Reagjloltead RIM|Nagpur, University BCA Part-II (3° Semester) il’ Solved Series THAKUR PUBLICATION NAGPURWEB TECHNOLOGY-I TP SOLVED SERIES For BCA [Bachelor of Computer Application] Part-II, Third Semester Students of ‘Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (RTM Edition 2019 Reprint Edition 2020 Copyright © au Rights Reserved This book is sole subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be Tent, resold, hited out, or aiberwise circulated without the publisher's prior written consent, 1 of binding or cover, other than that in which itis published and without including @ similar condition. This condi ‘on the subsequent without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in or Transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior ‘itten permission of both the copyright owner and the below mentioned publisher of this book Books are Available for Online Purchase at: www.tppl.org.in A? THAKUR PUBLICATION PVT. LTD., NAGPUR ipur * Chennai * Rohtak © 'swar * Bhopal * Kerala * Kolkata + Lucknow * Meerut * Hyderabad * Pune + + Jalandhar * Ahmedabad * Bengaluru * Bhub: Plot No. 109, Nawa Nakash, Behind Jaiswal Restaurant, Near Choti Maszid, Nagpur-440017. Mob. 09595029116, 8840084584, 9235318594 /22Syllabus WEB TECHNOLOGY-I Unite Introduction to Intemet, History of Intemet, Internet users, Internet Working, Information on Internet, Requirements for Connecting to Inert, Basic Internet Terms, Introduction to World Wide Web, Evaluation of World Wide Web, basic Features, Web Browsers, Popular Web Browsers, Web Servers, HTTP, URL, Search Engines, Search Engines Categories, How to use Search Engines, Searching criterion Unit HTML: Introduction, Objective, HTML Browsers, Windows Switching, HTML Command Tags, URLs, Links, new Web Page Creation, Main Body of the Text, Potting Headers, Adding Paragraph , Formatting text in HTML and font Mechanism, Color Settings, ‘Superscripts and Subscripts and other Manipulations on Text and Paragraphs, using Directory and Menu Lists, Creation of Links, Inserting Graphics, using Images, all Manipulations on ‘Tables and its Display, Detailed Working with Forms, Allowing Visitors to Upload Files. Active Images, Working with Frames & Framesets, Frames Handling, Scroll Bars, Alternatives to Frames, Unit-1 Introduction to Browsers, Working with e-mail, Parts of e-mail text, Working wi DHTML: using DHTML in Internet Explorer, Heading and Horizontal Line, Hidden Message, the Message at the Center of the Page, Moving Boxes Changeable Box. Messages. Unit1V Cascading Style Sheets Introduction to css, Creating Style Sheets, Common Tasks with CSS, Colors, the font -Family, Font Metrics, Length Units, Absolute Units, Relative Units, the Pixel Unit, Percentages as Values, Keywords as Values, Various Properties Such as the Font -Size Property, Font -Size Property etc, Assigning Classes, Tags and Attributes for Applying Classes, Applying Classes to an HTML Tag, Applying (Classes to Other Document Parts, the Layer Tag, CSS Tugs Retailers / Distributors NAGPUR 1. Book World, Swami Samarth Complex, Opp. Home Mahila Sobhagruh 282, North Bazaar Road, Gokul Peth, Nagpur-440010. Ph 712-2562999, Mob, 9422864426, 2. Central Book Shop, Near Ihanshi Rani Chowk, Nagpur. Mob, 09825073969 3. Laxmi Pustakalaya and Stationers, Klibagh Road, Mahal, Nagpur-440032. Ph. 0712-2720379, 2727384 4. Pragati Book Depot, Neat Rajvila Taies, Mahal, Nagpur, Ph. 2721354, Mob 9823030242 5. Renuka Book Depot, Near Rajvilas Talkies, Mahal, Nagpur. Mob. 09765406133. 6. Venus Book Centre, Opp. Rajaram Library, Ram Nagar Roa, Mangalam Arcad 2836314. 7. Vijay Book Depot, 477, Gola Chakka Marg, Near Karachi Jeneral Store, Nagpur: Mob. 9122588217 Dharmpeth Extn., Nagpur. Ph, 2520781, WARDHA 8. Gandhi Book Depot, Arui Naka Square, Near Sai Mandir Wardha, Mob, 8275285568, 9420682100, 07840979193, GONDIA 9. Shree Mahavir Book Depot, Pal Chowk Rail Toli, Gondis-441601. Ph. 07182-25032,ntroduction f0 Internet (Linit 1) UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET === Eee EEE Ques 1) Define internet, Discuss the architecture and working of the internet. Or What is Internet? (2016, 2017101) Or What is Internet? Explain the working of Internet. (201805) ‘Ans: Internet It is “Network of Networks”, “electronic web” and information superhighway that interlinks organisations and people, who have accessibility to network. It is an information library, which provides searching of all possible topics and accessible to all users, without determining their profile When two or more autonomous computers are interconnected in such a way that they can share information and resources to achieve a better performance, itis known as network. When such sharing takes place at aplobal level, it is referred as internet, Architecture and Working of Internet The various components of intemet are described as follows: 1) Clients, Servers and Networks i) Clients PCs (Personal Computers): Computers Which request for information from server, are Known as client computers. For example, a personal computer at home can be referred as a client PC, which gets information from the internet ii) Server Computer: These are the powerful computers (having persistent internet connection) that simultaneously fulfil the request of many client PCs iii) Networks: It refers to the “web server computers and numerous client PCs, of various. 2 TCPAP: This refers to the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which is a rule or protocol that allows communication or transfer of data between computers connected to the intemet regardless of its location, type or speed. A computer without this protocol will not be able to connect to the internet. yet connection is This determines. the 3) Bandwidth: The speed of an inter referred to as its bandwidth amount of data that can be transferred between client and server computers in a specified period of time It also defines the data handling capacity of an internet connection. Therefore, @ bigger bandwidth ensures transfer of a larger volume of data in a short time span because of higher speed, 4) World Wide Web: It is @ system that supports the specially formatted (.him or html) documents. This special format provides hyperlinks to access other documents. It also supports graphics, audio and video files. 5) Web Browser: Simply, it is also known as Sbrowser’. It is an application program. It is used to access, present and navigate the information available on WWW. A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) should be entered to start the searching process. For example, input the URL http://ippl.org.in/ into the browser to open the e-commerce site of Thakur Publishers 6) PIP: It isthe abbreviation of File Transfer Protocol Inis used to transfer the files from one computer to another via internet 7) Chat: Some time a live discussion or conference is performed via intemet. An Intemet Relay Chat (IRC) is used to execute such live discussions. MSN and Skype are the examples of such programs 8) Search Engines: To search the information on. WWW, an application program is used which is known as “search engine’. The most popular example of search engine is "Google" Functioning of Internet ‘The most important feature of the interret is that it can link a particular computer to any other computer which helps in the exchange of text, data and program files between them Practically, most of the activities over internet are variations of the all above activities. Imernet can be thought as a pipeline carrying data among computers. There is not a direct connection between computers and internet. Even though, they are connected with the small networks. Gateways are used to conne Internet these networks 10 Imernet referred ay “Network of Networks’. The typical connection of Internet 1 illustrated in the figure 1.1 This is the reason whyBrigeRoute TRAP Teueret Hows [000000] an Servers i BB. Figure The set of connections is the essential part of Internet. Various local and regional networks are connected together through these connections. The manner in which a data should reach its destination is controlled by using @ routing technique Ques 2) Write down the advantages. and disadvantages of the internet. Ans: Advantages of Internet 1) Employment Opportu Various new job a 8) % opportunities like web administrators, web designers and web developer, have emerged with growing number of organisations, operating on the intemmet. Improved Data Flow: Due to the internet, the flow of data has increased. For example, e-mails can be delivered very fast anywhere in the world Increased Reachability: The Internet has made the world a smaller place and has also removed class barriers. The facilities which could only be availed by the privileged class are now available to the common man. For example, an academic course in the UK might be pursued from Mauritius through e-varsity available on the Internet, Alltime Availability: Information on the internet is available 24x7 as the servers, all around the world, are constantly up and running persistently Accessibility to Knowledge: Intemet canbe considered to be a huge library that provides up-to date information on al possible topics Online Communication: The internet provides wo way interactive online communication too! like chat service, which is very. different fron communication like lees, telegrams and faxes one-way jusiness: Internet is also used for all kinds of business operations like ordering of items. making quotations, payment of bills, exchange of business documents, etc. No Discrimination: Internet allows communication all over the world without discriminating between its users. It is not partial 10 a particular person, organisation or country. Reduced Cost: One can avoid unnecessary expenditure such as stationery cost, printing cost, mailing cost, ete. by using internet. BCA. Third Semester TP Solved Sertes (Web Technology 1) RTMNL Disadvantages of Internet 2 4) 3 6 o ‘Addiction: The internet is becoming an addiction for some people thereby causing problems in their personal relations, friends and family Loneliness: People who are addicted of intemet are more likely to end up lonely and depressed, than those who use it nominally, Health Problem: Long ume contact t computer sereens and wrong sitting postures can lead t0 vanous health problems. ‘Theft of Personal Details: Whule using the Intemet, there is high possibility of cheating of personal details Tike name. address and credit card number. which may be accessed and used illegally by fraudsters Pornography: There are various pornographic sites available over the internet which can be accessed by children that can have very bad influence on their ‘mental health. Virus Threat: Personal computers connected to the internet have high probability of virus attacks which may interrupt the usual operations. This can result in hard disk crash. 3) Give a brief introduction about the history of internet. : History of Internet 1957; USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) launches Sputnik into space the USA, creates the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) with the mission of becoming the leading xd new technologie: In response, force in sciene 1962: J.C.R. Licklider of MIT proposes the concept of a “Galactic Network.” For the first time ideas about a obal network of computers are introduced, 1CR. Licklider is later chosen to head ARPA’s research clfonts 1962: Paul Baran, a member of the RAND Corporation. determines a way for the Air Force to control bombers and missiles in case of a nuclear event, His results call for a decentralized network comprised of packet switches, 1968: ARPA contracts out work to BBN. BBN is called upon to build the first switch, 1969: ARPANET created - BBN creates the switched network by linking four different nodes in California and Utah; one at the University of Utah. one at the University of California at Santa Barbara, ‘one at Stanford and one at the University of California at Los Angeles. 1972; Ray Tomlinson working for BBN creates the first progeam devoted to email ARPA officially changes its Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency first cha DARPA name toiprection 1 Internet (Unit 1) ” 8) 9 10) i) 12) 2B) ir 15) 16) 1 Network Control Protocol is introduced to allow computers running on the same network (0 communicate with each other 1973: Vinton Cerf working from Stanford and Bob Kabn from DARPA begin work developing TCP/IP to allow computers on different communicate with each other networks 10 1974: Kahn and Cerf refer to the system as the Internet for the first time ” 1976: Ethernet is developed by Dr, Robert M. Metcalfe. SATNET, a satellite program is developed to link the United States and Europe, Satellites. are owned by a consortium of nations, therby expanding the reach of the Intemet beyond the USA 1979: USENET, the first news gn developed by Tom Truscott, Jim Bellovin, IBM introduces BITNET to work on emails and listserv systems, network is and Steve 1983: TCP/IP becomes the standard for internet protocol. Domain Name System introduced to allow domain names to automatically be assigned an IP number. 1984: MCI creates T! fines to allow for faster transportation of information over the internet. 1990: Advanced Network & Services (ANS) forms to research new ways to make intemet speeds even faster. The group develops the T3 line and installs in on a number of networks. ‘A hypertext system is created and implemented by Tim Bemers-Lee while working for CERN, The first search engine is created by Univeristy, called the Archie Search Engine 1991: CERN releases the World Wide Web publicly on August 6th, 1991 1993: InterNIC released to provide general services, a database and internet directory. “The first web browser, Mosaic (created by NCSA), is released. Mosaic later becomes the Netscape browser Which was the most popular browser in the mid 1990's, 1994; First intemet bank opened: First Virtual 1996: The WWW browser wars are waged mainly between Microsoft and Netscape: New versions are released quarterly with the aid of internet users eager to test new (Dela) versions Internet2 project is initiated by $4 universities roviders begin appearing such as 7 “releanes first cell phone with Megill Internet Servic Sprint and MCI. Nokia internet access. ES 18) 1998: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) created to be able to oversee a ‘number of Internet-related tasks. 19) 1999: A wireless technology called $02.11, more commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, is standardised, Ques 4) Who are internet users? Estimate the number of internet users for current scenario. Ans: Internet Users Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet from any location. Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine. digital TV etc ‘According to Internet Live Stats, as of August 12, 2016 there was an estimated 3,432,809,100 internet users worldwide. The number of Intemet users represents nearly 40 percent of the world’s population. The largest number fof Internet users by country is China, followed by the United States and India. According to BCG report, there are 81 million intemet users in India, which amounts to 7% internet penetration in the country (2009), This data is based on clever definition made by BCG about ‘an Internet user" Heavy Internet users are users who engage in online activities such as gaming, peer-to-peer file sharing, video streaming and other activities that use a lot of bandwidth. Ques 5) Discuss how the information is circulated or transferred over the internet”? Ans: Information on Internet To understand how the information is transferred through the Internet. After all it is very strange that it allows you share information not in the form, of written words but also allows you to have the information in the vocal form. The packet switching technology is still used to transfer the data, Digital data made up of a series of Os (OFFS) and Is (ONs) are grouped in unique sequences, Each sequences of 0s (OFFS) and 1s (ONs) have a particular meaning, which is translated by the computers to enable you to view the matter ‘on your computer's sereen. To understand it more clearly do remember that computers do not understand languages in the manner in which we speak and write. Instead, they understand languages based on electrical impulses that 20 ‘ON’ and “OFF”. Speaking scientifically, such a system is, called the Binary System in which specific combinations of ‘ON’ and ‘OFF ‘Thus, a message, sent by you through the Internet, first gets converted (translated) by your computer in to a digital format, made up of a series of ONs (1s) and OFFs (0s) that are grouped in specific and unique sequences. Each sequence of Is and Os has a particular meaning. At the final receiving point, these sequences are reconverted (retranslated) by your friend's computer so that your friend can read your message on his computer's screenES Ques 6) Explain the requirements for connecting the Internet. (2016, 2017/4) Ans: Requirements for Connecting Internet The basic requirements are » 3) Computer: A computer device is any one of the following: 1) APC. it) A Macintosh or Linux computer, tii) A tablet PC and iy) A smartphone. ‘The intemet can be connected with the computer having atleast 486 processor. The computer must have a hard disk with at 200MB free space to store temporary files of the Internet. Computer system having multimedia technology is preferable to get better performance. Modem: Choose the fastest modem that your ISP can handle. Its a device that convert the digital signals of your computer to the analog signals and passes ‘through the telephone line and again converts the analog signals of the telephone line to the digital signals and passes to the computer. The performance of the intemet depends upon the computer. ‘The performance of the intemet depends upon the speed of the Modem. The speed of the MODEM is measured in kilobits per second (kbps). Phone Line: A telephone line, i will he better to have 4 dedicated telephone line, ie., a line exclusively for your Intemet connection only. It is because, with the Passage of time, you may find that you are spending ‘most of your time on the Net. This will prevent others from using your telephone or calling you, as they win often get an “engaged” tone, However, if you wish to use the Inwernet occasionally, then your existing telephone line will suffice Internet Service Provider (ISP): The ISP is the Baleway to the intemet. The ISP has a permanent ‘connection to the Intemet, and when user's modem talks to their modem over the phone line, it connects the user to the Internet for the duration of the phone call Ques 7) What are the applications of the internet? Ans: Applications/Uses/ Services of Internet The following figure illustrates the main and popular Applications of Internet oo) BCA, Third Semester TP Solved Series (Web Technology 1) RMNU 1) Communicanon ration Retrieval IL Services Services Web Services Mal File Transfer Prowcol [Govt Usenet Archie E Conmmerce E News 1 Ohating Gopher res veronica decent E Laweaion Annernet‘Tetephamy Vader Conferencing Communication Services: Internet facilitates the ‘communication between users. Some of the tools used for written communications are i), E-Mail: This is one of the first internet tools Which mean sending messages electronically One can send and receive messages or any other desired information with the help of e-mail ii) Usenet: It is a network which provides discussion groups. A user can post an article in a chosen, newsgroup, on the Usenet. Bach newsgroup is specialised in a particular topic such as politics, environment, ete iii) K-Chatting: Chatting on the internet 1s a popular way for people to express views online ina group. It is. similar as. talking to someone, difference being that, one types words. instead of speaking. At any piven time, more than one conversation takes place in a chat room, Telnet: A command is used called Telnet, to connect the user and remote machine (located anywhere over Internet). After the connection is established, user can type and execute commands ‘on the remote machine ivy ¥) Internet Telephony: It enables people to use the Internet as a phone i.e. People use Internet rather than the traditional telephone, 10 exchange spoken or other telephonic information vi) Video Conferencing: It is an emergent service ‘over internet that creates a virtual discussion room for the group of users (located around the globe) to converse and imeract with each other, The parties interacting can see and hear each other on their computer screens and feel that they are present in a single room. This is enabled by a special audio-video device attached 1 their computers. Information Retrieval Services: There are various tools available to retrieve information from Internet ‘Some of them are as follows: 1) File Transfer Protocol (FIP): FTP allows the ansfer of files from oF File can be in any format ike text, graphics, sound, etc. It activates the client-server relationship. Thus, whatever that can be stored in a computer can be moved with the FTP service computer (0 another i) Archie: It is one of the first search tool developed oon the Internet. It searches anonymous FTP servers and recognises all lable on these servers from ti Wit creates a contra, database. the Archie server, users connect to server with the help of Archie server or ‘Telnet command Gopher: It is i) nu bused interface tool 1 Tetrieve information from internet. It provides easy access (0 inf on on special servers known ay Gopher sites. Primarily, Gopher ne task as the performs the sa P commandardaction to Internet (Unit 1) 2 however; its interface is much more user-friendly and provides many more functions guch as links to other Internet services, A user can move, retrieve or display files from remote sites by. selecting an item on the Gopher menu iv) Veronica: It is an intemet tool for searching ‘items on Gopher menus. With this, a user can get the necessary information very quickly. With the help of the Veronica server, any user can easily access any database. Web Services: These are client/server applications that provide communication over WWW. It delivers applications to users at a lower cost, These include: i) E-Govt: E-govt (E-government) means to facilitate the operation of the government by using Intemet technologies. It makes citizens aware of various government services and information. E-government deals primarily with Internet and non-internet applications to help in day-to-day functioning of the governments. ii) E-Commerce: The internet has also given rise to a new market concept that consists of virtual shops. These shops are open 24 hours, all the year round, and are available to buyers from across the world. E-commerce refers to the trading in product or service over Internet ili) E-News: There are so many forms of news available electronically over Intemet, either free of cost or at very nominal charges. iv) E-Recruitment: E-recruitment (online recruitment) is the process of recruitment using electronic resources, in particular the Internet. The main purpose of e-recruitment is to hire more efficient, effective and best candidates from all accessible locations, in less cost. v) B-Bdue: E-Education refers to the use of the Internet in the field of leaning. E-classroom. is used for e-education. Besides this, corporate intranets are also used for just-in-time training, audio and video teleconferencing. | WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) Ques 8) Give a brief introduction to W the architecture (technical am Describe 1d conceptual view) of www, Or Explain feature of World Wide Web. (2016, 2017[2.5}) ‘Ans: WWW and its Features WWW is the most popular Inter 4% Web. With the help of WWW. ¥* ‘od present the documents documents store on the server ‘lection of interlinked hype ‘What is world wide web? 95 (2017 (2.5) net tool, Itis also known ers can easily access von the Internet. These In other words, Web is a ext documents Which are B7 ‘accessed through Intemet. Hypertext documents are also known as ‘Web Pages’. In a set of Web pages (websites), the first one is called Home Page. The information is available on WWW. via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). ‘A. language known as HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used to write the HTTP. HTML is the sub- language of SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language). ‘These languages are used to mark-up areas to impart a particular format of the web contents. ‘These languages are totally different from traditional computer languages. The layered view of WWW is illustrated in figure 1.2 and the conceptual view of WWW is illustrated in figure 1.3. One can see that the Web operates on top of IP networks. EC/EB Applications t World Wide Web Technologies (Web Browsers, Web Servers, HTTP, HTML, Web Gateways) IP Network tack 1 FIP, Tes SMTP SNMP. NFS, nd Oe Tc we (Transmission Control Protocol) (User Datagram Protocol) Invemnet Protocol (IP) Physical Network igure 1.2: Technical View of World Wide Web Pc Macintosh UNIX Web Browser Web Browser Web Browser (Explores) (Netscape) (Hetlva) urre / urre HTTP Web Search Tools Website www books com Website es urm.eds 1) Web server (program) 1) Web server (program) 2) HIML, Documents 2) HIML Documents 3) Gateway for Database Access | |) (Faculty ml, ‘courses aml) —_ URL: pte. urn ed/faculty ta Figure 1.3: Conceptual View of World Wide WebEs Ques 9) What are the various terms and technologies used in the internet? Ans: Concepts and Technologies of the Internet, ‘To support the growing number of users and various applications (ranging from entertainment to business information systems) are the main objective of WWW technology. Following are some concepts and technologies that are the basis for first generation of the Web: 1) Web Server: It is a program that accepts the requests from web clients (Web browsers), processes these requests and returns the responses in the form of information of services. 2) Web Browsers: These are the application software, used to retrieve and present the information on WWW. They use GUI for searching information over the websites. National Centre for Supercomputer Applications at the University of Illinois developed the first GUI web browser name as, “Mosaic” 3) Uniform Resource Locator (URL): It is the unique address for locating the resources on Internet. 4) Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): HTML is, the Web's basic easy-to-use language for creating the Web pages. 5) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): HTTP is a set of rules specially designed for transferring information over WWW. It is the protocol that ‘operated at application level. 6) Web Navigation and Search Services: These services help to search and surf the information or resources on the WWW. 7) Gateways to Non-Web Resources: Gateways are used to bridge the gap between Web browsers and business applications and databases. Ques 10) Define web browsers. Give suitable examples of popular web browsers. or Write note on: Web browsers. (2016 [2.5]) Or What does a web browser do? (2017(2.5)) Or Explain web browsers. (2018 12.5) Ans: Web Browsers Its application software, simply known as ‘browser’. It is used 10 access the various web pages of different sites. Generally, browser translates the HTML. (hypertext mark- up language) into a user readable format, which allows the user to see simple (images, video, ‘audio, ete.) and hyperlink data. Hyperlink data helps the user to move from one webpage to another web page When user requests for a web page, the browser connects, to the web server and requests it to fulfil the user's requirements. If server has the requested page, then it will BCA, Third Semester TP Solved Series (Web Technology-1) RTMNU retum a response, which is shown at the user's desktop User performs various tasks with the help of browser on the intemet, Following are the two basic kinds of browsers: 1) Text Based Browser: It shows only text. There is no ‘graphical content. LYNX is an example of text based browser. 2) Graphical Based Browser: It allows the users to see all types of graphical and multimedia contents The following ways are used to navigate through browser 1) Using Hyperlinks: Using hyperlinks, user can navigate from one page to another. 2) Using Address Bar: If user knows the website address then he/she can directly type it in the address bar and use the enter button to open that web page Typing the *hitp:/”" at the beginning is not required, When the user enters a URL or clicks on a link, then browser requests the server for the page. If server returns the requested page then browser shows the result and if browser returns error message then it is possible that server has not found the requested page or user m be connected with the internet, ht not ‘You can see a browser icon at the time of page loading. Generally, at the bottom, a small rectangle box known as Status bar appears. How much this box is filled, will iMlustrate the time remaining to complete the page | Process. The presentation of web pages is di different browsers. To get the best facilities of browser user needs to update it regularly (when updates are available) Examples of Browsers Following are the some examples of browsers: 1) Microsoft Internet Explorer: This browser is developed by Microsoft and comes with the MS Windows operating system. It is @ graphical based web browser. 2) Mozilla Firefox: It is an open source web browser and user can get it free of cost. This browser is managed by the Mozilla Corporation. This browser provides the following features, i) Tabbed Browsing, ii) Spell Checking, iii) Live Bookmarking, iv) Private browsing, ete. 3) Google Chrome: Chrome is developed by Google and uses the Web Kit layout engine. The main feature Of this browser is to make it more secure, fast, simple and stable 4) Safari: It is created by Apple Inc. and is by default installed with Mac OS X and iOS operating systems. Following features are provided by safari i) It can save the ‘webpage clips’ for looking on the Apple Dashboard (Mac OS X only).{otroduction to Internet Unit 1) ii) It provides a resizable web-search box (in the toolbar), which allows the user to select among, Google. Yahoo! or Bing only, iii) Auto filling ability available for the web forms. iv) Bookmark management integration with Adress Book, int negation Ques 11) What do you understand by the term web servers? Discuss the various elements of the web server. Or Write note on: Web server. (2016 (28) Or Explain web servers. (2018(05)) ‘Ans: Web Servers A hardware (computer) or software (the computer application) that provides the content which is accessible via internet is known as web server. ‘A web page requested by computer is fulfilled (delivered) by the server. Servers can also store multiple websites. So, a web server is & computer that provides the web pages. Web servers are associated with a domain name and IP address. For example, if a user requests for a web page (say tpplorg.in/index php) then server firstly searches tpplorg.in then inex php. If browser gets the requested page then it replies .o the requesting browser. Web servers are generally used for hosting websites. In the present world, servers are also used for running enterprise applications and data storage Collection of webpages is known as ‘website’ and a webpage is a digital file which is written in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). A website can be accessed by anyone from any place in the world. A website must be stored in a computer that is always online (ie., connected to the internet), Such special computers (which are always online) are known as “web servers” ‘The main task of the web browser is to respond when the client's computer ereates a request Elements of Web Servers Responding to the cient computer’ feques isthe primary task of the web server. Following are the three main elements of the web server and must Work together to offer the sufficient capacity in any condition: 1) Web Server Hardware: In order to host the operations related to electronic commerce, a wide Nanety of computer brands, types and sizes are used by the companies. Most of the electronic commerce Websites are hosted in computers that are specially designed for running sites whereas some small companies use desktop PCs t0 run their websites Compared to the typical notebook and PCs, the web servers have Tanger hard disk space; f@ster processors, and memory Bo To convert a simple computer in server. user needs to install server software in the computer and connect the computer to the internet 2) Operating Systems Software: Generally, Windows and Linux operating system are used in a web server i) Windows: When web hosting uses MS Access or MS SQL database, and ASP.NET then Windows operating system is essential as these technologies are unavailable in other platforms Windows operating system provides better suppor for the traditional suppor. ii) Linux: When someone is hosting the site on Linux server he get a stable server platform as the security is high and there are no virus threats Hosting on Linux is cheaper because it takes fewer server resources than Windows 3) Web Server Software: In order to perform various fundamental services, e-commerce website must have the web server software apart from the web server operating. system. Some of the common services provided by such software are known as ‘web page and website development’, ‘sending and retricval of ‘web pages’, ‘website tracking” and ‘ideutification and security’. A program that runs on the server computer that hosts the website is known as ‘web server software’ Serving of web pages is the main tsk of this software, that is, it accepts the requests from clients (web browsers) and sends back the data that is required as response. Ques 12) Discuss about the URL. Explain the parts of the URL. Or What is URL? Explain its components. (2018(2'4)) Ans: Uniform Resource Locator (URL) The Universal Resource Locator, now known as URL (Uniform Resource Locator), is used to define the address of a website on the Internet To open a website home page and other web pages, user needs to enter the URL at the addressing line of the browser. URL is used t0 represent the website specific Pages. A file may be an HTML page, image file, a rogram, Java applet, etc. Parts/Components of the URL URL consists of three parts. Consider the following URL ‘example: hhups://www.tppl.co.in Where, htips= Protocol; tpl = Hest; in= Location ‘These three parts are described as follows: 1) Protocol: It is a network protocol which is used to access the resources, This substring is followed by theE10 three character ‘:/" (it is a naming convention which denotes the protocol definition). Following are some ‘examples of protocols: 1) hepy/ ) ftps iit) mailto: 2) Host Name or Address: Computers and network devices are identified by host name. This substring is taken from the standard intemet databases, known as DNS. This substring is a name or an IP address. For example, tpplorgin is the URL protocol for the Thakur Publishers’ website. 3) File or Resource Location: File or resource locations have a path of a network resource on the host and are generally located in a folder (also known as host directory). For example, ‘/index.php’ is the home age of *http:/tppl.org.in” Sometimes URL contains different prefixes for different types of item. e.g. 1) gopher: Represents a gopher item. 2). ftp: Represents fip resource. Absolute vs, Relative URLs “Absolute URL" contains all the three substrings, whereas, in case When URL shows only single location element, then itis known as ‘relative URLS’. ‘Ques 13) What are the various protocols that govern the web? Ans: Protocol Governing the Web ‘A protocol is the interface required for communicating the different applications. A protocol is a set of niles that is used to communicate applications to each other. Computers use protocols (protocol programs) to format consistently their messages so that other computers. can understand them, acknowledge the receipt of messages, indicate that they are finished sending a message and so on In the network when one computer requests for the service of another, it is called client. In order to establish the needed connectivity, both the client machine and the etver machine must have a common protocol program as shown in figure 1.4, Client Server Program Program Protocol | Physical | Protocol Program Connection] Program (Client Machine Server Machine Figure 1.4: Client-Server Communication BCA, Third Semester TP Solved Series (Web Technology-I) RTMNU ‘The protocol determines the following: 1) The type of error checking to be used 2) Data compression method, if any 3) How the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message . 4) How the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message Following are the some basic protocols used in Web: 1) ARP/RARP: TCP/IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) to initialize the use of Internet addressing on an Ethernet or other network that uses its own media access control (MAC). ARP allows a host f0 communicate with other hosts when oniy the Internet address of its neighbours is known, 2) PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): It is a form of serial Jine data encapsulation that is an improvement over SLIP which provides serial bi-directional communication. It is much like SLIP but can support AppleTalk, IPX, TCP/IP, and NetBEUI along with TCPAP which is supported by SLIP. It can negotiate connection parameters, such as speed along with the ability to support PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) user authentication 3) SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol): This protocol places data packets into data frames in preparation for transport across network hardware media, This protocol is used for sending data across serial lines. ‘There is no error correction, addressing or packet identification. There are no authentication or negotiation capabilities with SLIP. SLIP will only support transport of IP packets. 4) CSLIP(Compressed SLIP): It is essentially data compression of the SLIP protocol. It uses Van Jacobson compression to drastically reduce the overhead of packet overhead. This may also be used with PPP and called CPPP, 5) DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides Intemet hosts with configuration Parameters. DHCP is an extension of BOOTP. DHCP consists of two components: a protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a DHCP. server to @ host and 2 mechanism for allocation of network addresses to hosts. 6) ICMPACMPY6: The Intemet Control _ Message Protocol (ICMP) was revised during the definition of IPv6. In addition, the multicast control functions of the IPv4 Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) are now incorporated with the ICMPV6. 7) GMP: The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP hosts to report their host group memberships 10 any immediately neighbouring ‘multicast routers.Introduction to Internet (Unit 1) 8) IP: The Intemet Protocol (IP) is the routing layer datagram service of the TCP/IP suite All other protocols within the TCP/AP suite, except ARP and RARP, use IP to route frames from host to host. 9) TCP:IETF RFC793- defines the ‘Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), TCP provides & reliable stream delivery and virtual connection service to applications “through the sequenced acknowledgment with ret packets when necessary use of smnission of 10) UDP: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), defined by IETF RFC768, provides a simple, but unreliable message service for transaction-oriented services Each UDP header carries both a source port identifier and destination port identifier, allowing high-level Protocols to target specific applications and services among hosts 11) FIP: The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides the basic elements of file sharing between hosts. FTP uses TCP to create a virtual connection for information and then separate. TCP connection for data transfers, The control connection uses an image of the TELNET protocol to exch commands and messages between hosts. control 12) SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol is Used to manage all types of network elements based ‘on various data sent and received 13) SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to transport mail, Simple Mail Transport Protocol is used (on the internet; it is not a transport layer protocol but is an application layer protocol. 14) HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is wed te transport HTML. pages from web servers to wel browsers. The protocol used to communicate between web servers and web browser software clients and file to load which will provide it with an operating system. 16) DHCP: Dynamic host configaraion, Procol is a mnthed of ssgning aa contig ETP areas of computers on a given network. I's # sever-base Service that automaticaly assigns IF numbers whén a computer boots. This way IP adie of a computer does not need to be assigned manually Thi makes. changing. networks sie ae DHCP ccan perform all the functions of BP (Border Gateway Protons en mu te A sn OOP ey Speir BGP cong ables, BGP tee dictance vectoring, It detects failures by sending 0) periodic keep alive messages to its neighbours every 30 seconds. It exchanges information about reachable networks with other BGP systems including the full path of systems that are between them. Desenbed by RFC 1267, 1268, and 149° Ques 14) What is HTTP? Or Define HTTP. (2018 [02)) Ans: HTTP. HTTP is the protocol which ¢ web. This protocol decides how 4 m and transmitted over the internet. It also that what will be the action of servers response to the different commands es the work! 12 of the sage is lormatted iakes the decision nd browsers in For example, when an URI. is entered in the address bur 4 HTTP command goes to the server that ditects tne server to fetch the requested web pa 10 the client, Thus, mess via HTTP. HTTP is a network layer protocol tha a standard for communication between Web browsers and servers. With the help of HTTP. its possible to access the large amount of information available on WWW are sent and received on the web Through this protocol, various forms of information like plain text, hypertext. audio, video, etc. can be transferred. This protocol has got its name due to its ability to work in an efficient manner in a hypertext environmen quick navigations among various documents are available where A standard language known as Hypertext’ Markup Language (HTML) iy used to code the plaintext tile n order to format the content. This coded text is known as hypertext With the help of HTML. codes itis also possible to et links, These links can be in various forms such as images of texts and when sets click on them, they: move to 4 new HTML document, text, animation, eraphies or ound Ques 15) Describe the types of HTTP messages. Discuss the architecture and format of request and response phase. Or Explain Request Messages and HTTP Response “Messages. (2016, 2017(3)) or What is HTTP request and HTTP response? (2018{04)) Ans: HTTP Messages ‘There are two general types of HTTP messages, shown in figure 1.5 request and response. Both message types follow almost the same format 1) Request Phase: The general form ot Fequest is as follows: an HTTP,E12 Dy) ii) iii) ivy Headers ‘A blank line Body (present only in some messages) Figure 1S: Request message HITP Method: The following is lists that are ‘most commonly used methods BCA, Third Semester TP Solved Series (Web Technology) RTMINU_ 2) Response Phase: The general form of an HTTP response is as follows: ‘Status Line: The status fine includes the HTTP version used, a three-digit status code for the response, and a short textual explanation of the status code. For example, most responses begin with the following: HTTP/1.1 200K us Tine Headers A blank line 3.4, or S. The |: HTTP Request Methods Response Body 7 bee (Present nly insome GET Returns the contents of the specified messes document HEAD | Retuus the header Tformailon Torte Figure 16: Response Mesage specified document POST | Executes the specified document, using ‘The status codes begin with 1. the enclosed ata general meanings of the five categories specified PUT | Replaces the specified document with by these first digits are shown in table 1.2. the enclosed dats (DELETE [Deletes the spocfied document Header Fields: Following the first line of an HTTP communication is any number of header fields, most of which are optional. The format of a header field is the field name followed by a colon and the value of the field. ‘There are four categories of hieader field a) such as by Request: Included in request headers. ©) Response: For response headers. 4) Entity: Used in both request and response headers. One common request field is the Accept field, which specifies a preference of the browser for the MIME type of the requested document. More than one Accept field can be specified if the browser is willing to accept documents in more than one format For example, Accept: texvplain Accept: text/html Accept: image/gif Blank Line: The header of a request ust be followed by & blank line, which is used to separate the header from the body of the request Requests that use the GET, HEAD, and DELETE methods do not have bodies. In these cases, the blank line signals the end of the request. Message Body: This contains the message to be sent ii) Table 1.2: First Digits of HTTP Status Codes Category | Informational | Success) ‘One of the more common status codes is one user never want to see 8) 404 Not Found: This means the requested file could not be found. b) 200 OK: Ie is what users want to see. because it means the request was handled without error. ©) $00 Code: The 500 code means the server has encountered a probl to fulfil che request Response Header Fields: After the status line, the server sends a response header, which can contain several lines of information about the response, each in the form of a field. The only essential field of the header is Content-type. The following is the response header for the request HITTP/L.1 200 OK * Date: Tues, 18 May 2004 16:45:13 GMT Server: Apache (Red-Hav/Linux) Last-modified: Tues, 18 May 2004 16:38:38 OMTIneroduction to Internet (U 0 ETag: "1f1223-16c-92dc9180" Accept-ranges: bytes Content-length: 36% B13 to 1.1, when a server finished sending a response to the client, the communications connection was closed. Connection: close Content-type: text/html, charset=1$0-8859-1 However, the default operation of HTTP 1.1 is that the connection is kept open for a time so that a client can make several requests over a short period of time without needing to re-establish the ‘communications connection with the server. This change led to significant increases in the efficiency of the web. iii) Blank Line: ‘The response header must be followed by a blank line. as is the case for request headers. The response data follows the blank line. iv). Response Body: The response body would be the ‘huml file, respond.html. In HTTP versions prior ‘Ques 16) What are search engines? List the popularly used search sites and meta sites. Or Explain Search Engines. (2016, 2017[2.5)) or ‘What is Search Engine? (2018 [02)) Ans: Search Engine Search engine is an application available on the WWW that helps users’ locate the web sites containing useful information and references to such information. For using a search engine, the user has to type the description of the desired information using the user interface provided by the scarch engine, The search engine in turn searches for the requested information and returns the results of this search to the user. The returned results enable the user to quickly locate the requested information from the Vast ocean of information available on the Internet ‘The ways of search are as given herewith, There are the search sites. An Internet user uses @ search site from Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator, Each search site has a Search Engine, It may also have a Meta Search Engine. This is an interfacing application that employs the multiple search engines. Next the default search engines are mostly used Table 1.3 provides the popularly used Search Sites and Meta sites. Table i3 Important Advantage of Using the Site 1 a — ED sarc plow smart Searcy Awvonomy (a soivare, Lamar automates the Search conten and at are India-specific are also included. | Site Tp google om inp indiatimes com LL | thie distribution, Web di ~~ Tnipavsw yahoo.com Advanced Graphic vatch format se search, search option fora page: URL orale. Iris | a filtered search site. A search-agent, categocy-based approach. Uses Inktomi Search Technology | (Recently switched 10 3-D search Google technology.) J Allows two or more capitalized words within quotes in proper mame, Uses he similar page Tinks tbo for search, Search option for a page, URL, ora seach words that should appear within 100 ‘words, A robot Index based approach inipwww aay isa, com, | Broad ssarch unless appropnite logical operations define np vw we Webonly searches; index-hased approach. — oo up /AwwoIyeos. com Web only searches. Customised search that can wubwiote The operaions A seanagent. Index based approach _ Allows (#0 oF more capitalised Wo a - | based approach —_ - So ihupZiwwwsmckinley com | Review rates and site search For the rated sites only. Categooy based approach. Offer fier option | from Magellan | for green lit sites and reviewed sites only. Cireen light ses are sites suited fr children and are | | fecefom obscene materia itp fava hothot com ‘Allows search for fies by typ85. @B Java, de, tx, ee Ths penis _| om Indes: sed approach Site offered are relevant L [Tiapararewnfoseek om Tapia cacie Som 5 within quotes | hup awe redilt com ong is editorial tun, Mantas a decory categorically Use | =— Tiep eww whowhe Search options, Index based apps Spider or Bot or search-agent 18a part of Software of @ Search Engine that creates database by probing automatically. The ‘AltaVista search engine ereates databases using Spiders that probe deeper into each page at each server of web and USENET. The spiders search the pages in the broad terms, and, moreover, they probe the webpages only 1 part of a Search Engine that searches using the META tags. The latter invites the Robots or search- particular site, keywords, and deseriptions in their search engine databases, Robot is that soft agents to place thE14 ‘Ques 17) Write down the features and categories of the search engines. or Explain the categories of search engines. Or ‘What are search engines categories? (2017, 2018(03)) (2016 (2.5)) Ans: Features of Search Engines 1) Temaintains a huge database. 2) In the database. there. are all the available words, tiles, URLs, descriptions and comments, and a corresponding index, 3) Each index specifies the URL. site, source origin 4) Bach index also specifies a brief description. 5) The engine not only updates these indices regularly but also repeats the visit 10 previously visited URLs, pages and sites ‘The updating is by looking at new and also the deleted ceniries on the Internet, A repeat visit is necessary This is because there may be a change at these, either due to owner modifying the contents or deregistering. The engine may be using the filter and agents 6) It provides the user a specific way or a “Search Form’ to narrow. Widen. or restrict the search to a desired site. Categories of Search Engines 1) Natural Language Search Engines: These search engines allow the users to submit search phrases in natural languages such as English, Hindi, Japanese, tc. instead of using Boolean operators to link swords, 2) Subject Directories Search Engines: These search engines present the results of searches in hierarchical subject categories, instead of listing them in an order by how relevant the search engine thinks the site is to the search, 3) Subject Guide Search Engines: ‘These search engines contain links of many important resources on 4 topic. They differ from subject directories search engines in the sense that their search requests interface has forms that contain databases of sites on many subjects, organised into a subject classification schemes. 4) Meta Search Engines: These search engines do not Create their own databases but make use of the databases of other scarch engines. They quickly Process the user's search request by invoking several individual search engines at once and return the results compiled into a convenieng format Ques 18) Discuss how search engines can be used? Ans: The Way to Use Search Engines With billions of websites online today, there is a lot of information on the Internet. Search engines make this information easier to find BCA, Third Semester TP Solved Series (Web Technology-1) RTMNU ‘There are many different search engines you can use, but some of the most popular include Google, Yahoo!, and Bing. To perform a search, one will need to navigate to a search engine in your web browser, type one oF more keywords ~ also known as search terms ~ then press Enter on your keyboard. After you run @ search, one will see a list of relevant websites that match your search terms. These are ‘commonly known cs search results. If you see a site that Jooks interesting, you can click a link to open it. Ifthe site does not have what you need, you can simply retum to the results page to look for more options. Most browsers also allow you to perform a web search directly from your address. bar. although some have « separate search bar next to the address bar. Simply type ‘your search terms and press Enter to run the search. Four Tips to Help Make the Most of a Search Make your keywords as precise as possible. If you are looking for information on Tyrannosaurus rex, do not type in “dinosaurs”. You will get too much general information about dinosaurs and not enough specific hits about T-rex. Use two or more keywords in your search, But put the ‘most important keywords first. For example, if you wanted information about what the T-rex ate, you might use the following keywords in this order: Tyrannosaurus rex die. ‘The search engine will look for Web pages that contain all these words Make sure you spell the keywords correctly. If you typed inasour” as a keyword, your search would tum up empty. If one is not sure of a word's correct spelling, use & dictionary Always try more than one search engine. Each search engine does not look through every site on the Web Instead, most search engines check Web site pages every ‘once in a while to create their own databases. So when you use a search engine, you are actually looking at one small slice of sites. Different search engines will usually come up with different results, So it makes sense to use more than one Ques 19) Describe the searching criteria of @ search engine, Ans: Searching Criteria One can look at various criteria that help us to define what sort of seurch engines are available and which engine into which category. The following are some simple and common ways of defining your search criteria 1) Keywords: A keyword or keywords are the words that the engine will use to find pages. Generally speaking, the more specific the word or words are, the better your returned results will be, because the pageIntroduction to Internet (Unit 1) 2 that contains that word is more likely have something of interest to you. Using more than one keyword can also help the engine narrow down pages for you But if you are going to use three or more words it is probably best to use Boolean logic and an advanced engine that will understand Boolean logic, otherwise you will not be able to control how the engine interprets the relationship between the words and how it applies its search logic and ranking logic to them. Phrases: When you have two keywords that should be searched for so that they are found together and in a specific order, like batting average or financial aid it is best to control the search engine so that it knows these words need %0 be together in its searches. Some search engines allow you to do this by choosing a button or a pull down menu to select a “phrase” search or typing the words in a “phrase” box. Advanced search engines usually let you enclose the words inside quotation marks to designate them as a phrase If you do not control how the engine interprets the two keywords, you never know if it sees the words as separate words (which may or may not be in the same 3) 4 Els sentence) or as a phrase, Its search logic may return results based on, how many times the first word is found, how many times the second word is found how many times both words are found, how many times both words are found located together ....or some combination of the above. Capital Sensitivity: If a search keyword is capitalized and the search engine is capital sensitive (not all are), it will return only documents containing the capitalized word. In many instances however, it is better to leave keywords uncapitalized to allow the engine to return results of documents which have keywords in either form, ‘Abbreviation or truncation for root words: If you fare looking for a keyword that might have many Variations based on a root word and you use an engine that allows abbreviation or truncation - you ca truncate or abbreviate that word down 10 its root to enable the engine to search for all possibl ariations.