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code switching and code mixing (1)

Code-switching is a linguistic phenomenon where multilingual speakers alternate between languages or dialects in conversation, influenced by social contexts and internal mechanisms. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) explains how individuals adjust their speech styles based on their interlocutors, while code-switching specifically pertains to language use. The distinction between code-switching and code-mixing lies in their grammatical structures and functions, with code-switching occurring between sentences and code-mixing within a single utterance.

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5 views

code switching and code mixing (1)

Code-switching is a linguistic phenomenon where multilingual speakers alternate between languages or dialects in conversation, influenced by social contexts and internal mechanisms. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) explains how individuals adjust their speech styles based on their interlocutors, while code-switching specifically pertains to language use. The distinction between code-switching and code-mixing lies in their grammatical structures and functions, with code-switching occurring between sentences and code-mixing within a single utterance.

Uploaded by

AHMED SAAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

The Nature of Code switching

(Auer,1998, pp, 51) pointed out that Code-Switching has been studied several
decades through different linguistic approaches within the frameworks of
sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and grammatical studies, with a greater
focus on the descriptive or theoretical aspects of the phenomenon. Growing
evidence has shown that code-switching is a universal feature of multilingual
speakers' behavior, in which multiple languages or dialects are used during
conversation based on observable internal mechanisms in diverse social
contexts around the world. In addition, language switching functions appear to
be largely similar, even in the most diverse language combinations.

Switching between languages provides crucial material for our understanding of


language is both comprehended (processed) in the brain, and produced. What
are the clues in the words and sentences one pronounces which allow others to
decode our meaning, and which one assembles in order to put across that
meaning? When one observes how this is done with two or more languages,
some of those features are thrown into sharper relief (Chloros,2009, pp, 5).

By analyzing code-switching speech,one can find out which combinations of


words or morphemes from different languages can easily be combined and
which are more resistant, or perhaps even impossible. Since grammar consists
of the rules regarding such combinations, CS acts as a signpost, pointing at
where the difficult issues may arise, and paving the way towards a better
understanding of grammar (Chloros,2009, pp, 5).
2. Communication accommodation theory vs Code switching

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) :


Howard Giles introduced Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) in
1973 to explain how people adjust their speech, tone, and communication style
based on their interlocutors (Giles, 1973, 87–105). The theory describes three
key strategies:
1 . Convergence : Adjusting speech to become more similar to the listener’s
style, often to gain approval or foster social integration.
2 . Divergence : Emphasizing linguistic differences to maintain group
distinctiveness or assert individuality.
3 . Maintenance : Persisting in one’s original speech pattern without
adjustment to the interlocutor.
CAT suggests that these strategies are influenced by social identity, power
dynamics, and intergroup relations (Giles & Ogay, 2006, 293–310).

Code Switching :
Code-switching refers to the alternation between two or more languages,
dialects, or speech styles within a single conversation. It is a linguistic strategy
often used by multilingual speakers (Myers-Scotton, 1993, pp. 1–16).
Code-switching is different from CAT in that it is specifically language-based,
whereas CAT includes broader adjustments in communication styles.
According to (Poplack,1980, pp. 581–618). Code-switching is only mentioned
in a limited context in communication accommodation theory. It also focuses
on the nonverbal components of communication. Nonetheless, accommodation
theory is a useful instrument for explaining the reasons behind linguistic
behavior. It assumes that personal experiences play a crucial role in language
choice and highlights the speaker's social-psychological motivations. On the
other hand, communication accommodation theory, which centers on the
addressee, explains language choices. Therefore, speakers select a language
based on the listener's acceptance or rejection. This suggests that the strategy
could cause the speaker to lose focus on their own objectives. In addition to
being loved or hated by the receiver, the speaker might change for other,
distinct reasons (Nguyen, 2015, pp. 51).

3. Code switching and Code mixing

Code-switching and code-mixing are the most argued topics in linguistic


interaction analysis. Linguists and researchers have various opinions on
code-switching and code-mixing (Muysken, 2000).
(Fasold,1996, pp. 192) explains one criterion to different code switching and
code mixing. One creation that is sometimes offered to distinguish
switching from mixing is that the grammar of the clause determines the
language. By this criterion, if a person uses a word or a phrase from another
language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical
structure of one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar
of another create a code.
(Mazraani,1997, pp. 8-9) suggested that code-switching and codemixing are not
the same. According to her, code-switching frequently serves a discourse
function. This occurrence occurs when passages from one code are followed by
sections from another in the same discourse . She observed that code-switching
can impact linguistic levels such as syntactic, morphological, phonological, and
lexical. As a result, she defines codemixing as "the mixing of different varieties
within a single utterance or even within a single word.
The difference between code-switching and code-mixing, according to (Auliya
et al, 2017), is simply the function that occurs when speakers in a speech
community utilize two or more languages as a variant language. The occurrence
of incidents where speakers switch up their communication codes or combine
languages. (Bokamba,1989) divided between code-switching and code-mixing,
defining code-switching as inter-sentential and code-mixing as intra-sentential.

4. Definition Code switching and Code mixing

Code Switching, in terms of language, is the use of more than one language, by
a person or more, during their conversations with each other. Code Switching is
done simply because those persons know more than one language and have
more than one language in common. This switch may last for a couple of
sentences, for only a single phrase or may be only for a single word. It
depends on how the persons take it with themselves and the others
(Reyes,2004, pp 92).
(Crystal,1995, pp 34 ) states that code switching happens when a bilingual
speaker shifts between two languages . However , code-switching is code shift
actualized as a process within the individual , the speaker moves from one code
to another and back , more or less rapidly , in course of a single sentence.
According to (Holmes, 2000, pp 35), code-switching Indicates group affiliation
and a common ethnicity; a speaker may similarly switch to a different language
with an addressee. For this reason, even speakers of a second language who are
not very good at it may utilize short words and phrases. Changes driven by the
participants' identities and relationships frequently show progress along the
social distance or solidarity dimensions. Another dimension, such as the
formality of a conversation or the status ties between individuals, may likewise
alter as a result of a changeover.
According to (Romaine,1992, pp 67) , Code mixing usually occurs in
bilingual or multilingual community or society and the function (meaning) of
the languages can not be clearly separated. This code mixing is used when the
speakers use both languages together to the extent that they change from one
language to the other in the course of a single utterance .In code mixing the
main code or basic code has its own function and meaning, other codes,
however, are only the pieces, without function and meaning as a code.
If the speaker mixes his or her code or language, then it must be asked the
factors such as: who the speaker is: social background, the level of education,
religion, etc.
A speaker who masters many languages will have chance to mix code more
than the other speakers who only master one language.
But it does not mean that the speaker who masters many languages will always
mix codes (Romaine,1992, pp 50).

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