-DATE---

08-02-21
_CGA_Lecture - 12

| 2D Transformation

To computer Graphics, Transformation is a process of | modifying

and repositioning the existing graphics. | 20 Transformations takes
place in a two-dimensional plane
It is helpful in changing the position size, orientation | shape etc of
the objective

tar || 2D transformation types O pbell for

_ i. Translation Basic or finding to
iiRotation Besic mi. Scaling Basice !!
iv. Sheor i la line Ni Reflection

| i- Translation

..It is a process of moving an object to another in

a two-dimensional plane
from one position
oplora

Example
Binah
o' . Initial Coordinates of the object - (Xold, Yoid)
New coordinates of the object = (Xnew knew)
•Translation vector or shift Vector = (Tx. Ir) i t . Give a Translation vector
(Tx, Ty)
• Tx defines the distance the fold XI ! coordinate has be
moved
 Knerte jo Ty defines the distance the fold
has be moved.
DATE

LLLL
LL

Matrix Representation
&
Xoew [newed
=Xold all-rold
TX It

|| Given a Circle c Witte radius lo and Center coordinates

|(1,4) Apply the traislation with distance s towards X
axis and I towards Yaxis. Obtain the new Cordinates lof C without
changing its radius

|{Xnew Il Yoew]
Li+ls
4

\ Xnew llo lYnewel is

e. || Gives a Square with coordinate point. A (0,3). :-B(3,3)

(3, 0) oce,o) Apply the translation with distance L towards
X axis and I towards V axis obtain tie new Coordinates of the square :

À = | Xnew.1 - Lol.+fil = 1
 too l Yew it. 13.-::L '

B
,

Y new ]

con for meg

18+ 0
0
I new

D'El Xhene - lots i

s
situ
Y new

___
Q. || Translate
and by
a polygon with 3 units in x
coordinates A (2,5), B12,60), C60, 2) direction and 4 units in y
direction
new

ew

Xnew Y new
1 3 1 1 13 il 4 l eo lol
li
Rotation

۲۱۵

• It is a process of rotating an
object with respect to an angle
ab in a two-dimensionel plane --7----- : Consider a point object
o bas to
v i . be rotated from one angle to C i ofanother in a 20 planet
io l.01. Initial coordinatew.of the xnow xold * obiecto = (Xold, Yold)
a se 11. Rotation anglė = 0 DO C . New Cordinates of the object o
after rotation = (Xnewer I crewed
Matrix Representation. In
Xold
Xnews LYnew
.coOSO - Sino | sino cosol
Yold

Do I Givers a line Segment with'_starting point as (0,0) and

| ending poin & as (4,4). Apply 30-degree transformation
rotation anticlockwise direction on the_Segment and find
| out the bew, coordinates of the line

1 Xnew
new
c os o lsin o
sin o 24 cos o 4
 =
cos 30 L sin 30
- Sin 30
cos 301

lo +542 1.40 (-2009 5.45

:..-3. | Given a triangle with corner coordinates caelle) and all

- Il Rotate the triangle boy 90 degree anticleckewise directions
and find out new Coordinates

Xnew = Irnew.
cos 90. -Sin 90 | | Sin 90 cosaol lol
DATE

11-02-21
CGA Lecture. 13.

| in
Scaling
l
le
restaurant

Holt is a process of modifying or altering the size of lobiects

colomitovel
• May be used to increase or reduce the size of objects
• Scaling factor determines whether the object size is to be increased or creduced':
i f SF Ylli then the object size is increased - if SF Li theo. the object
size is reduced
L
 Matrix Representation
entati

xnew = Sx olx / xold) Ir new lolo (sy) l rold)

|| • Initial coordinates 0 - (Xold, Yold). | SF for X-axistir' = Sxe o el

vient 1. sf for y-aris sy o veni
· New Coordinates 0 = (xnews, Ynew) olte can be
achieved by 'Scaling equations 1 01 · Xnew = Xold x Sac
• Y new - Yold X Sy

2. | Given ä. Saluare object with coordinate points. Aco.3), B(3,3)

| C(3,0), D (0,0). Apply the scaling parameter 2 towards |x ans and 3
towards. Y axis and obtair the new
coordinates of the objecti i
Xnew
Sr

Mynewtó
oll Xold sy 1 Yold I
pe

A' - 12 ol lol = 2xotoxo

10.31.31. Lox 3 + 3x3

c's | 2
o
13x2 3x0
0X3oXo di
0 31
 10. || PC1, 4) Q (4,4) R (4,0
T (13.) Scaling
factor 3 on 4-axis
la on y-aris

1.
Sy

1.
Yold
i
P
new

02-02-21
CGA "Lecturc.
14

liv. Reflection :

ult is a kind of rotation where the angle of rotation is the 1.

The reflection object is always formed on the other side
I of mirror,
• The size of reflected object is same as the size of
Original object
La On X - aris

Reflections
 O
n
r- anis

Matrix
Representation
:

I
new
rnew
=
o-
lo
X old IX new =
Xold on Yold Xn
ew=-Yold
x-axis

1 Xnew = n
MYnew TO
o xold Xnew=-Xold On Y-anis IT Yold) Ynew = Yold
-

DATE

Q|Given a triangle with co-ordinate_points_A(3,4), B(6) || CCGOL

 Apply the reflection_on_the X-aris and obtain
the new co-ordinates of the obiecte
Elite
2

sa -3 -2 -
2
i4
éo
-
-
-

DATE

(ИТ.
. | Given a triangle with co-ordinate points A(3,4), B (5, 4).cls, od
|Apply the reflection on the raris and obtain the new I coordinates of the obiecte
inca
Cill v. Shear
is ille flies
Carte

1. It is a technique to change the shape of an existing

object in a two dimensional plone,
.01
• The object size can be changed along x direction as well as r direction

Fig
X- Shear
Fig: Y-Shear

MATRIX Representation _

1 x new
Ynew
ali shx x xold! 1
lol lYold
B
x-axis

Xnew = Xold + shz. Yold Ynew = Yeld

10 Y- aris
X new
 Tynewl
[shy
l
Xold l rold! Yold)
Xnew = Xold. Ymew = Yold tsby Xold
(new
DATE

Q. Givena triangle_with__points (
W 600) and (10) Apply || shear_parameter 2
on x gais. 912d 2 on Lars sind Hout_the_new coordinates of the objecte
On y-anis
A(1,1) - A'ri shr 1 xl xold 1 » 12/ T
lo
( Yold ] o l
aris

Bloo)

On t-axis
On
t-axis
 ACL,1)
Xold
.
Ashy
ol
I roid
.
1.2

clo) ME

DATE

MO
22-02-21

CGA Lecture
15 L

-
0 | Homogeneous Co-ordinates

u For Translation
medi
a s

Y
' = 10 , ty 1 X Il lo o il

P'(tx, dyl. P
 12. For
Rotation
Her
cos o | = sin o I LO
- Sino O

coso 01x O is

p! =R[0] p_

13. For
Scaling

x'? Svi o o V = Sy olm it loo I

pus[ Sve Sy]. P

DATE

Composite
Transformation, combined
• Sequence 1. Forming
called as
of Transformation of products of transformation matrix is also
concatenation or composition of matrices
up >> t ve
down ay ove CGA Lecture 16
right o> +ve
left » -ve I
DATE

T
25-02-211

O
Give a 3x3 homogencaces coordinate transformation matik for each of the
following franslations
A. Shift the image to right 3 units. B. Shift the image up by 2 units c. Move the
image down by 2 unit and right by 1 unit D. Move the image down by 2/3 unit
and right by 4 unit
Ixl

ao 1 ty X Y
-

A. tre = 13 ty so | B tres o fy = 2: La tx=1

ty=-12 Lo trze ty = -213
1210

A.= Ti 031 | 3:
10

1x3 +0x3 +3xl

3
OX3 + (x3 + oxl OX3 + 0x3 + 1x1

B. Əli o 01 L
6

lco
3
12.5
DAT
 lo 1 -2/3 X lo olu

a Find the transformation of triangle A (1,0) Blo, o)

(11) by | A. Rotating 45 degree about the Origin and then
translating Lone unit in x dire'dion and y direction
B. Translating and unit in x direction and y direction
and then rotating 45. degree about the origine

A = (1,0).
ve To DC, 13=(0,0)!!
!ics
c=(1,1)

R = cos 45 -sin 45 ol Vree-yrz

Isin 45 cos 45 o 1.2 12 lo od Loo
olol
RT

I yoz - Ya oli oil Yra Yra o lo i i

DATO'

lyra. - Yra : 07 1 yr Yr . 282

urz
Yuz
YE
-YE
Y
282
vra TOMTOT
 ir a Wrze Y2 252 Too Todo

s ir I le
o
yr o ri le 752)
152 22
Ye + Yr21 o
lol )

2/82
-
-
-
-

RTE

CGA_Lecture
26-02 - 21)

Rotation
about an Arbitrary_Point
To rotate an object about an arbitrary_point (repryp) We have
to perform three steps: L. Translate point (ap, yp) to the origin Lii. Rotate it about
the origin ii. Translate the center of rotation back to original Looint.
I Ć

3. l Find the transformation matrix that transforms the given

Square AB CD to half of its size with it's centre I still remaining at the same
position. The Co-ordinates
of the square are ACL), B(3,1), c(3,3), D (1,3) lland centre at (2,2)
also find the resultant Coordinates
of square
 T S Tz | nest [] [] ne positie
T» con ime row adoremo popolnom
a

Dor : 0 -2 110.s Oollio 2014

lo 1 -2 || O 0.5 ollo, 21 Hay lo o ilo o il
lool
do
Original

(o.s o -
21 o 21 fois ou Lo 0.5-2
2 1 = Loois / Loo lo o
LO O
DATE

no. of rows in
no. of columns in
2-
5+

‫اا‬
- ‫بن‬
‫ونه ها‬.
‫اے‬
|-|
0
0
‫بر‬
‫انا‬
 ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪x‬اه ‪3‬‬
‫‪4x 3 .‬‬
‫||‬

‫|‬
‫د‬
‫و‬
‫‪-| 5‬‬
‫اد‪ .‬و‬
‫ه ا=‪5 1‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬
‫در ‪0.5‬‬ ‫و‪-‬‬
‫اس ‪5‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫) ی ‪5 10 ٥۰‬‬

‫م‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫م‬
‫و و‬
‫و‬
‫ه‬
‫| رآ‪: , 5‬‬

‫‪|2‬‬
‫ا‪2.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪2 -‬‬

‫ا‬
 ‫داد‬
,‫اا‬
‫ و ا رة ا‬,‫ و‬,‫ر‬
. ‫جي‬
.2 2 ‫کا‬
|
21-03-21
_CGA. Lecture 18

TRI

lo
x It
cos o sino
sino olo on coso o oolanty

r
Icos o I sin o h
0
-şine
cos o
0
n
t (1- Cos 0) + yt sin o yt (1-cos o) å ut sin o
na ilala

|which can be expressed in

the form

L
I(x+y): RCO).. I(-24, -94): = R(x4y4, 0)
 o
-
perform anticlock wise rotations of 45 degree to a triangle
A(2,3) B(5,5), C(4,3) about a pivot point (1,1) seillyz -Yvq oli
0-1) lo 1 || Yra Yra olo L-| loi lo o illo o il
[ Yra Yr . L
Yuz Yuz 1-2 Le_b1 @ I
10.7071
0.7071
-0.7071 I
0.7071 -0.4142
»

p'- [2
5 4
3 1 0 .7071 Ś 0.7071 3 | | | 0
-0.7071. 0.7071
0
-0.4142
|| answer not
right ?
DATE

o|| Fixed - Point

Scaling_
o
O
 O
!
!

Lu Translate object so that the fixed point coincides with Il

the coordinate origin. || 2. Scale the object with respect to the
coordinates origin.
3. Use the inverse translation of step i to return the
object to its original position
e

Concatenating Hoe required

three operations produces
NU

the matrikes of these

Scaling matrix

o rf ? (sz o ol lio-xf2 Sve o xfll-scal To YF. LO Sy 01/01 -yf

= 0 Sy yell-syll. to o illo o lo o il loo :

T (22f. Yf). S(sx,Sy). T(-xf.*) - 5 (vf, X, Sz, Sy).

3. Magnify the
(5,2) to fixed
triangle with vertices A (0,0) BULL) and twice of its size
while keeping c(5,2) as

7 | Txe = 5
5x=2
 Ty = 2 Sy=2
_

||2=le ool | sx oollloo

lo io lo Sy Olle le laf yfillo o i z 'YE L

rio oll2 o ollo o L200 Lo iole 2 Ollo lolo 20 152 illo o J

1.5-2 T5 2T
ALMAUUKUU

OR

‫ه‬
‫ه‬
) ||
‫م‬
‫و=ه‬
0
2
|||0
|
||
‫ وات‬2 ‫او واال‬

‫و‬
.... () 2- ‫يج‬

||
»
‫و‬
DATE'-,

CGA Lecture -19

4-03-21

020 - Transformation
2
:
T2

Il Translation
i
n
ļ S
es 3D Translation is a process of
moving an object from one position to another in a three-dimensional
plane
Consider a point object o has to be mored from one
position to another in 3D plane, Let. Initial Co-ordinates of obiect
o
f (rcoid Yold Zold)
: New co-ordinates of
obiecto o
__ (Xnew, Ynew, Zoewel Translation or Shift
Vector
(Tre, Ty Tz) LEIL -2
SIC
ation

X new - Xold + Tx) Ynew = Yold + Ty Znew =

Zold + Tz

MATRIX :
Xnew
l 'Yoew I Znow I
o o Tx lolo Tylx lool Tzl
 xold
Yold Zold

0. Gived a 3D object with coordinate points. A(0,3,1)

|B(3,3, 2), c(3,0,0) and D(0,0,0,0) Apply the translation Witte the distance
I towards X axis, 1 towards Y Qxc15 and 2 towards Z axis and
obtain the new co-ordinates of the object. 2
1

$|| Tx = 1Iyz L
1202

A'ELI

Loo 01

O
O
1
2

Lo 1 2
looo I

o'-lo 0:11. -
lo 10 lx
 a process of objects.
12. Scaling ! 0 0
T In Computer graphics, Scaling is I modifying or
altering the Size of Let Initial Co-ordinates o
(Xold, told, Zold) t hg Scaling fuctor:
Xanis = 5x Zans- Sz taxis -
-

DATE

a
I Xnew = Xold x Sze Yoew = Cold & Sy z
pew = Zold X Sz

IS F 7
1
object is object is Uniform
increases decreased o
SiF = 1

Matrix.

Xnew sx ooo olo 3 Xold Ynew / = o syo o o x Yold

owl o o o o Sz o Zold i LO o o i la

2. Given a 3D object with Coordinate points A(0,3,3),

| B(3,3,0) c(3,6,1) D10,0,0). Apply the Scaling parameter 12 towards
x anis 3 towards Y anis and 3 towards
Z axis and obtaing the new co-ordinates of the
Hobject.
 x = 2,54 3
52=3

LA's | 2 o ol lo
o 3 olx 3 Lo 0 3 0 1 1 3. lo o o id ,
DATE

[3
Ip- 12 o o o|
Lo 3 oo__x
o o3 의 Loool
3

c' - | 2. 。
。
。|
이
To o 3 0 I loo or

p = 12 ooo
lo 3 0 0 1 x IoT To o 3 0 | |
[이이이 -
,
CGA Lecture -20
15-03-
21

I Rotation i bus
30. Rotation is a process | object with
respect to an angle
 of
!
rotating an io a 3D - Plane.

11 O'Rotation with
respect
to
X-Axis. vti

Matrix.
xnew) 1 Ynew | Znew
=
[ ro o ol o coso -sino o x o sino coso o
xold.
Yold zold

o Rotation with
respect
to t-AXIS

Matrix.
I Knew l l coso
Ynew 1 = 1 | Znew 1-sin o L : L 0
o sin o ol I o olx o coso ol. 0 0 1
yold | Yold Zold 1

O Rotation with respect to Z-AXIS.

Matrix
Xnew l cos Ynew | = | sin o Znewil! O
 o - sin o
cos 0 :0.
ool Xold 0 0 .x tald
Ok l Zold
DATE

2.1. Given a homogeneous point (1, 2, 3). Apply rotation 90

degree towards x r and 2 anis and find out the new Co-ordinate point.
(Do only x for home → || Rotation for X- ariset i

0
0
-1
ololo
1

0
0
0

1-31
Axi to +1X3 +0 Loto -1x3 to
o + 2x1 toto O to toti
2

II Shearing
22
. Bei
 30 Shearing is an ideal techinque | shape of
an existing object.in a
plane
_ . Shearing lo xo Aris
to change the three-dimensional

Xnew Ynew l = shy oo olx Z new . | shz o rol

x
Xold !
Yold | Zold
iiShearing__in_Y- Axis_

| Xnew to li Shre o oli Xold

Ynew l = 0 1 0 0 x Yold Zoewo Shaol
Zold

jShearing in
Z - AXIS

Xnew.
Ynew Z neve
lao Shiz ol xold! = o t shy o x- Yold
10 o
0 zeld

Given: a 3D triangle with points (0, 0, 0), ch, 1, 2) and

 (1.1, 3) . Apply shear. parameter 2 OD X-azis. 2
on Ix-axis and 3 op z- Axis and find out the new
Coordinates of the object. (only x-oric)
21 A = LL 0
12|3o
0 0
0 0 0 í o olxol
isol 0 1
000-
1
O TWIN
5.
TE

0 0 2 O olx 3 Ölo
=>
3
-

oReflection I It is a kind of rotation where the angle

of rotation is 180 degrees
The reflected object is always formed on the other side of
mirror. a
The Size of reflected object is same as the
size of original object.

#
 i

i Reflection relative ji Reflection relative ij

Reflection relative
to XY plane to y z plane

to xz plane
POIS

i XY planet ario
| X new l Oo OL
Ynew l = lo i o.olx | Znew I loo ol
Xold I rold Zold

lli &z
Plane

Xnews
Knew Znew
Xold Yold Zold
L00 Lei
-

ji xz Plane
Finde
r

1 x new
l | Ynew l
= | Znew
 o 0 -1
loo
o 0 Lil told 0 0 x
Yold
o
zold

Il
Diagram,
1
o
.

.XY-Plane
il
i
Y Z - Plane
KA

ii. x z - Plane
 AL

DATE

Q.Given a 30 triangle with coordinates points

LAG. 4.) BC6, 4, 2)) cls,6,3) Apply the reflection
on the xr plane and find out the new Coordinates
of the object o
n

|| xx
Plane:

TA' -11 0 0
0 1 0
0 0

B =
1 1
0
0
0 1
#1--
16 HNP a
0
lo 0 -1 Looo

ali o
o
o 2

le O -1 0 1 Too e il
DATE
 CGA Lecture -21

Widow Terms
TO VIEW PORT TRANSFORMATION - der to
understand

Window : A world co-ordinate arca . It

define's what to be viewed.
Selected for display
verzi

Viewport : An Window is
Viewed
area on a mapped. It
display device to which a defines where
it is to be

A mapping of part of world co-ordinates scene to device co-

ordinates is refered to as 'Viewing
Transformation
TOY

Window

- Window
Window
 -
World
Coordinates
Device
Coordinatore

| Sequence of
transformation
1. Perform a scaling transformation using a fixed point position of
CXw min, Yin min) that scoles the Window
area to the size of the Viewport. || 2. Translate the scaled Window
area to the position Hef the Viewport.
DATE

min

Translating Window at the Viewport.

2V = Van + (W = xwmin). Se fyr = av min +
Cyw yw in sy where the Scaling factor are:

szez ZXmany - 20 Vpin ..mala

xwmax - XW min
Max

mo
I sy =
y v max -y min
ha x
min

yw may - yw min

I PROJECTION

I i)
Parallel
Orthographic projection oblique projection
Axonometric projection na Dimetric projection
Trimetric projection

Prespective
A Konishing-Reint Lone point prespective
two-polnt-prespective