SPECIAL SECTION ON KEY ENABLING

TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROSUMER ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Received January 15, 2021, accepted January 31, 2021, date of publication February 22, 2021, date of current version March 12, 2021.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3059687

Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied

Photovoltaic Power Generation System
With DC Voltage Droop Control
FUBAO WU1 , BO YANG1 , ANPING HU 1 , YI ZHANG2 , WEICHUN GE3 , (Member, IEEE),
LIANGHUA NI2 , CHENQI WANG4 , AND YUXIN ZHA 2
1 China Electric Power Research Institute Company Ltd., Nanjing 210003, China
2 School of Automation, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
3 StateGrid Liaoning Electric Power Company Ltd., Shenyang 123000, China
4 Fuxin Power Supply Company, State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Company Ltd., Fuxin 123000, China

Corresponding author: Yuxin Zha ([email protected])

This work was supported by the Technology Project of China State Grid Corporation, entitled Research on Stability Control Technology
for Energy Storage System Supporting New Energy Integration into Regional Power Grids under Grant NY71-18-016.

ABSTRACT Photovoltaic power generation relies on power electronics and therefore does not have natural
inertia and damping characteristics. In order to make the capacitance of the medium time scale participate
in the grid frequency response without adding additional equipment, this paper takes the grid-connected
photovoltaic power generation system based on DC voltage droop control as the research object, and
establishes the static synchronous generator (SSG) model of the system. The model is used to analyze the
main parameters affecting the inertia, damping and synchronization characteristics of the system and their
influence laws. The research results show that the energy storage effect of the capacitor on the medium time
scale can also make the system exhibit certain inertia characteristics. From the point of view of control
parameters, as the droop coefficient Dp decreases, the inertia characteristic exhibited by the system is
stronger. The larger the DC voltage outer loop proportional coefficient Kp is, the stronger the damping effect
of the system is. The larger the DC voltage outer loop integral coefficient Ki , the stronger the synchronization
capability of the system. In addition, the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform is used to verify the
correctness of the theoretical analysis results.

INDEX TERMS Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system, DC voltage droop control, inertia
characteristic, damping effect, synchronization ability.

I. INTRODUCTION and RSG itself has the large inertia and strong damping
With the global energy crisis and environmental pollution ability. In the grid-tied photovoltaic power generation system,
becoming more and more serious, vigorously developing the physical characteristics of the grid-connected inverter
clean energy has become the development consensus of are obviously different from RSG. As a power electronic
all countries in the world. The electric vehicles, FACTS device, the grid-tied inverter itself does not have physical
equipment and the renewable energy generation have been inertia. It is connected to the grid on a large scale with the
extensively developed [1]–[3]. Grid-tied photovoltaic power characteristics of low inertia and weak damping, resulting in
generation, as a representative of renewable energy power a decrease in the inertia of the power system, and bringing
generation technology, has shown explosive growth by severe challenges to the safe and stable operation of the power
virtue of its abundant resources and pollution-free advan- grid [6]–[8]. At the same time, photovoltaic power gener-
tages [4]–[6]. ation has high volatility, strong randomness, and obvious
In the traditional power system, the main body of power intermittent, which will adversely affect the stable operation
generations is the rotational synchronous generator (RSG), of the power grid. Therefore, when photovoltaic power is
integrated into the power grid, they generally need to be
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and equipped with a certain amount of energy storage to provide
approving it for publication was Bin Zhou . inertia [9].

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
VOLUME 9, 2021 38411
 F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

FIGURE 1. Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system based on DC voltage droop control.

In [10]–[12], the combination of the solar generation and grid-tied energy storage system under two different control
energy storage system has been taken as the research object, strategies.
and the design and control strategy research are conducted This paper takes the grid-tied photovoltaic power genera-
to improve the system stability of the photovoltaic power tion system that is controlled by the DC voltage droop control
generation integrated into the grid. However, in the case of as the research object, establishes the SSG mathematical
small disturbances, the energy storage system is less eco- model, and uses the electrical torque analysis method to study
nomical, and the primary energy and its converter’s huge the inertia, damping and synchronization characteristics of
potential in inertia and damping characteristics simulation the photovoltaic grid-tied inverter side DC voltage droop
are not fully utilized. In [13], it is pointed out that the DC control system, and derives the system equivalent parameter
side capacitor of the grid-tied inverter has similar dynamic expression, and expound the function law of the parameter
behavior characteristics to the RSG rotor, and the capacitor from the level of mathematical analysis and physical mech-
voltage on the DC side of the grid-tied inverter can fluctuate anism. The study proved that some changes to the conven-
within a certain range, providing a certain inertia support, tional control methods can also change the system inertia and
but it did not analyze the inertia, damping and synchro- damping characteristics, and provide a theoretical basis for
nization characteristics of the whole system including the the design of relevant parameters of the grid-tied photovoltaic
capacitor dynamic. In [14], it is shown that the grid-tied power generation system.
new energy power generation system has correspondence
with the traditional power generation system, and from the II. THE STRUCTURE OF GRID-TIED PHOTOVOLTAIC
perspective of electromechanical transient process modeling, POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
it proves the grid-tied inverter in the new energy grid-tied The structure of the grid-tied photovoltaic power genera-
power generation system and the RSG in the traditional power tion system with the DC voltage droop control is shown
generation system has a similar physical mechanism and in Figure 1. The system mainly includes the photovoltaic
equivalent dynamic model. An SSG model that is suitable for module, the DC/DC converter, and the grid-tied inverter.
the analysis of the DC voltage time scale dynamic character- The DC/DC converter adopts the maximum power point
istics of the grid-tied converter system is proposed, and the tracking (MPPT) control, and the inverter side introduces
inertia, damping and synchronization characteristics of the frequency deviation based on the voltage outer loop and inner
grid-tied converter system under voltage and current double current loop to form the DC voltage droop control [14].
closed-loop control is analyzed. In [15], by establishing the In Figure 1, Upv and Ipv are the voltage and current output
SSG model, the mechanism of a static synchronous com- by the photovoltaic module, respectively; C1 and C2 represent
pensator for suppressing the power oscillation of power grid the low and high-voltage side capacitance of the DC/DC
is analyzed. In [16], the rapid power compensation (RPC) converter, respectively; Usk (k = a, b, c) represents the three-
based frequency control strategy is developed to optimize the phase output voltage of the inverter; ik (k = a, b, c) represents
converter ability to compensate the grid imbalance power, the three-phase output current by the inverter; Udc represents
by fully exploiting the converter idle capacity. The mathe- the measured voltage of the DC capacitor; Lf represents the
matical proof demonstrated the improved performance of the filter inductance; Ugk (k = a, b, c) represents the three-
RPC strategy in terms of frequency deviation suppression phase voltage on the grid side; Lg represents the equivalent
versus droop control, and in terms of RoCoF suppression inductance on the grid side; PLL represents a phase-locked
versus inertia control, with identical converter capacity limit. loop [18], which is used to collect the real-time grid fre-
In [17], [18], the SSG model based analysis method is utilized quency; ω0 and ωg represent the rated angular velocity of the
to analyze the inertia and damping characteristics of the grid and the actual angular velocity of the grid, respectively;

38412 VOLUME 9, 2021

F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

Id and Iq represent the current in the d axis and the q-axis B. THE INVERTER CONTROL STRATEGY
current component in the dq coordinate system; Iq ∗ repre- The grid-tied inverter adopts the double closed-loop control
sents the q-axis current reference value; Udc0 represents the with the outer DC voltage loop and the inner current loop
DC capacitor voltage reference. to realize the capacitor voltage stability. But when the small
disturbance occurs, because the DC/DC converter outputs the
A. DC/DC CONVERTER CONTROL STRATEGY maximum power, it is compatible with the grid-connected
Since the output voltage of photovoltaic modules cannot meet inverter. The decoupling relationship cannot respond to the
the requirements of the grid voltage class, a boost DC/DC changes of the grid frequency, so the frequency deviation
converter is required to increase the output voltage of photo- is introduced in the typical double closed loops to form the
voltaic modules, and then the grid-tied inverter is integrated DC voltage droop control. The control block is shown in
into the grid. Figure 3 as below.
When the grid frequency fluctuates, the grid-tied photo-
voltaic inverter needs to provide reasonable inertia support
to the power system to quickly restore the power balance
of the system. In fact, in the context of the application of
photovoltaic power grids, the maximum output power of pho-
tovoltaic system is far less than the demand of the power grid,
so the photovoltaic power generation system often outputs the
maximum power, and the DC/DC converter adopts the MPPT
control. The control block diagram of the DC/DC converter
is shown in Figure 2 as below.

FIGURE 3. Grid-connected inverter control strategy.

In the DC voltage control time scale, ignoring the dynamic

process of the inner current control loop, the control process
shown in Figure 3 can be described as:
 
Ki
Id∗ = Id = − Udc ∗


+ Udc0 − Udc Kp + (3)
s
where Kp and Ki represent the proportional and integral
FIGURE 2. DC/DC converter control strategy. coefficients of the outer DC voltage loop, respectively; Udc ∗
represents the deviation of the DC voltage.
In this figure, Upv ∗ and Ipv ∗ are the DC voltage and The deviation of the DC voltage can be described as:
current reference signals output by the photovoltaic module, 1
respectively; PI represents the proportional integral regu- Udc∗ = (ωg − ω0 ) (4)
Dp
lator. As shown in Figure 2, the boost DC/DC converter
adopts the double closed-loop control with outer DC voltage where Dp represents the DC voltage droop coefficient.
loop and inner current loop. Under the DC voltage time
scale, the dynamic process of the inner current loop can be III. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF
ignored [14], so the output current of the photovoltaic module GRID-TIED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION
can be expressed as: SYSTEM
A. THE ORETICAL BASIS OF SYSTEM DYNAMIC
Ki0  ∗
  
∗
Ipv = Ipv = Kp +0
Upv − Upv (1) CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS
s In [14], following the method of analyzing the static stability
where Kp0and Ki0
represent the proportional and integral and instability mechanism of the RSG system, the dynamic
coefficients of the outer voltage loop, respectively. process of the grid-tied inverter under the DC voltage control
Photovoltaic module outputs the maximum power. Under time scale is expressed as:
the condition of constant temperature and constant light

d1δ
intensity, the output power of photovoltaic modules and

 = 1ω
dt (5)
DC/DC converters does not change, so we can get: d1U dc
 2H
 = 1Pin − 1Pe
dt
1Pin = 0 (2)
where δ is the power angle; ω is the angular frequency of the
where 1Pin represents the amount of input power change. grid; Udc is the DC side capacitor voltage; Pin is the input

VOLUME 9, 2021 38413

 F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

power of the energy transfer medium; Pe is the output power; From the phasor diagram of the grid-tied inverter sys-
H = CUdc 2 /S is the inertial time constant of the system [14]. tem shown in Figure 5, the expressions of the active power
B
Too analyze the inertia, damping and synchronization char- and active current output by the three-phase grid-connected
acteristics of the grid-tied inverter system, (5) is usually inverter can be calculated by:
rewritten into the following standard electric torque equa-
3 Us Ug
tion [14]: Pe = sin δ (7)

d1δ 2 X

 = 1ω Id =
Us
sin δ (8)
dt (6) X
d1ω
 TJ
 = −TD 1ω − TS 1δ
dt where X is the equivalent inductance connected to the grid,
where TJ, TD and TS represent the equivalent inertia coeffi- and X = ω0 L.
cient, damping coefficient and synchronization coefficient of To study the inertia, damping and synchronization charac-
the SSG model, respectively. teristics of the grid-tied photovoltaic power generation sys-
The above three parameters are important physical con- tems, the above-mentioned research methods are used as the
cepts that characterize the dynamic characteristics of a SSG theoretical basis to establish an SSG model of the grid-tied
system in the classical stability theory. The electrical torque photovoltaic power generation system based on the DC volt-
analysis method based on the above concepts can analyze the age droop control.
stability of the system from the physical mechanism level, Incorporating (4) into (3), we have:
and TJ , TD and TS represent the grid-tied inertia level, damp-   
ing and synchronization capabilities of the inverter system, 1 Ki
Id = − (ωg − ω0 ) + Udc0 − Udc Kp + (9)
respectively [14]. Dp s

B. SSG MODEL OF THE GENERATION SYSTEM

Combining (8) and (9), we have:
Before establishing the SSG model of the generation system, Us

1

Ki

the transient process of the grid-tied inverter is simplified sin δ = − (ωg − ω0 ) + Udc0 − Udc Kp +
X Dp s
and analyzed. This article simplifies the grid-tied inverter to
(10)
a single-phase equivalent circuit shown in Figure 4. Among
them, Us represents the amplitude of the grid-tied inverter For the stability analysis in the case of the small dis-
excitation potential; δ represents the phase angle difference turbance, the incremental relationship between variables is
between the grid-tied inverter and the grid voltage; Ug repre- generally considered, and (10) can be linearized to obtain the
sents the terminal voltage amplitude of the grid-tied inverter. following equation, i.e.:
 

1
sK 1δ = − sKp + Ki 1ω − 1Udc (11)
Dp

where δ0 is the power angle of the grid-tied inverter system

FIGURE 4. Single-phase simplified circuit diagram of the inverter. in the steady state. And K is defined as:
3 Us
When modeling and analyzing the grid-tied inverter sys- K= cos δ0
tem, they are often oriented according to the grid voltage. 2 X
Under the premise of ignoring the line impedance, the vector The linearization of (7) is:
diagram of the grid-tied inverter in the dq coordinate sys-
tem based on the grid voltage orientation can be shown in 3 Us Ug
1Pe = cos δ0 1δ (12)
Figure 5. 2 X
(2) and (12) are incorporated into (5), and the expression
of voltage increment can be obtained:
3KUg
1Udc = − 1δ (13)
4Hs
Using the classic electrical torque method, we can analyze
the inertia, damping characteristics of the grid-tied photo-
voltaic power generation system. Taking (13) into the incre-
mental equation (11), we can eliminate the voltage increment,
and we can organize it into the form of the standard elec-
FIGURE 5. Vector illustration in dq system. tric torque equation in (6). The available SSG model of the

38414 VOLUME 9, 2021

F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

grid-tied photovoltaic power generation system based on the and the stronger synchronization effect is. It should be noted
DC voltage droop control can be obtained as follows: that from (16), the part of the inertia coefficient of grid tied

d1δ photovoltaic power generation system has nothing to do with

 = 1ω the control parameters, indicating that the system has its own
 dt K d2 1ω 



p

Ki d1ω inertia effect.
2H + 2HK + 2H (14) From the physical point of view, the smaller the droop
 Dp dt 2 Dp dt
 coefficient DP is, that is, the larger the 1/Dp is, the stronger the
 = − 3 KU K 1ω − 3 KU K 1δ



g p g i coupling between the DC voltage and the grid frequency is,
2 2
the more the DC voltage drops, the more energy is released,
In the actual operation of the power grid, the grid frequency and the stronger the inertia effect of the system is. The larger
does not change too much, and the rate of change of fre- the proportional coefficient Kp of the outer DC voltage con-
quency (RoCoF) is relatively small. Therefore, for the fre- trol loop is, the larger the voltage deviation is, and the damp-
quency change rate in (14), the quadratic term is a high-order ing changes according to the deviation law. The larger the
infinitesimal quantity and can be ignored, i.e.: deviation is, the larger the damping is, that is, the stronger the
 
Ki d1ω 3 3 damping effect of the system is. The integral regulator is used
2H K + = − KUg Kp 1ω − KUg Ki 1δ (15)
Dp dt 2 2 to eliminate the deviation and realize no static error control.
Therefore, the larger the proportional integral coefficient Ki
Comparing (14) with (6), it is easy to get the equivalent
of the DC voltage outer loop, the stronger the synchronization
inertia parameter TJ , the equivalent damping parameter TD
effect of the system.
and the equivalent synchronization parameter TS of the sys-
tem, i.e.:
IV. SIMULATION ANALYSIS
HKi


 TJ = 2HK + 2 This paper uses the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform


 Dp to verify the theoretical analysis of the inertia, damping
3

TD = KUg Kp (16) characteristics of the grid-tied photovoltaic power generation

 2 system. The topology of the simulation system is shown
 TS = 3 KUg Ki


 in Figure 1, and the main parameters of the simulation circuit
2 are shown in Table 1. When the simulation operating condi-
It can be seen from (16) that the grid-tied photovoltaic tion is set to t = 1 s, the grid frequency drops by 0.2 Hz.
power generation system under the DC voltage droop con-
trol has the certain inertia level, damping capacity and TABLE 1. The main parameters of the circuit.
synchronization characteristics, which are determined by
the control parameters, the structural parameters, and the
steady-state operating point parameters of the system. The
structure parameters mainly include the equivalent induc-
tance X , the DC capacitance C and the grid voltage level Ug .
The steady-state operating point parameters mainly include
steady-state power angle δ0 , DC side capacitance voltage
UDC and the inverter equivalent internal potential Us .
In the case of no energy storage device, changing the A. ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISM OF DROOP
inverter control parameters is the most simple and flexible In order to reflect the influence of introducing the frequency
method to make the photovoltaic power generation system deviation to form the DC voltage droop on the system,
participate in the grid frequency adjustment. The influence the grid-tied photovoltaic power generation system with or
of control parameters on these characteristics is analyzed without droop loop was simulated, as shown in Figure 6 and
as below. It can be seen from (16): the equivalent inertia Figure 7. When the system does not have a droop loop,
coefficient TJ of the system is jointly affected by the droop the DC/DC converter does not respond to the grid frequency
coefficient DP and the proportional integral coefficient Ki of changes, keeping constant power output and constant DC
the outer DC voltage control loop, and the larger the 1/DP voltage. After the frequency deviation is introduced to form
and Ki , the larger the TJ , the stronger the inertia level of a droop loop, when the grid frequency drops, the DC side
the system; the equivalent damping coefficient TD of the capacitor responds to the grid frequency change, the capacitor
system is affected by the ratio coefficient Kp of the outer DC voltage drops to release the energy, and the system power
voltage control loop, and the larger the KP , the larger the TD , increases.
the stronger the damping effect of the system; the equivalent
damping coefficient of the system is the same as that of the B. INERTIA CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS
outer DC voltage control loop. The synchronization coeffi- In the simulation of the grid-tied photovoltaic power gen-
cient TS is affected by the proportional integral coefficient K eration system controlled by the DC voltage droop, Kp
i of the outer DC voltage loop. The larger ki is, the larger TS is, and Ki remain unchanged, and the influence of Dp change

VOLUME 9, 2021 38415

 F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

voltage drops, the greater the released power, and the

corresponding system power oscillation amplitude Bigger.
In summary, the larger 1/Dp , the stronger the inertia charac-
teristic of the system, which is consistent with the conclusion
drawn by (16).

C. DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

In the simulation of the grid-tied photovoltaic power gen-
eration system controlled by DC voltage droop, Dp and
Ki remain unchanged, and the influence of Kp change
on the damping characteristics of the system is shown in
FIGURE 6. Influence of different parameter changes on system inertia.
Figure 10 and Figure 11.

FIGURE 7. Influence of different parameter changes on system inertia. FIGURE 10. The influence of P controller on DC voltage.

on the inertia characteristics of the system, as shown in

Figures 8 and 9.

FIGURE 11. The influence of P controller on system power.

FIGURE 8. Influence of droop coefficient Dp on DC voltage.
The simulation results show that when the system power
rises with the same amplitude, that is, when the capacitor
releases a certain amount of energy, the larger the Kp, the
smaller the amplitude of the DC side capacitor voltage drop,
and the smaller the amplitude of the voltage and power
oscillations, which indicates that the damping capacity of the
system is stronger. In summary, the larger the Kp , the stronger
the damping effect of the system, which is consistent with the
conclusion drawn by (16).

D. SYNCHRONIZATION CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

FIGURE 9. Influence of droop coefficient Dp on system power.
In the simulation of grid-tied photovoltaic power generation
system controlled by the DC voltage droop, Kp and Dp
The simulation results show that as Dp decreases and 1/Dp remain unchanged, and the influence of Ki change on the
increases, the oscillation amplitude of the DC side capaci- synchronization characteristics of the system is shown in
tor voltage increases, indicating that the more the capacitor Figure 12 and Figure 13. It should be noted that the (14)

38416 VOLUME 9, 2021

F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

coefficient Ki Larger, the stronger the synchronization capa-

bility of the system.
(3) Under the DC voltage droop control strategy, the DC
side capacitor of the system can exhibit the inertia character-
istics, and the system can operate stably under the action of
small disturbances.
The research conclusions of this paper have certain signifi-
cance for improving the frequency stability of grid-connected
photovoltaic power generation system under small distur-
bance, and lay a theoretical foundation for the friendly inte-
FIGURE 12. The influence of I controller on DC voltage. gration of photovoltaic power generation into the power grid.

REFERENCES
[1] Z. Zhou, Y. Cai, S. Su, X. Tang, and Y. Cao, ‘‘Electric vehicles scale
evolution model considering social attributes,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8,
pp. 168784–168792, 2020.
[2] W. Binbing, X. Abuduwayiti, C. Yuxi, and T. Yizhi, ‘‘RoCoF droop control
of PMSG-based wind turbines for system inertia response rapidly,’’ IEEE
Access, vol. 8, pp. 181154–181162, 2020.
[3] H. Wang, Y. Liu, and B. Zhou, ‘‘Taxonomy research of artificial intelli-
gence for deterministic solar power forecasting,’’ Energy Convers. Man-
age., vol. 214, Jun. 2020, Art. no. 112909.
[4] D. Xu, Q. Wu, B. Zhou, C. Li, L. Bai, and S. Huang, ‘‘Distributed multi-
energy operation of coupled electricity, heating, and natural gas networks,’’
IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2457–2469, Oct. 2020.
[5] T. Shintai, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, ‘‘Oscillation damping of a distributed
FIGURE 13. The influence of I controller on system power. generator using a virtual synchronous generator,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 668–676, Apr. 2014.
[6] L. Xiong, X. Liu, C. Zhao, and F. Zhuo, ‘‘A fast and robust real-time
detection algorithm of decaying DC transient and harmonic components
shows Ki also has a certain influence on the inertia charac- in three-phase systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 4,
pp. 3332–3336, Apr. 2020.
teristics of the system. [7] J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, ‘‘Power system stabilization using vir-
The simulation results show that with the increase of Ki , tual synchronous generator with alternating moment of inertia,’’ IEEE J.
the oscillation period of the DC side capacitor voltage and the Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 451–458, Jun. 2015.
[8] J. Liu, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, ‘‘Comparison of dynamic characteristics
system power have changed significantly, and the oscillation between virtual synchronous generator and droop control in inverter-based
amplitude and decay speed have not changed much. It shows distributed generators,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 5,
that the change of Ki mainly affects the synchronization char- pp. 3600–3611, May 2016.
[9] L. Xiong, X. Liu, Y. Liu, and F. Zhuo, ‘‘Modeling and stability issues of
acteristics, and has little effect on the inertia characteristics. voltage-source converter dominated power systems: A review,’’ CSEE J.
In summary, the larger the Ki , the stronger the synchroniza- Power Energy Syst., early access, Nov. 20, 2020, doi: 10.17775/CSEE-
tion capability of the system, which is consistent with the JPES.2020.03590.
[10] N. Soni, S. Doolla, and M. C. Chandorkar, ‘‘Improvement of transient
conclusion drawn by (16). response in microgrids using virtual inertia,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Del.,
vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1830–1838, Jul. 2013.
V. CONCLUSION [11] J. Fang, H. Li, Y. Tang, and F. Blaabjerg, ‘‘Distributed power system virtual
inertia implemented by grid-connected power converters,’’ IEEE Trans.
In the face of small disturbances, without adding new hard- Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 8488–8499, Oct. 2018.
ware equipment, this paper proposes a grid-connected photo- [12] J. Fang, Y. Tang, H. Li, and X. Li, ‘‘A battery/ultracapacitor hybrid
voltaic power generation system control strategy that is based energy storage system for implementing the power management of virtual
synchronous generators,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 4,
on the DC voltage droop control, and the inertia, damping and pp. 2820–2824, Apr. 2018.
synchronization characteristics of the system are analyzed [13] L. Huang, H. Xin, Z. Wang, K. Wu, H. Wang, J. Hu, and C. Lu, ‘‘A virtual
by establishing the system’s SSG model. Research results synchronous control for voltage-source converters utilizing dynamics of
DC-link capacitor to realize self-synchronization,’’ IEEE J. Emerg. Sel.
indicate that: Topics Power Electron., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1565–1577, Dec. 2017.
(1) The inertia, damping and synchronization of the [14] L. Xiong, F. Zhuo, F. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Chen, M. Zhu, and H. Yi, ‘‘Static
grid-tied photovoltaic power generation system based on DC synchronous generator model: A new perspective to investigate dynamic
characteristics and stability issues of grid-tied PWM inverter,’’ IEEE Trans.
voltage droop control are determined by the structural param- Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 6264–6280, Sep. 2016.
eters, control parameters and steady-state operating points of [15] Y. Wu, S. Wang, L. Xiong, and D. Zhang, ‘‘Analysis of inertia and damping
the system. characteristics of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system
based on droop control,’’ in Proc. IEEE 10th Int. Symp. Power Electron.
(2) From the perspective of control parameters, the smaller Distrib. Gener. Syst. (PEDG), Xi’an, China, Jun. 2019, pp. 745–750, doi:
the droop coefficient Dp , the stronger the inertia character- 10.1109/PEDG.2019.8807610.
istic of the system; the larger the DC voltage outer loop [16] L. Xiong, X. Liu, D. Zhang, and Y. Liu, ‘‘Rapid power compensation
based frequency response strategy for low inertia power systems,’’ IEEE
proportional coefficient Kp , the stronger the damping effect J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., early access, Oct. 19, 2020, doi:
of the system; the greater the DC voltage outer loop integral 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.3032063.

VOLUME 9, 2021 38417

 F. Wu et al.: Inertia and Damping Analysis of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Power Generation System

[17] M. Li, L. Xiong, H. Chai, L. Xiu, and J. Hao, ‘‘Mechanism of PV genera- ANPING HU received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
tion system damping electromechanical oscillations,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, Hefei University of Technology, China, in 2015. He has been a Visiting
pp. 135853–135865, 2020. Scholar with Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada. He is currently
[18] W. Binbing, T. Yizhi, C. Yuxi, X. Abuduwayiti, and L. Xiong, ‘‘Virtual working as a Senior Engineer with China Electric Power Research Institute
frequency construction-based vector current control for grid-tied inverter Company Ltd. His research interests include renewable energy conversion
under imbalanced voltage,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 199654–199663, systems and energy storage technologies.
2020.

WEICHUN GE (Member, IEEE) is currently working as a Senior Engineer

with State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Company Ltd. His current research
FUBAO WU is currently working as a Senior Engineer with China Elec- interests include peak load regulation of power systems and renewable
tric Power Research Institute Company Ltd. His current research interests energy.
include distributed energy resources and energy storage technologies.

CHENQI WANG received the master’s degree. He is currently working

as an Engineer with Fuxin Power Supply Company, State Grid Liaoning
BO YANG is currently working as a Senior Engineer with China Elec- Electric Power Company Limited. His current research interest includes
tric Power Research Institute Company Ltd. His current research interests power dispatching operation and control.
include power electronics systems and energy storage technologies.

38418 VOLUME 9, 2021