VIVA QUESTIONS FOR DS LAB

Chapter wise questions that also cover Practical Related Questions

CHP1: Implement Inferencing with Bayesian Network in Python

1. What is the aim of this practical?

The aim is to implement probabilistic inferencing using Bayesian Networks in Python. This
helps in understanding how to calculate and reason with conditional probabilities.

2. How do Bayesian Networks support inferencing?

Bayesian Networks offer a graphical structure for representing probabilistic relationships.
This allows us to perform inferencing based on known and unknown variables.

3. Why is Python suitable for Bayesian inference?

Python provides powerful libraries for handling complex mathematical operations. It also has
extensive tools for probabilistic modeling and data visualization.

4. Which libraries are used in Python for Bayesian Networks?

Popular libraries like pgmpy and PyMC3 support Bayesian Network modeling. These libraries
simplify the creation and inferencing of probabilistic models.

5. What are the key components of a Bayesian Network?

A Bayesian Network consists of nodes and directed edges. Nodes represent random
variables, while edges denote conditional dependencies.

6. How is conditional probability used in Bayesian Networks?

Conditional probabilities specify the likelihood of events based on other related events.
These relationships help calculate outcomes in the network’s structure.

7. Why is inferencing important in Bayesian Networks?

Inferencing allows us to make predictions or deduce unknown information. It leverages
known probabilities to compute the likelihood of other variables.

8. What do nodes represent in a Bayesian Network?

Nodes are individual variables that store probabilistic data. They form the fundamental units
in the network’s structure.

9. What role do directed acyclic graphs play in Bayesian Networks?

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) organize the flow of dependencies in the network. This
structure ensures there are no loops, simplifying inferencing.

10. How can we verify the accuracy of Bayesian inferencing in Python?

Accuracy can be verified by comparing inferred results with expected values. Testing on
known datasets also helps assess the model’s performance.
CHP4: Case Study on Building a Cognitive Healthcare application
1. Smarter cities: Cognitive Computing in Government
2.Cognitive computing in Insurance
3. Cognitive computing in Customer Service

1. What is the aim of this case study on cognitive healthcare applications?

The aim is to explore how cognitive computing can enhance healthcare through intelligent
applications. This involves understanding its impact on diagnostics, treatment, and patient
care.

2. How can cognitive computing benefit smarter cities and government operations?
Cognitive computing in government can improve data analysis and decision-making. It
enables cities to optimize resources, enhance citizen services, and respond to issues in real-
time.

3. What role does cognitive computing play in the insurance industry?

In insurance, cognitive computing can streamline claims processing and fraud detection. It
also helps in providing personalized policies based on customer data analysis.

4. How does cognitive computing enhance customer service?

Cognitive systems can quickly analyze customer data to offer personalized solutions. They
assist in handling complex inquiries efficiently, improving overall customer satisfaction.

5. What makes cognitive healthcare applications unique?

Cognitive healthcare applications use AI to mimic human thought processes in analyzing
data. This approach allows for more accurate diagnostics and personalized patient care.

6. Why is cognitive computing important in modern industries?

Cognitive computing enables machines to learn and make decisions. This ability is essential
for automation, improved insights, and enhanced productivity across sectors.

7. How does cognitive computing improve decision-making in government?

By processing vast amounts of data, cognitive computing provides insights for policy
formulation. It allows governments to make data-driven and timely decisions.

8. What challenges does cognitive computing address in insurance?

Cognitive systems address inefficiencies in claims processing and risk assessment. They also
enhance customer experience by providing quicker, data-driven services.

9. How does cognitive computing interact with customers in service applications?

Cognitive systems analyze customer behavior and preferences to anticipate needs. This
enables a more responsive and adaptive customer service experience.

10. What are some ethical considerations in cognitive healthcare applications?

Ethical considerations include patient data privacy and unbiased AI decisions. It's essential to
ensure that cognitive applications adhere to healthcare standards and regulations.
CHP3: Implementation of Fuzzy Membership Functions. 7.Implementation of fuzzy set Properties.
8.Design of a Fuzzy control system using Fuzzy tool

1. What is the goal of implementing fuzzy membership functions?

The goal is to define degrees of membership for elements in a fuzzy set. This helps model
uncertain or vague concepts numerically.

2. How do fuzzy membership functions work?

Membership functions assign values between 0 and 1 to indicate partial membership. This
creates flexibility in representing data beyond binary sets.

3. Why are membership functions important in fuzzy logic?

They enable the system to handle uncertainty by quantifying fuzzy concepts. This is essential
for creating realistic models in complex systems.

4. What are the common types of fuzzy membership functions?

Common types include triangular, trapezoidal, and Gaussian functions. Each type has specific
uses depending on the application needs.

5. What is meant by fuzzy set properties?

Fuzzy set properties describe how sets behave, including complement, union, and
intersection. These properties differ from classical set operations due to partial membership.

6. How do fuzzy set properties differ from classical sets?

Fuzzy set operations consider degrees of membership rather than absolute inclusion. This
allows handling of overlapping and vague data.

7. What are the main properties implemented in fuzzy sets?

The main properties include complement, union, and intersection. Each property has unique
rules for combining fuzzy sets.

8. What is a fuzzy control system?

A fuzzy control system uses fuzzy logic to manage uncertain or imprecise data. It’s commonly
used in applications like temperature control or automation.

9. How does a fuzzy tool help in designing a fuzzy control system?

Fuzzy tools provide a graphical interface to design, test, and adjust fuzzy systems. They
simplify creating membership functions and rule bases for control systems.

10. Why is fuzzy logic used in control systems?

Fuzzy logic is valuable in systems requiring adaptive, flexible decision-making. It can handle
ambiguity, which is common in real-world applications.
CHP4: Implementing Deep Learning Applications like
a. Image Classification System
b. Handwritten Digit Recognition
System (like MNIST Dataset)
c. Traffic Signs Recognition System.
d. Image Caption Generator

1. What is the aim of implementing deep learning applications in this experiment?

The aim is to apply deep learning techniques to solve complex visual tasks. This involves
using neural networks to recognize patterns and generate outputs.

2. How does an image classification system work?

An image classification system assigns labels to images based on learned patterns. Deep
learning models, like CNNs, identify features within images to classify them accurately.

3. What is the purpose of a handwritten digit recognition system?

It aims to recognize and classify digits from handwritten input, like the MNIST dataset. This is
a foundational task in deep learning that tests model accuracy and efficiency.

4. Why is the MNIST dataset popular for digit recognition tasks?

The MNIST dataset is widely used due to its simplicity and reliability. It offers a standardized
set of handwritten digits for training and testing models.

5. How does traffic sign recognition work in deep learning?

The model learns to recognize and classify traffic signs based on visual features. This helps in
developing systems for autonomous driving and traffic management.

6. What challenges are involved in traffic sign recognition?

Challenges include handling varying sign sizes, lighting conditions, and background
distractions. Deep learning models must generalize well to account for these variables.

7. What is the purpose of an image caption generator?

An image caption generator creates descriptive text for images. This application combines
computer vision and natural language processing to interpret and describe visual content.

8. How does an image caption generator work?

The model first analyzes image features using CNNs and then generates a caption with RNNs.
It learns to associate visual elements with corresponding words and phrases.

9. Why are convolutional neural networks (CNNs) used in these applications?

CNNs are effective at capturing spatial hierarchies in images. They are commonly used in
tasks like image classification and recognition for their accuracy in visual feature extraction.

10. What are common metrics for evaluating deep learning models in these applications?
Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score assess model performance. In image
captioning, BLEU scores are often used to evaluate the quality of generated captions.
CHP5: Implementation of supervised learning algorithm like a. Ada-Boosting b. Random forests
11.Evaluation of Classification Algorithms.

1. What is the aim of implementing supervised learning algorithms in this experiment?

The aim is to apply and understand supervised learning techniques for classification. This
involves training algorithms to make accurate predictions based on labeled data.

2. What is AdaBoost, and how does it work?

AdaBoost is a boosting algorithm that combines weak learners to form a strong classifier. It
adjusts the model by focusing more on incorrectly classified instances in each iteration.

3. What are weak learners in the context of AdaBoost?

Weak learners are models that perform slightly better than random guessing. AdaBoost
iteratively improves these to build a strong overall classifier.

4. How does Random Forest work as a supervised learning algorithm?

Random Forest builds multiple decision trees on random data subsets and averages them.
This reduces overfitting and improves prediction accuracy for classification tasks.

5. Why is Random Forest considered a robust algorithm?

It combines the outputs of multiple trees, reducing errors from individual trees. This
ensemble approach enhances generalization and accuracy.

6. What are the advantages of using AdaBoost over other algorithms?

AdaBoost is effective for boosting weak classifiers and handles noisy data well. It’s often used
when data has complex relationships that single models struggle with.

7. In what situations would you use Random Forest over AdaBoost?

Random Forest is preferred when the dataset is large and requires high accuracy. It’s also
useful when interpretability and robustness are priorities.

8. What is the purpose of evaluating classification algorithms?

Evaluation assesses the algorithm’s performance, accuracy, and reliability. This helps in
selecting the most effective model for specific applications.

9. What metrics are commonly used to evaluate classification algorithms?

Common metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC. These metrics
provide a comprehensive view of a model’s classification performance.

10. How does cross-validation help in evaluating algorithms?

Cross-validation splits the dataset to test the model on different data subsets. It reduces
overfitting and gives a more reliable measure of model accuracy.
 Practical Related:
EXP5: Recognition of Handwritten digits using Artificial Neural Network in python

1. What is the goal of recognizing handwritten digits using an Artificial Neural Network
(ANN)?
To accurately classify images of handwritten digits (0-9) into their corresponding labels.

2. Which dataset is commonly used for training ANNs for digit recognition?
The MNIST dataset is the standard dataset for this task, containing 70,000 labeled images.

3. How does an ANN process input images for digit recognition?

The ANN takes pixel values as input, processes them through layers, and outputs
probabilities for each digit.

4. What are the main components of an ANN?

The main components are input layers, hidden layers, and an output layer, along with
activation functions.

5. What activation function is often used in the output layer for digit classification?
The softmax activation function is commonly used to convert logits into probabilities for each
class.

6. What loss function is typically used for training digit recognition models?
The categorical cross-entropy loss function is used to measure the difference between
predicted and actual labels.

7. Which libraries are popular for implementing ANNs in Python?

TensorFlow and Keras are widely used libraries for building and training ANNs.

8. How can you evaluate the performance of a digit recognition model?

By calculating accuracy and confusion matrix to assess how well the model classifies each
digit.

9. What is the importance of preprocessing images before training the ANN?

Preprocessing (like normalization) ensures that input data is consistent, which improves
training efficiency and model performance.

10. What techniques can be used to improve ANN performance on digit recognition tasks?
Techniques like dropout, batch normalization, and data augmentation can help improve
model accuracy and prevent overfitting.
EXP6: Implementation of Convolution Neural Network for Image Classification in python

1. What is the purpose of using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for image
classification?
To automatically learn features from images for accurate classification.

2. How does a CNN process an image?

A CNN uses convolutional layers to extract features, followed by pooling layers to reduce
dimensionality.

3. What are the main layers in a CNN architecture?

The main layers include convolutional layers, activation layers (like ReLU), pooling layers, and
fully connected layers.

4. Why is pooling used in CNNs?

Pooling reduces the spatial size of the feature maps, helping to decrease computational load
and improve invariance to small translations.

5. What activation function is commonly used in CNNs?

The ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) function is commonly used for introducing non-linearity.

6. Which libraries are popular for implementing CNNs in Python?

TensorFlow and Keras are widely used libraries for building and training CNNs.

7. What is data augmentation in the context of CNNs?

Data augmentation artificially increases the training dataset size by applying transformations
like rotation, flipping, and scaling.

8. How do you evaluate the performance of a CNN model?

By using metrics such as accuracy, loss, precision, and recall on a validation set.

9. What role does transfer learning play in CNNs?

Transfer learning allows the use of pre-trained models to improve performance on new tasks
with less data.

10. What are some common datasets used for CNN image classification tasks?
Common datasets include CIFAR-10, MNIST, and ImageNet.
EXP7: Classification of Dataset using Random Forest Algorithm in Python

1. What is the purpose of using the Random Forest algorithm?

To improve classification accuracy by using an ensemble of decision trees.

2. How does the Random Forest algorithm work?

It builds multiple decision trees from random subsets of data and combines their predictions.

3. What are the advantages of using Random Forest?

It reduces overfitting and improves accuracy compared to single decision trees.

4. What types of problems can Random Forest solve?

It can solve both classification and regression problems effectively.

5. What libraries are commonly used for implementing Random Forest in Python?
Scikit-learn is the most commonly used library for this purpose.

6. What is the role of hyperparameters in Random Forest?

Hyperparameters like the number of trees and maximum depth control the model's
complexity and performance.

7. How can you evaluate the performance of a Random Forest model?

By using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.

8. What is feature importance in Random Forest?

Feature importance indicates which features are most influential in making predictions.

9. How does Random Forest handle missing data?

It can handle missing values by using surrogate splits, allowing it to make predictions even
with incomplete data.

10. What is the significance of using cross-validation with Random Forest?

Cross-validation helps assess the model’s performance and generalization ability on unseen
data.
EXP8: Classification of dataset using Bagging Ensembler and Analyzing the performance with other
classifier in Python

1. What is the goal of using Bagging Ensembler in this experiment?

To improve classification accuracy by combining multiple models through bootstrapping.

2. How does Bagging work?

Bagging creates multiple subsets of the training data, trains a model on each, and averages
the results.

3. What is an advantage of using Bagging?

It reduces overfitting and increases the stability of predictions.

4. Which classifiers can be used with Bagging?

Classifiers like decision trees, support vector machines, and logistic regression can be used.

5. How do you analyze the performance of Bagging against other classifiers?

By comparing metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.

6. What libraries in Python are commonly used for Bagging?

Libraries like Scikit-learn provide easy implementations of Bagging and other classifiers.

7. What is a common performance metric used for classification?

Accuracy is commonly used to measure how well the model predicts correct labels.

8. What does cross-validation help achieve in this context?

It helps assess the model's performance on different subsets of the data for reliability.

9. How can visualization aid in performance analysis?

Visualization techniques like confusion matrices and ROC curves help understand model
performance better.

10. What is the importance of comparing different classifiers?

Comparing classifiers helps identify the best model for a specific dataset and task.
EXP9: Vision with Intelligence - Using NVIDIA Deep Stream

1. What is the goal of using NVIDIA DeepStream?

To enable real-time video analytics and AI insights using NVIDIA’s SDK.

2. What are common applications of DeepStream?

Object detection, face recognition, and video surveillance.

3. How does DeepStream process data in real time?

By leveraging GPU acceleration for fast video stream analysis.

4. What are the main components of DeepStream?

A pipeline architecture and plugins for processing video and deep learning models.

5. Which deep learning models can be used with DeepStream?

Models for object detection, segmentation, and classification.

6. How does DeepStream support multiple cameras?

It processes multiple video streams simultaneously for scalability.

7. Why is a GPU important for DeepStream?

It speeds up computations, enabling real-time analytics.

8. How does DeepStream benefit smart cities?

It allows for real-time monitoring and analysis of public spaces.

9. What is the role of inference in DeepStream?

It applies models to video data to identify and classify objects.

10. What are some challenges with NVIDIA DeepStream?

Optimizing performance for real-time use and ensuring video source compatibility.