for closed loop and V is used for the potential rises and drops.

Figure 1: Loop circuit

Analysis of KVL circuit

For doing a complete analysis of KVL, with the given values of circuit parameters follow the following
steps:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

 Experiment 2 Lab Manual

Step 1: Calculate the value of supply current, I:

I = E / (R1+R2+R3)

Step 2: Calculate V1, V2, and V3:

V1= I×R1 V2= I×R2 V3= I×R3

Step 3. Use KVL to verify:

cV=0 or E-V1-V2-V3=0

Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL):

Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) in a DC circuit states that," the algebraic sum of the currents entering and
leaving an area, system or junction is zero”. In other word, "the sum of the currents entering an area, system
or junction must be equal the sum of the currents leaving the area, system or junction”. In equation form,
 I Entering =  I leaving

Figure 2: Node circuit

Analysis of KCL circuit

For doing a complete analysis of KVL, with the given values of circuit parameters follow the following
steps:

Step 1. Calculate the value of equivalent resistance of circuit:

1 1 1 −1
Req = ( + + )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Step 2. Calculate supply current, I:

I= E/Req
Step 3. Calculate current through different branches:

I1 = E / R1 I2= E/R2 I3= E/R3

Step 4. Use KCL to verify:

 I Entering =  I leaving or I= I1 + I2 + I3

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

 Experiment 2 Lab Manual

Pre-Lab Homework:

Read about the KVL and KCL circuit from “Introductory Circuit Analysis’’ by Robert L
Boylestad. Try to analyze different circuits from text book and compare those with your
experimental circuit.

Apparatus:
1. Resistors
2. Connecting wire
3. Trainer Board
4. AVO meter or Multimeter
5. DC source

Precautions:

Connecting of circuit should be done carefully. And before connecting supply with the circuit the whole
connection diagram should be checked by the instructor.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 1.

2. Measure the voltage across each elements of the circuit.
3. Fill the following table with necessary calculations.
Table 1: Measurement data for applying KVL on figure 1

No. R1 R2 R3 Source Voltage Voltage Voltage Total Voltage Error =

of Voltage, E Across R1, Across R2, Across R3, Drop = (MV-
obs. V1 V2 V3 V1+V2+V3 CV)/CV
(V) (V) (V) (V) (V)
KΩ KΩ KΩ CV MV CV MV CV MV CV MV CV MV (%)
1
2
3

CV: Calculated Value, MV: Measured Value

4. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 2.

5. Measure the current across each branches of the circuit.
6. Fill the following table with necessary calculations.

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 Experiment 2 Lab Manual

Table 2: Measurement data for applying KCL on figure 2

No. R1 R2 R3 I I1 I2 I3 I=I1+I2+I3 % Error =

of %(mv-cv)/cv
obs.

C M C M C M C M C M

KΩ KΩ KΩ

A A A A A A A A A A

1
2
3

Simulation and Measurement:

Compare the simulation results with your experimental data and finally calculate percentage of
error (if any).

Result and Calculation:

1. Complete Table~1 and Table~2.

2. Theoretically calculate the voltages and currents for each element in the circuits and compare
them to the measured values.
3. Compute the percentage error in the two measurements and provide a brief explanation for the
error.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in complying
with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you might have made while conducting the
investigation and describe ways the study could have been improved.

Reference:

[1] Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, 10th Edition.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

 Experiment 3 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

Title: Verification of Δ−Y or Y− Δ Conversion and Calculation of Equivalent Resistance.

Objective:

• Analysis of simple DC series-parallel circuit

• Verify the conversion of equivalent resistances in ∆ (delta) to Y (wye) connection and vice
versa.

Introduction:

The series-parallel networks are networks that contain both series and parallel circuit configurations.
The series circuit can be solved using the Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL) and Voltage divider rule
(VDR). The parallel circuit can be solved using the Kirchoff’s current law (KCL) and Current divider
rule (CDR). The combination of series-parallel network can be solved using KVL, KCL, VDR and
CDR. In solving networks (having considerable number of branches) by the application of Kirchhoff’s
Laws, one sometimes experiences great difficulty due to a large number of simultaneous equation that
have to be solve. However, such complicated networks can simplify by successively replacing delta
meshes by equivalent Y systems and vice versa.

Theory and Methodology:

i) Series Circuit:
A circuit consists of any number of elements joined at terminal points, providing at least one closed
path through which charge can flow.

Two elements are in series if

a) They have only one terminal in common (i.e., one lead of one is connected to only one lead of
the other.
b) The common point between the two elements is not connected to another current-carrying
element.

The current is the same through series elements. The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of
the resistance levels. In general, to find the total resistance of N resistors in series, the following
equation is
applied:
RT = R1+R2+R3+...........+RN (Ohms) I=E/RT (Amperes)
The voltage across each resistor (Figure 1) using Ohm’s law; that is,

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

 Experiment 3 Lab Manual

V1= IR1, V2= IR2, V3= IR3,........., VN= IRN (Volts)

Using KVL, E = V1 + V2

The voltage divider rule states that the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value
of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the total
resistance of the series elements. The following VDR equation is applied:

Vx=RxE/RT Similarly, V1=R1E/RT , V2=R2E/RT

Where, Vx is the voltage across Rx, E is the impressed voltage across the series elements, and RT is the
total resistance of the series circuit.

ii) Parallel Circuit:

Two elements, branches, or networks are in parallel if they have two points in common. In general, to
find the total resistance of N resistors in parallel, the following equation is applied:

1/RT = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) +...........+ (1/RN) (Ohms)

The voltage across parallel elements is the same (Figure 2). (V1= V2= E)
I1=E/ R1, I2=E/ R2 (Amperes)
Using KCL, Is= I1+I2 (Amperes)

The current divider rule states that the current through any parallel branch is equal to the product of
the total resistance of the parallel branches and the input current divided by the resistance of the
branch through which the current is to be determined. The following CDR equation is applied:

Ix=RTI/Rx Similarly, I1=RTI/R1, I2=RTI/R2

Where, the input current I equal V/RT, RT is the total resistance of the parallel branches. Substituting
V=IxRx into the above equation, Ix refers to the current through a parallel branch of resistance Rx.

Figure 1: Series Circuit Figure 2: Parallel Circuit Figure 3: Voltage Sources in series

iii) Voltage Sources in Series:

Voltage sources can be connected in series, as shown in (Figure 3), to increase or decrease the total
voltage applied to a system. The net voltage is determined simply by summing the sources with the
same polarity and subtracting the total of the sources with the opposite “pressure.” The net polarity is
the polarity of the larger sum.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

 Experiment 3 Lab Manual

In Figure 3(a), for example, the sources are all “pressuring” current to the right, so the net voltage is
ET = E1 + E2 + E3 = 10V + 2V + 6V = 18V as shown in the figure.

In Figure 3(b), however, the greater “pressure” is to the left, with a net voltage of
ET = E2 + E3 – E1 = 9V + 3V – 4V = 8V and the polarity shown in the figure.

In many circuit applications, we encounter components connected together in one of two ways to form
a three- terminal network: the “Delta,” or  (also known as “pi,” or  ) configuration, and the “Y”
(also known as the “T” ) configuration.

Wye (Y) network Delta () network

A RAC
C
A C
RA
RC
RAB RBC
RB
B

B
Figure 4: Y network (left) and  network (right)

It is possible to calculate the proper values of resistors necessary to form one kind of network ( or Y)
that behaves identically to the other kind, as analyzed from the terminal connections alone. That is , if
we had two separate resistor networks one  and one Y, each with its resistors hidden from view, with
nothing but the three terminals (A,B, and C ) exposed for testing, the resistor could be sized for the
two networks so there would be no way to electrically determine one network apart from the other. In
other words, equivalent  and Y networks behave identically.
There are several equations used to convert one network to the other.

To convert a Delta () to Wye (Y) To convert a Wye (Y) to Delta ()

R AB R AC R A RB + RB RC + RC R A
RA= RAB=
R AB + R AC + R BC RC

R AB RBC R A RB + RB RC + RC R A
RB = RBC=
R AB + R AC + R BC RA

R AC RBC R A RB + RB RC + RC R A
RC = RAC=
R AB + R AC + R BC RB

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

 Experiment 3 Lab Manual

Pre-Lab Homework:
Read about the basic laws of series and parallel circuits and theories related to Delta to Wye conversion and
perform the simulation using PSpice 9.1. and MUST present the simulation results to the instructor before the
start of the experiment.

Apparatus:

1. Trainer Board
2. AVO meter or Multimeter
3. DC source
4. Resistors
5. Connecting Wires

Precautions:

1. Check all the apparatus are working fine or not.

2. Implement the circuit carefully where necessary.
3. Voltmeter should be connected in parallel through the resistor. Ammeter should be connected in
series through the resistor.
4. Do not switch on the DC source while implementing the circuit in the trainer board.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 5

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

 Experiment 3 Lab Manual

R1 R2
E R5

R4 R3

(a) (b)

Figure 6

Data Table:
Table-1 (For Figure-5)
Value of Resistors: R1=1kΩ, R2=1kΩ, R3=3.25kΩ, R4=2kΩ, R5=10kΩ, R6=5kΩ, R7=5.57kΩ,
R8=1kΩ.
Value of Voltage Sources: E1=20V, E2=10V.

Calculated Value Measured Value

I VR12 VR3 VR456 VR7 VR8 I VR12 VR3 VR456 VR7 VR8
(μA) (mV) (V) (V) (V) (mV) (μA) (mV) (V) (V) (V) (mV)

Table-2 (For Figure-6-a):

𝐕𝐑 𝐕𝐑𝟏 𝐕𝐑�Ð 𝐕𝐑�Ñ 𝐕𝐑�Ò 𝐕𝐑�Ó 𝐈𝐑 𝐈𝐑𝟏 𝐈𝐑�Ð 𝐈𝐑�Ñ 𝐈𝐑�Ò 𝐈𝐑�Ó

Table-2 (For Figure-6-b):

𝐕𝐑 𝐕𝐑𝟏 𝐕𝐑�Ð 𝐕𝐑�Ô 𝐕𝐑�Õ 𝐕𝐑�Ö 𝐈𝐑 𝐈𝐑𝟏 𝐈𝐑�Ð 𝐈𝐑�Ô 𝐈𝐑�Õ 𝐈𝐑�Ö

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

 Experiment 3 Lab Manual

Reports:
1. Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) by analyzing
practical data and support them by comparing the results with the theoretical values by proper
circuit solution.
2. Verify - Y conversion formula from the experiment.
3. Verify the measured value of total circuit current with theoretical value. Show necessary
calculation.
4. Comment on the result as a whole.
5. Write the lab report following the template as given before.

References
1. Robert L. Boylestad ,”Introductory Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, New York, 2010,
ISBN 9780137146666.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

 Experiment 4 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

Title: Study of Superposition Theorem.

Introduction:

The superposition theorem states that in a linear bilateral multi-source DC circuit, the current
through or voltage across any particular element may be determined by considering the
contribution of each source independently, with the remaining sources replaced with their
internal resistance. The contributions are then summed, paying attention to polarities, to find
the total value. Superposition cannot in general be applied to non-linear circuits or to non-
linear functions such as power.

The objective of this exercise is to-

1. investigate the application of the superposition theorem to multiple DC source
circuits in terms of both voltage and current measurements.
2. examine the power measurement.

Theory and Methodology:

The principle of superposition is applicable only for linear systems. The concept of
superposition can be explained mathematically by the following response and excitation
principle:
i1→ v1
i2 → v2
i1+ i2→v1 + v2

Then, the quantity to the left of the arrow indicates the excitation and to the right, the system
response. Thus, we can state that a device, if excited by a current i1 will produce a response
v1. Similarly, an excitation i2 will cause a response v2. Then if we use an excitation i1 + i1, we
will find a response v1 + v2.

The principle of superposition has the ability to reduce a complicated problem to several
easier problems each containing only a single independent source.

Superposition theorem states that,

In any linear circuit containing multiple independent sources, the current or voltage at any
point in the network may be calculated as algebraic sum of the individual contributions of
each source acting alone.

When determining the contribution due to a particular independent source, we disable allthe
remaining independent sources. That is, all the remaining voltage sources are made zero by
replacing them with short circuits, and all remaining current sources are made zero by
replacing them with open circuits. Also, it is important to note that if a dependent source is
present; it must remain active (unaltered) during the process of superposition.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

 Experiment 4 Lab Manual
Action Plan:
(i) In a circuit comprising of many independent sources, only one source is allowed to be
active in the circuit, the rest are deactivated (turned off).
(ii) To deactivate a voltage source, replace it with a short circuit, and to deactivate a current
source, replace it with an open circuit.
(iii) The response obtained by applying each source, one at a time, are then added
algebraically to obtain a solution.

Limitations: Superposition is a fundamental property of linear equations and, therefore, can

be applied to any effect that is linearly related to the cause. That is, we want to point out that,
superposition principle applies only to the current and voltage in a linear circuit but it cannot
be used to determine power because power is a non-linear function.

Pre-Lab Homework:

Use NI Multisim and reference book for solving the following problem. Student must
present the simulation results to the instructor before the start of the experiment.
HW 1: Find Vout using superposition theorem of Figure 6.0.

Figure 1
HW 2: Find the current in the 6Ω resistor using the principle of superposition for the
following circuit:

Figure 2

Apparatus:

1. Trainer board
2. Digital multimeter
3. DC source
4. Resistors : 4.7k, 6.8k, 10k, 22k, 33k [1 pcs]
5. Connecting wires

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

 Experiment 4 Lab Manual

Precautions:

To consider the effect of one voltage source the other must be replaced with a wire. Simply
switching off the connection does not give the correct circuit configuration.
Sometimes the ammeters don’t work properly so to determine current take the voltage drop
across the resistor and divide by the resistance value to obtain the current passing through
that particular element or branch. Always mention the units when taking the readings or
doing the calculations.

Experimental Procedure:

Circuit Diagram:

1. Implement the circuit of figure 3.

2. Remove the supply voltage E2 by a short circuit.
3. Measure the node voltage VA. Be sure to note the polarity.
4. Reconnect the supply voltage E2.
5. Remove supply voltage E1 by short circuit.
6. Measure the node voltage VA. Be sure to note the polarity.
7. Reconnect the supply voltage E1.
8. Measure node voltage VA. Be sure to note the polarity.
9. Complete table 1 and check the deviation between experimental and theoretical
values.

Table 1
Source VA Theory VA Experimental Deviation
E1 only

E2 only

E1 & E2

R1=4.7kΩ
A
A

R2=6.8kΩ
R3=10kΩ
E1=10V
E2=15V

Figure 3

10. Implement the circuit given in figure 4.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

 Experiment 4 Lab Manual
11. Repeat procedure steps 2 to 9 but measure the IR4 current and PR4 power across R4
resistor. Be sure to note the direction of IR4 current flow.
12. Complete table 2 and 3 and check the deviation between experimental and theoretical
values.
13. Does power calculation maintain the superposition theorem? Explain your
observation on table 3.

R1 R4 PR4
4.7kΩ A
22kΩ B

IR4
R3 R5 R2=6.8kΩ
E1=10V 10kΩ 33kΩ

E2=15V

Figure 4
Results and Discussion:

Table 2
Source IR4 Theory IR4 Experimental Deviation

E1 only

E2 only

E1 & E2

Table 3
Source PR4

E1 only
E2 only
E1+E2
E1 and E2
(Voltages applied simultaneously)

Questions with answers for report writing:

1. Determine whether or not the theorem was accepted.

2. Discuss any mistakes you might have made while conducting the investigation.
3. Describe ways the study could have been improved.

Reference(s):

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

 Experiment 4 Lab Manual

1. Robert L. Boylestad, ”Introductory Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, New
York, 2010, ISBN 9780137146666.

Teaching tips:

1. If there might be any problem measuring current, ask students to measure the voltage
𝑉
across that component and the corresponding resistances, and use 𝑅 relation to find the
current.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

 Experiment 5 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

Title: Study of Thevenin’s Theorem.

Introduction:

Thevenin’s theorem is a very powerful circuit analysis technique. It can convert complex circuit to a
simpler series equivalent circuit for easier analysis. Analysis involves removing part of the circuit across
two terminals to aid calculation, later combining the circuit with the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

The purpose of this experiment is to-

1. find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2. measure the load voltage and load current from the given network

Theory and Methodology:

The Thevenin Theorem is a process by which a complex circuit is reduced to an equivalent series
circuit consisting of a single voltage source, VTH, a series resistance RTH and a load resistance, RL.
After creating the Thevenin equivalent circuit, you may then easily determine the load voltage VL
and the load current IL.
R1 R2 The Thevenin voltage VTH is
the open circuit voltage at
terminals A and B
V1 RTH
R3 VTH
The Thevenin resistance RTH VTH
is the resistance seen at AB+
with all voltage sources
_
replaced by short circuits and
all current sources are
replaced by open circuits

Pre-Lab Homework:

Study Thevenin’s Theorem from any book or websites; perform the simulation using Multisim and
MUST present the simulation results to the instructor before the start of the experiment.

Apparatus:

1. Trainer Board
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. AVO meter or Multimeter
5. DC source
6. Resistors :1kΩ [2 pcs], 2kΩ [2 pcs], 3kΩ [2 pcs]

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

Precautions:

i) Do not short any connections. Short connection can produce heat (due to high current flow)
which is harmful for the components.
ii) Carefully connect the ammeter in series.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Remove the portion of the circuit for which Thevenin’s equivalent circuit will be
determined.
2. Remove the voltage source by a short circuit and replace the current source by an open
circuit
3. Determine the Thevenin equivalent resistance RTH for the load.
4. Now return the sources to their original position and determine the open circuit voltage
between the terminals A and B.
5. Verify the Thevenin’s theorem

Simulation and Measurement:

Compare the simulation results with your experimental data and comment on the
differences (if any).

Data Table:

Thevenin Equivalent Thevenin Equivalent

Voltage (Eth) Resistance (Rth)
Measured Value Calculated Value/ Measured Value Calculated Value/
(Experimental) Simulate Value (Experimental) Simulated Value

Questions for report writing:

1. Verify Thevenin Theorem for the following circuit.

Figure 1

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

2. Verify the measured value of total circuit current with theoretical value. Show necessary
calculation.
3. Comment on the result as a whole.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in
complying with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you might have made while
conducting the investigation and describe ways the study could have been improved.

Reference(s):

1. Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, New
York, 2010, ISBN 9780137146666.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

 Experiment 6 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

Title: Transient Analysis of RC Series and RL Series circuits using PSPICE.

Introduction:

In this experiment we apply a pulse waveform to the RC and RL series circuit to analyze the
transient response of the circuit by using PSPICE simulating tool. The pulse width relative to
a circuit’s time constant determines how it is affected by an RC and RL circuits.

The purpose of this experiment is to

1. simulate the circuits by using components from the PSPICE library and,
2. analyze obtained graphs and results for both RC and RL circuits.

Theory and Methodology:

RC Circuit: A resistor is connected in series with a capacitor to form a RC circuit and a source is
used to charge the capacitor. The current going through an RC circuit encounters zero
resistance at first, and after the capacitor is fully charged, the current encounters infinite
resistance. RC circuit stores energy in the form of electric field. Voltage across a capacitor at
time t can be is: -
𝒕
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑬(𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝑹𝑪 ) (1)

Here, E is voltage across the source.

RL Circuit: A resistor is connected in series with an inductor to form a RL circuit and a source is
used to supply current to the inductor. The RL Circuit initially resists the current flowing
through it, but after it reaches a steady state, it gives 0% resistance to the current flowing
through the coil. RL circuit stores energy in the form of magnetic field. Voltage across a inductor
at time t can be is: -
𝑹
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑬 𝒆 − 𝑳 𝒕 (2)

Here, E is voltage across the source.

Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in
RC and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five time constants (5τ) after
switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also
called steady-state response.

The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and the Thevenin
resistance,
τ = R×C (3)

The time constant of an RL circuit is the equivalent inductance divided by the Thevenin
resistance,
τ = L/R (4)

Time Period (T): Time required to complete one cycle is called Time Period or the length of
each cycle of a pulse train is termed its time period (T).

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

Pulse width (tp): The pulse width of an ideal square wave is equal to half of the time period.

8K 8K

V1 = 0 V V1 = 0 V
V2 = 10V 8UF V2 = 10V
TD = 0 S TD = 0 S 50H
TR = 0S V PULSE TR = 0S V PULSE
TF = 0S TF = 0S
PW = 1S PW = 1S

Figure1: RC circuit Figure 2: RL circuit

Pre-Lab Homework:

Read about the characteristics of RC and RL series circuit during transient analysis from
“Alternating Current Circuit” by George F Corcoran and use PSPICE to generate the output
of the circuits provided in this lab sheet. Compare the wave shapes given in the text book
with your results. Save the simulation results and bring it to the lab.

Apparatus:

• PC
• PSPICE Simulating tools

Precautions:

Connecting of circuit should be done properly and PSPICE simulating software should be
properly installed using the information provided at the manual before starting the
experimental work.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Open the PSPICE Design Manager window: Start Program MicroSim Eval 8.
2. Open schematic editor: Press Run Schematics icon from the bar on the left side of the
screen.
3. Select: Draw Get New Part, then select and place each of the circuit elements one by
one (VPULSE for pulse type voltage source, R for resistor, C for capacitor (according to
Figure 1) L for inductor (according to Figure 2) and EGND for ground). Join the elements
by using the wire as necessary.
4. Change the label and magnitude of each element by double clicking on them and editing as
necessary.
5. Then go to Analysis Setup Select Transient and provide the necessary Values. And
select automatically Run Probe after Simulation.
6. To execute the analysis, select: Analysis Simulate or press F11. To view the analysis
result select: Analysis examine output.
7. Select Analysis Simulate.
8. Select Trace Add and select the desired traces.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

 9. Perform the text analysis as instructed.

Simulation and Measurement:

In PSpice window, construct the virtual RC and RL circuits as shown below. Simulate the
parametric wave shape for both the circuits. Compare the simulation results with your
theoretical data and comment on the differences (if any).
RC Circuit:

RL Circuit:

Questions for report writing:

1. Set the value of C= 100µf, L= 100H, R= 50kΩ and simulate the circuits.
2. Calculate the value of τ and tp for RL and RC circuit.
3. Verify the simulating result of the total circuit with theoretical result and also Comment on
the result as a whole.
Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful
in complying with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you might have made
while conducting the investigation and describe ways the study could have been improved.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

Reference(s):

1. Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, New York,
2010, ISBN 9780137146666.
2. R.M. Kerchner and G.F. Corcoran, “Alternating Current Circuits”, John Wiley &
Sons, Third Ed., New York, 1956.
3. Lamar University website, [Cited: 12.01.2014]
Available: http://ee.lamar.edu/eelabs/elen2107/lab5.pdf
4. Lamar University website, [Cited: 12.01.2014]
Available: http://ee.lamar.edu/eelabs/elen2107/lab6.pdf

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab
Title:

Familiarizing and measurement of different Parameters of Sinusoidal Waveforms Using Oscilloscope.

Introduction:

The purpose of the experiment is:

• To become familiar with the Function Generator and Oscilloscope.
• To measure peak value, peak-to-peak value, average value, rms value, time period,
frequency and phase difference using oscilloscope.

Theory and Methodology:

i) Function Generator: A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment used
to generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the
most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular, and
sawtooth shapes. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single shot (which requires an
internal or external trigger source). Integrated circuits used to generate waveforms may also be
described as function generator ICs. Function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies.

Figure 1: Typical Function Generator and Different Wave shapes

ii) Oscilloscope: The oscilloscope is a device for observing and taking measurements of
electrical signals and waveforms. The analog oscilloscope consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT)
which displays a graph, primarily voltage versus time. It also has one or more amplifiers to
supply voltage signals to the CRT and a time base system for generating the time scale. Some of
the modern digital oscilloscopes use liquid crystal display screen for the same purpose. There are
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1
 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

three controls for the screen, which are focus, intensity, and beam finder knobs. Besides the
screen, there is also a vertical section and a horizontal section.
This device allows real time graphs of voltage versus time to be drawn on the screen. This
allows studying and comparing various voltage waveforms in circuits. Usually, two waveforms
can be displayed simultaneously. There are two channels for taking input voltage waveform. The
oscilloscope shows amplitude of voltage waveform along Y axis and time along X axis.

Figure 2: An Oscilloscope

Figure 3: Different Parts of an Oscilloscope

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2

 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

Figure 4: Functional Diagram of Oscilloscope

iii) Oscilloscope Probe: An oscilloscope probe is a high quality connector cable that has been
carefully designed not to pick up stray signals originating from radio frequency (RF) or
power lines. They are especially useful when working with low voltage signals or high
frequency signals which are susceptible to noise pick up.

Figure 5: Oscilloscope Probe

iv) Basic Operations of an Oscilloscope:

The Trace: The trace is one of the most basic operations of an oscilloscope. The oscilloscope
draws a trace, which is a horizontal line, across the screen. The time base control determines how
quickly the trace (also called a sweep) is drawn. When the voltage becomes negative or positive,
the viewer displays a correspondingly positive or negative jump in the trace on screen.

Vertical and Horizontal Sensitivity Controls: These controls allow the user to determine
manually the sensitivity, both vertically and horizontally. This allows oscilloscopes to
accommodate a wide range of input amplitudes.

Focus Control: This allows users to adjust the sharpness of the trace. New flat panel models do
this automatically.

Beam Finder: This control prevents the trace from deflecting off screen or otherwise being
blocked. Because the beam finder prevents the trace from deflecting off screen, it may
temporarily distort the trace.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3

 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

Time base Control: This control determines how quickly the oscilloscope draws the trace. This
control allows users to manually select the sweep speed, which is in seconds per unit on the
square grids (graticule) seen on the oscilloscope display.

Intensity Control: The intensity control determines how intensely the trace is drawn. For CRT
models, a high intensity is desirable for fast traces, and for low-speed lower intensity. Speed is
unimportant for LCD models.

Types of Sweeps: There are four types of sweeps: triggered, recurrent, single, and delayed.
Triggered sweeps reset the screen every time the trace reaches the right end of the screen and are
useful for periodic signals like sine waves. Recurrent and single sweeps are more common on
older models and are less useful for qualitatively observing signals. Delayed sweeps allow users
to get a very detailed look at voltage.

AC Fundamentals:

Wave shape: The shape of the curve is obtained by plotting the instantaneous values of voltage
or current as the ordinate against time as an abscissa (X-axis value) is called waveform or wave
shape [1].

Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating quantity is called a
cycle. One complete cycle is 2π or 3600 [1].

Time Period: The time required to complete one cycle of the alternating quantity is called a
period, expressed by the symbol T [1].

Frequency: The no. of cycle per second is called the frequency of the alternating quantity. Unit
is Hertz (Hz). Frequency, f = (1/T) Hz [1].

Peak Value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function or waveform is called the peak
amplitude [2].

Peak to Peak Value: It is the sum of the magnitude of the positive peak and negative peak of a
given wave form [2]. For a voltage waveform it is denoted by VP-P = |Vm| + |-Vm| = 2Vm.

Figure 6: Characterization of sinusoidal time varying signal

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4
 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

Average Value: The steady current that transfers across any circuit the same charge as is
transferred by that alternating current during the same time expresses the average value of a
sinusoid [3]. Vavg = 0.636Vm, where Vm is the maximum value of the sinusoid.

RMS Value: The Root Mean Square (RMS) value is the DC equivalent value of an alternating
quantity which is given by that steady current which when flowing through a given circuit for a
given time produces the same heat as produced by the alternating current when flowing through
the same circuit for the same time [3]. Vrms = 0.707Vm, where Vm is the maximum value of the
sinusoid.
The digital multimeter (DMM) is used to measure DC currents and voltages. The DMM in the
AC Mode can also be used to measure the RMS value of an AC waveform.

Phase Difference: Phase difference is the difference of phases corresponding to similar point of
two alternating wave (if frequency of both waves must be same).

Leading & Lagging Waves: In figure 7, there are two waves, Wave I1 and Wave I2. Wave I1
leads Wave I2 by angle α or Wave I2 lags Wave I1 by angle α.

Figure 7: The phase difference between two waves

Measurements from Oscilloscope:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 5

 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

(a) (b)
Figure 8: Waveform(s) in oscilloscope in: (a) single mode and (b) dual mode

In figure-8 (a), Vertical: 2Volts/Div and Horizontal: 0.2ms/Div. 4 divisions peak to peak times
2V/Div. Peak to Peak Value, VP-P = (4Div) x (2V/Div) = 8V. Peak Value, VP =4V. Average
Value, Vavg= 0.636 x (4V) = 2.544V. RMS Value, Vrms = 0.707 x (4V) = 2.828V. 5 divisions
between "zero crossing". Time Period, T = (5Div) x (0.2ms/Div) = 1ms. Frequency, f = (1/T) =
(1/1ms) = 1kHz.

In figure-8 (b), there are two waves, Wave A and Wave B. The phase difference can be
calculated by the equation, θ = [{Phase Shift (no. of div.)/T (no. of div.)} x 360˚].
1 division = 5 small divisions, Phase Shift = 1 small division and T = 25 small divisions.
θ = [{(1 small div.)/(25 small div.)} x 360˚] = 14.4˚. Wave B leads Wave A by 14.4˚ or Wave A
lags Wave B by 14.4˚.

Apparatus:

1. Function Generator
2. Oscilloscope
3. Probes and Connecting Wires

Precautions:

The oscilloscope must be calibrated correctly before the start of the experiment. The frequency
and waveform mode of the function generator must be set as per requirement of the experiment.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Connect the output of the function generator directly to the channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Set
the amplitude of the wave 10V peak to peak and the frequency at 1kHz. Select sinusoidal wave
shape.
2. Sketch the wave shape observed in the oscilloscope. Determine the time period of the wave
and calculate the frequency.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 6

 Experiment 7 Lab Manual

3. Change the frequency to 2.5kHz and note what happens to the display of the wave. Repeat
when frequency is increased 10kHz. Draw the wave shapes for both cases.
4. Measure the peak value, peak-to-peak value, average value, rms value for all the five
frequencies. Fill the following table with necessary calculations.

Data Table:

Table-1

Frequency Time Period VP-P VP Vavg Vrms

(KHz) (ms) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)

Report:

1. Show necessary calculation.

2. Comment on the result.

Discussion:

Discuss the steps used to obtain the desired outputs. State some practical applications of the
equipment (function generator and oscilloscope) used in this experiment.

Conclusion:

Summarize the experiment here and discuss whether the objectives were fulfilled or not within a
short paragraph.

Reference:

[1] Russell M. Kerchner, George F. Corcoran, ″Alternating Current Circuits″, 4th Edition, Wiley,
New York, 1960, pp. 48-50.

[2] Robert L. Boylestad, ″Introductory Circuit Analysis″, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall, New York,
2005-2006, p. 524.

[3] Er. R.K. Rajput, ″Alternating Current Machines″, 3rd Edition, Laxmi Publications, New
Delhi, 2002, p. (xi).

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 7

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Laboratory

Title: Analysis of RC, RL, RLC series circuits and verification of KVL in RLC series Circuit.

Abstract:

The purpose of this experiment is to develop an understanding of circuits containing R,L and
C components and also is to be able to analyze the outputs of RC & RL series circuit obtained
practically with simulated or theoretical results along with the determination of phase
relationship between V and I in an RLC series circuit and finally to draw the complete vector
diagram of an RLC series circuit which is designed and where KVL is verified in this
experiment.

Introduction:

The RC & RL circuit is used to determine the input and output relationship of voltage and
current for different frequencies. In RC series circuit the voltage lags the current by 90˚and in
RL series circuit the voltage leads the current by 90˚.

An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor,

connected in series. The RLC part of the name is due to those letters being the usual electrical
symbols for resistance, inductance and capacitance respectively. Series RLC circuits are
classed as second-order circuits because they contain two energy storage elements, an
inductance and a capacitance.

The primary objectives of the lab experiment are-

• To determine the reactance of the RL and RC circuits and the impedance equation
both practically and theoretically.
• To determine phase relationship between voltage and current in an RLC circuit.
• To draw the complete vector diagram.
• Design an RLC series circuit and verify KVL.

Theory and Methodology:

RC Series Circuit:
A resistor–capacitor circuit(RC circuit), or RC network, is an electric circuit composed of
resistors and capacitor is in series driven by a voltage or current source(See the Figure-1).
A first order RC circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest
type of RC circuit.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 1

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Figure 1

Analysis of a Series RC Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RC circuit, given the values of R, C, f, and VT.

Step 1. Calculate the value of XC:

XC = 1 / (2πfC)

Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

𝑍 = √(𝑋𝑐2 + 𝑅2)

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

IT = VT / Z

Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

• In Rectangular form:

ZT = R - j XC

• In Polar form:

ZT = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝑐)2

θ = tan-1(-XC/R) = tan-1(-1/ωRC)

Impact of frequency on the value of capacitance:

Figure 1.1 will shows the impact of frequency by varying the value of Capacitance in series
resonance.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 2

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Figure 2
RL Series Circuit:
A resistor–inductor circuit (RL circuit), or RL network, is an electric circuit composed of
resistors and inductor is in series driven by a voltage or current source (See the Figure 3).
A first order RL circuit is composed of one resistor and one inductor and is the simplest
type of RL circuit

Figure 3

Analysis of a Series RL Circuit:

For doing a complete analysis of a series RL circuit, given the values of R, L, f, and VT.

Step 1. Calculate the value of XL:

XL = 2πfL

Step 2. Calculate the total impedance Z:

𝑍 = √(𝑋𝐿2 + 𝑅2)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 3

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Step 3. Use Ohm's Law to calculate the total current IT:

IT = VT / Z

Difference between Rectangular & Polar representation of Impedance:

• In Rectangular form:

ZT = R+jXL

• In Polar form:

ZT = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿)2

θ = tan-1(XL /R) = tan-1(ωL/R)

Impact of frequency on the value of inductance:

Figure 4 will show the impact of frequency by varying the value of Inductance in series
resonance.

Figure 4

RLC Series Circuit:

Three basic passive components- R, L and C have very different phase relationships to each
other when connected to a sinusoidal AC supply. In case of a resistor the voltage waveforms
are "in-phase" with the current. In case of pure inductor, the voltage waveform "leads" the
current by 90o whereas in case of pure capacitor, the voltage waveform "lags" the current by
90o. This phase difference depends upon the reactive value of the components being used.
Reactance is zero if the element is resistive, positive if the element is inductive and negative
if the element is capacitive.
Instead of analyzing each passive element separately, we can combine all three together into
a series RLC circuit. The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 4

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

series RL and RC circuits we studied in the last experiment, except this time we need to take
account the magnitudes of both inductive reactance and capacitive reactance to find the
overall circuit reactance.

Figure 5: RLC series circuit

Relevant Equations:

Inductive reactance, XL = 2пfL

1
Capacitive reactance, XC =
2п𝑓𝐶

Net reactance, X = XL - XC

Total impedance, Z = √𝑅2 + 𝑋2

Current, I = 𝑉
𝑍

Resistive voltage drop, VR = I*R

Reactive voltage drops = VL – VC, where VL = I*XL and VC = I*XC

Total voltage drop = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶)2

Vector Diagram:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 5

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Pre-Lab Homework:

Read about the characteristics of RC, RL and RLC series circuit from “Alternating Current
Circuit” by George F Corcoran and use PSIM to generate the output of the circuits provided
in this lab sheet. Compare the wave shapes given in the textbook with your results. Save the
simulation results and bring it to the lab.

Apparatus:

• Oscilloscope
• Function generator
• Resistor: 100  (For RC and RL)
• Inductor: 2.4mH (For RC and RL)
• Capacitor: 1 F/ 10 F (For RC and RL)
• SPST switch
• Resistor (200 ) For RLC
• Inductor (6.3 mH) For RLC
• Capacitor(1 uF) For RLC
• Connecting wire
• Bread board

Precautions:

• Oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated using the information provided at the

calibration port before obtaining the wave shapes using the experimental set up.
• Do not short any connections. Short connection can produce heat (due to high current
flow) which is harmful for the components.

Experimental Procedure:

For RC and RL Series Circuit:

1. Construct the circuit as shown in the Fig. 1. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope
across function generator and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R.
2. Set the amplitude of the input signal 5V peak and the frequency at 1 kHz. Select
sinusoidal wave shape.
3. Measure peak value of both wave shapes.
4. Determine phase relationship between the waves.
5. Write down the wave equations for I and E.
6. Calculate resistance and reactance from the relevant data.
7. Do the same experiment setting input frequency 5kHz and 10kHz.
8. Complete the following table.
Table 1

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 6

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

1. Now construct the circuit as shown in figure 3. Connect channel 1 of the

oscilloscopeacross function generator and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R.
2. Do the same procedure stated in 2 to 7. Complete the following table.

Table 2

For RLC Series Circuit:

1. Construct the circuit as shown in the Figure 5. Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope
across the ac voltage source and channel 2 of the oscilloscope across R.
2. Set the amplitude of the input signal 5V peak.
3. Set the frequency of the signal generator 1 kHz.
4. Determine phase relationship between the waves.
5. Measure value of I.
6. Measure value of VR, VL& VC.
7. Verify KVL using the experimental data and draw the complete vector diagram.
8. Set the frequency of the signal generator 2 kHz. Repeat step 4-7.
9. Set the frequency of the signal generator 4 kHz. Repeat step 4-7.
10. Complete the following table.
Table 3

*V = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶)2

Simulation and Results:

Compare the simulation results with your experimental data/ wave shapes and comment on
the differences (if any). Example of how the simulated wave shape should look is provided
below.
RC Circuit:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 7

 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

RL Circuit:

RLC Circuit:

Figure 6: Screen shots of different simulated circuit.

Result and Calculation:

1. Complete Table 1 and Table 2 and Table 3.

2. Calculate the value of XC, XL, Z, I,θ.
3. Draw the complete vector diagram for the RL and RC and RLC circuit.
4. Comment on the role of frequency to inductive reactance and capacitive reactance.
© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 8
 Experiment 8 Lab Manual

Questions for report writing:

1. Draw the complete vector diagrams.

2. Verify KVL.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was
successful in complying with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you
might have made while conducting the investigation and describe ways the study could
have been improved.

Reference:

[1] “Fundamental of Electric Circuit”by AlekzendreSadiku

[2] “Alternating Current Circuit” by George F Corcoran
[3] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py106/ACcircuits.html

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB 9

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

American International University- Bangladesh

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Lab

Experiment # 9:
Title: Transient Analysis of RC Series and RL series using PSPICE/MULTISIM.

Abstract:
PSpice/Multism is an electrical circuit simulation software with which circuits can be drawn,
checked, and simulated for finding unknown circuit parameter-values and graphs. The software
has component and device library which can be used for any types of construction, simulation, and
demonstration of circuits.
Introduction:
In this lab, the students will learn about the circuit simulation software PSpice/Multism. They will
also get accustomed to PSpice/Multism library. Besides, focus will be made over
1. Simulation of circuits by using components from the PSpice/Multism library,
2. Simulation of circuits by writing script files and to analyze obtained graphs and results.

Theory and Methodology:

Time Constant (τ): A measure of time required for certain changes in voltages and currents in RC
and RL circuits. Generally, when the elapsed time exceeds five-time constants (5τ) after switching
has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final value, which is also called steady-
state response.
The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of equivalent capacitance and the Thevenin
resistance,
τ = R×C (1)
The time constant of an RL circuit is the equivalent inductance divided by the Thevenin resistance,
τ = L/R (2)
Time Period (T): Time required to complete one cycle is called Time Period or the length of each
cycle of a pulse train is termed its time period (T).
Pulse width (tp): The pulse width of an ideal square wave is equal to half of the time period.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

8K
8K

V1 = 0 V V1 = 0 V
V2 = 10V V2 = 10V
8UF 50H
TD = 0 S TD = 0 S
TR = 0S V PULSE TR = 0S V PULSE
TF = 0S TF = 0S
PW = 1S PW = 1S

Figure 1: RC circuit Figure 2: RL circuit

Pre-Lab Homework:

Read about the characteristics of RC and RL series circuit during transient analysis from
“Alternating Current Circuit” by George F Corcoran and use PSPICE/Multism to generate the
output of the circuits provided in this lab sheet. Compare the wave shapes given in the textbook
with your results. Save the simulation results and bring it to the lab.

Apparatus:
• PC
• PSPICE/Multisim Simulating tools

Precautions:
Connecting of circuit should be done properly and PSPICE/MULTISM simulating software should
be properly installed using the information provided at the manual before starting the experimental
work.

Experimental Procedure (PSPICE):

Simulating Circuits by using Components from the PSpice library
1. Open the PSPICE Design Manager window: Start → Program → MicroSim Eval 8
2. Open schematic editor: Press Run Schematics icon from the bar on the left side of the
screen.
3. Select: Draw → Get New Part, then select and place each of the circuit elements one by
one (VPULSE for pulse type voltage source, R for resistor, C for capacitor and EGND for
ground). Join the elements by using the wire as necessary.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

4. Change the label and magnitude of each element by double clicking on them and editing
as necessary.
5. Then go to Analysis → Setup → Select Transient and provide the necessary Values. And
swlwct automatically Run Probe after Simulation.
6. To execute the analysis, select: Analysis → Simulate or press F11. To view the analysis
result, select: Analysis → examine output.
7. Select Analysis → Simulate.
8. Select Trace → Add and select the desired traces.
9. Perform the text analysis as instructed.

Simulation and Measurement:

In PSpice window, construct the virtual RC and RL circuits as shown below. Simulate the
parametric wave shape for both the circuits. Compare the simulation results with your theoretical
data and comment on the differences (if any).

RC Circuit:

RL Circuit:

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Experimental Procedure (MULTISIM):

Simulating Circuits by using Components from the Multisim library
1. Open the Multisim software window: Start → Program → Multisim
2. Open component window from menu bar: Place → Components
3. Select Dc source/ Digital Clock/ Step Voltage source from components, a resistor, a
capacitor (for RC) or an inductor (for RL) and a ground source.
4. For Step voltage: Place → Components → Sources → Signal_Voltage_Sources → Step
Voltage.
5. Set the source, resistor, capacitor/inductor values properly.
6. Connect all the elements by using wire as necessary and label them properly.
7. Then go to Analysis and Simulation bar and change it to Transient: Analysis and
Simulation → Transient. And select the Initial condition to set to zero.
8. Choose the expected output variables from output window: Analysis and simulation →
Output → Add output variable.
9. Insert new expressions if needed: Analysis and simulation → Output → Add expression.
10. Now run the simulation for the designed circuit and analyze the output from the simulation
grapher view.
11. Perform the analysis as instructed.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Simulation and Measurements:

RC_DC_Source:

Figure 3: 63.23% charged (1𝜏 =1ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Figure 4: 86.47% charged (2𝜏 =2ms)

Figure 5: 95.03% charged (3𝜏 = 3ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Figure 6: 98.17% charged (4𝜏 = 4ms)

Figure 7: 99.32% charged (5𝜏 = 5ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

RC_Step_Voltage:

Figure 8: 63.23% charged (1𝜏 =1ms)

Figure 9: 86.47% charged (2𝜏 =2ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Figure 10: 95.03% charged (3𝜏 = 3ms)

Figure 11: 98.17% charged (4𝜏 = 4ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Figure 12: 99.32% charged (5𝜏 = 5ms)

RC_Digital_Clock:

Figure 13: 63.23% charged (1𝜏 =1ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Figure 14: 86.47% charged (2𝜏 =2ms)

Figure 15: 95.03% charged (3𝜏 = 3ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 16: 98.17% charged (4𝜏 = 4ms)

Fig 17: 99.32% charged (5𝜏 = 5ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

RL_DC_Source:

Fig 18: 63.23% charged (1𝜏 =20ms)

Fig 19: 86.47% charged (2𝜏 =40ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 20: 95.03% charged (3𝜏 = 60ms)

Fig 21: 98.17% charged (4𝜏 = 80ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 22: 99.32% charged (5𝜏 = 100ms)

RL_Step_Voltage:

Fig 23: 63.23% charged (1𝜏 =20ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 24: 86.47% charged (2𝜏 =40ms)

Fig 25: 95.03% charged (3𝜏 = 60ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 26: 98.17% charged (4𝜏 = 80ms)

Fig 27: 99.32% charged (5𝜏 = 100ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

RL_Digital_Clock:

Fig 28: 63.23% charged (1𝜏 =20ms)

Fig 29: 86.47% charged (2𝜏 =40ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 30: 95.03% charged (3𝜏 = 60ms)

Fig 31: 98.17% charged (4𝜏 = 80ms)

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Fig 32: 99.32% charged (5𝜏 = 100ms)

Data Table:
Table 1: RC Circuit (1 µF, 100Hz)

𝝉 Value Time % Charged 𝐕𝐜

Constant
1𝝉 1m 63.238 3.1575
2𝝉 2m 86.474 4.3245
3𝝉 3m 95.031 4.7523
4𝝉 4m 98.1765 4.9092
5𝝉 5m 99.329 4.9611

Table 2: RL Circuit (200 mH, 5Hz)

𝝉 Value Time % Charged 𝑰𝑳

Constant
1𝝉 20m 63.238 316.1905 m
2𝝉 40m 86.474 432.3707 m
3𝝉 60m 95.031 475.1558 m
4𝝉 80m 98.1765 490.8816 m
5𝝉 100m 99.329 496.6451 m

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Revised: Fall 2021-22 Experiment 9 Instructor’s Manual

Discussions:
i. In this experiment, RC, RL series circuits were constructed.
ii. Value time constant was modified as required and Vc, IL were measured. The obtained
data was inserted into the table.
iii. Relevant calculation was done using the experimental data.
iv. The analysis was completed effectively using τ = R×C and τ = L/R
v. Every mentioned step should be completed properly to make sure the simulation works
properly.

Questions for report writing:

1. Set the value of C= 1µf, R=1kΩ for RC, L= 200mH, R= 10Ω for RL circuit and simulate the
circuits.
2. Calculate the value of τ and tp for RL and RC circuit.
3. Verify the simulating result of the total circuit with theoretical result and Comment on the
result.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in
complying with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you might have made while
conducting the investigation and describe ways the study could have been improved.

Reference(s):

1. Robert L. Boylestad, ”Introductory Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 12th Edition, New York, 2010,
ISBN 9780137146666.

2. R.M. Kerchner and G.F. Corcoran, “Alternating Current Circuits”, John Wiley &

Sons, Third Ed., New York, 1956.

3. Lamar University website, [Cited: 12.01.2014]

Available: http://ee.lamar.edu/eelabs/elen2107/lab5.pdf

4. Lamar University website, [Cited: 12.01.2014]

Available: http://ee.lamar.edu/eelabs/elen2107/lab6.pdf

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 American International University- Bangladesh
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE 2109: Introduction to Electrical Circuits Laboratory

Title: Students will provide an appropriate title to a self-designed laboratory experiment

based on ideas and knowledge they acquired from their previous laboratory experiments.

Objectives

Using background information on circuit analysis, in this experiment students will be simulating
a circuit comprised with at least 5 resistors, 2 sources, and/or capacitor(s), and/or inductor(s). The
simulated results then be compared with calculated (theoretical) results and also be presented.

Task

The experiment should be designed keeping this information in mind:

• The circuit diagram will include at least 5 resistors, 2 sources, and/or capacitor(s), and/or
inductor(s).
• A formal lab report for the experiment.
• A group presentation for result analysis and comparison

Lab Report

The lab report should include the following sections:

Objectives

This is a summary statement of the work to be accomplished in this experiment. An overall direction
for laboratory investigation, the obtained result and summary of conclusions must be provided.

Equipment

• A list of all the apparatus used in the experiment should be included.

• A detailed and labeled diagram to illustrate the setup of the experiment

Procedure

Explain step-by-step procedure in a numbered sequence so that other learners can comprehend the
experiment and be able to reproduce the experiment by reading your procedure.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1

 Data

List down the measurement data in data tables with proper measure units.

Simulation and Measurement

Use any circuit simulation software which you feel comfortable to get a proper idea about the desired
performance of the circuit. Comparison with laboratory experimental data with the simulation is
preferred.

Calculation and Result Analysis

Interpret experimental data with include necessary calculations and graphs. Compare the calculated
results and experimental data.

Discussion

This section should be based on the information described in the report and is the closure of your report.
Any advantages or limitations of the experiment should be included here. Any problems encountered
while performing a particular step in the experiment can be mentioned here also.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2