TOPIC 3

BIODIVERSITY OF
ANIMALS
DURING THIS TOPIC WE WILL BE LOOKING AT…
1. Kingdom Animalia
2. Body plans: (2.1) Symmetry and cephalisation
(2.2) Tissue layers
(2.3) Coelom and blood systems
(2.4) Digestive tract
3. Phyla: (3.1) Porifera
(3.2) Cnidaria
(3.3) Platyhelminthes
(3.4) Annelida
(3.5) Arthropoda
(3.6) Chordata
4. Role of invertebrates in agriculture and ecosystems.
1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Gr10 Recap:
In 1758 Carl Linnaeus classified living organisms
into two kingdoms, Plantae and Animalia. As more
scientific information about organisms was
obtained, the two kingdom system was expanded to
the five kingdom system: (Monera; Protista; Fungi;
Plantae; Animalia)

He also developed a hierarchical system of

classification where seven categories (taxa) under
each Kingdom is used:
•Kingdom
•Phylum
•Class
•Order
•Family
•Genus
•Species
The Kingdom Animalia is structured as follows:
2. BODY PLANS
Scientists use body plans to classify animals into
groups (phyla).

What is a body plan?

It is a set of morphological characteristics (shape and
structure) of an animal’s body, as well as the way in
which it develops. Animals with similar body plans are
classified together in a phylum

The following four common features of an animal

can be classified:
2.1 Symmetry and cephalisation
2.2 Tissue layers
2.3 Coelom and blood system
2.4 Digestive tract
2.1 SYMMETRY AND CEPHALISATION
SYMMETRY:
The way in which body parts are arranged in the
body plan. Shows how regular of irregular a shape
is.
We are going to look at 3 different symmetries:
1. Asymmetry: no symmetry in the shape.

2. Radial symmetry: body parts are arranged

around a central axis.
3. Bilateral: body parts are arranged on either side
of a central axis.
Type of symmetry Explanation Diagram

Asymmetrical The body cannot be

divided in any way to
get two similar halves

Radial The body can be

divided into two equal
halves/parts in many
ways passing down
the central axis. They
have a circular plan.

Bilateral The body can be

divided into two
similar halves in one
direction only. The
two halves are mirror
images of each other
CEPHALISATION:
❖ cephalos = head

❖ The presence of a definite head

❖ Having the main sense organs at the anterior (front

part) of the body.
❖ Facing the direction in which the animal moves.

❖ The head meets and detects the environment first.

2.2 TISSUE LAYERS
An animal’s body plan is laid out during its
embryological stage. An embryo develops layers of
cells called germ layers.
There are three different germ layers:
ectoderm – (outer layer that forms skin)
mesoderm – (middle layer that gives rise to
internal organs)
endoderm – (inner layer which line the gut)
More primitive animals only have two germ layers
and are called diploblastic. Other more advanced
animals have three germ layers and are called
triploblastic.
E
2.3 COELOM AND BLOOD SYSTEMS

COELOM:
In certain triploblastic animals, a fluid filled cavity
called the coelom develops in the mesoderm.
❖ The coelom separates the gut from the body wall.

❖ This allows the outer part of the body to move

independently form the inner parts of the body.
❖ Tissue in the outer part of the mesoderm form
muscle layers of the body
❖ Tissue in the inner layer of the mesoderm form
muscles of the gut (for digestion)
Advantages of a Coelom…
 Allows materials to diffuse rapidly through the
fluid in the coelom to body cells.
 Redistribution of body fluid can help an animal
alter its body shape in aid of locomotion.
 Organs are not restricted by a mass of tissue and
are able to grow larger and move more freely.
 The fluid in the coelom servers as a hydrostatic
skeleton.
BUT…..
Triploblastic animals without a coelom are called
acoelomate.
BLOOD SYSTEM:

Small animals can obtain gases and nutrients

through diffusion, large animals need a blood system
to transport gases and nutrients in order for
diffusion to take place over the whole body.
There are two types of blood systems:
1. Open blood system: blood flows from heart
through blood vessels that open into a body
cavity here blood comes into direct contact with
organs and diffusion can occur.
2. Closed blood system: heart pumps blood
through whole body but blood always remains in
blood vessels.
Open blood system: Closed blood system:
2.4 DIGESTIVE TRACT
When we look at the digestive tract we need to
focus on how many body openings an organism has.
When an organism only has one opening we call it
a blind gut.
 Food enters and waste product exits the same
openings.
When an organism has two openings we call it a
through gut.
 Food enters at the one ending and waste product
exits at the other end.
Disadvantages of a blind gut:
❑ The animal cannot ingest and egest at the same
time.
❑ The ingestion, digestion and egestion are not
systematic.
❑ There is a mixing of digested and undigested
food.
❑ Digested food is also expelled during egestion.

Significance of a through gut:

 Ingestion, digestion and egestion are systematic
processes.
 The is no mixing of digested and undigested food.
3. PHYLA
We will be looking at 6 different phyla and arrange
it according to their body plans.

(3.1) Porifera
(3.2) Cnidaria
(3.3) Platyhelminthes
(3.4) Annelida
(3.5) Arthropoda
(3.6) Chordata
 3.1 Phylum Porifera

1. Symmetry of body Asymmetrical (no particular body

shape)

2. Cephalisation None (can respond to stimuli)

3. Tissue layers Loose organisation, no tissues, sac-like

bodies

4. Coelom (body cavity) Acoelomate (no coelom), enclosed by

mesoderm and filled with fluid

5. Blood system None (materials like food, oxygen,

carbon dioxide and waste move directly
between the environment and the cells)

6. Digestive tract Blind gut (one opening and are

classified as filter feeders)
3.1 PHYLUM PORIFERA
The example we are going to be
looking at in this phylum is Sponges.
 3.2 Phylum Cnidarians

1. Symmetry of body Radial symmetry

2. Cephalisation None (but has a primitive nerve

network)

3. Tissue layers Diploblastic (ectoderm and endoderm)

4. Coelom (body cavity) Acoelomate

5. Blood system None (materials like food, oxygen,

carbon dioxide and waste move directly
between the environment and the cells)

6. Digestive tract Blind gut (one opening into the sac-like

gastro-vascular cavity)
3.2 PHYLUM: CNIDARIA
The example we are going to be
looking at in this phylum is a Hydra.
FUNCTIONS of the different parts of the Hydra:
 Hypostome: raised area below mouth – helps with
ingestion.
 Tentacle: helps in capturing and immobilising prey
and used for locomotion.
 Pedal or basal disc: attaches Hydra to substrate, used
in locomotion
 Mouth: allows entry of food (ingestion) and exit of
undigested food (egestion)
 Coelenteron: forms a sac-like cavity in which
extracellular digestion occurs, filled with water –
forms a hydrostatic skeleton
 Ectoderm: outermost protective layer (living)
 Mesoglea: middle non-cellular, non living layer
 Endoderm: innermost layer (living) – concerned
mainly with digestion.
 3.3 Phylum: Platyhelminthes
1. Symmetry of body Bilateral symmetry

2. Cephalisation Cephalisation - Concentration of

ganglia (small masses of nervous
tissue) and sensory receptors in
head
3. Tissue layers Triploblastic, tissues, organs and
organ systems

4. Coelom (body cavity) Acoelomate

5. Blood system None – oxygen and carbon dioxide

move directly from environment
into cells, food moves from gastro-
vascular cavity to the cells and
waste is released via ducts
6. Digestive tract Blind gut- one opening into highly
branched gastro-vascular cavity
3.3 PHYLUM:
PLATYHELMINTHES
 3.4 Phylum: Annelids

1. Symmetry of body Bilateral symmetry

2. Cephalisation Cephalisation- brain and ventral

nerve cord, well developed sense
organs on head
3. Tissue layers Triploblastic, tissues, organs and
organ systems

4. Coelom (body cavity) Coelomate

5. Blood system Closed blood system – blood pumps

from heart into blood vessels and
back to the heart
6. Digestive tract Through-gut (two openings)
3.4 PHYLUM: ANNELIDA

The example we are going to be

looking at in this phylum is a Earthworm.
 3.5 Phylum : Arthropods

1. Symmetry of body Bilateral symmetry

2. Cephalisation Cephalisation – brain and ventral

nerve cord, well developed sense
organs on head
3. Tissue layers Triploblastic, tissues, organs and
organ systems

4. Coelom (body cavity) Coelomate

5. Blood system Open blood system – blood from

heart to body cavity back to heart

6. Digestive tract Through-gut

 3.6 Phylum: Chordates
1. Symmetry of body Bilateral symmetry

2. Cephalisation Cephalisation – brain and dorsal

nerve cord, well developed sense
organs on head
3. Tissue layers Triploblastic, tissues, organs and
organ systems

4. Coelom (body cavity) Coelomate

5. Blood system Closed blood system – blood pumps

from heart into blood vessels and
back to the heart
6. Digestive tract Through-gut
4. ROLE OF INVERTEBRATES IN
AGRICULTURE AND ECOSYSTEMS

❖ Pollinating agents
❖ Decomposers

❖ Aerators of soil

❖ Pest and disease causing

❖ Biological control