Syntactic Elements/Terms

 Literals
 Identifier
 Keywords, Reserved Words

 Expressions: produce values

 arithmetic expressions: e.g. year % 4

 relational expressions: e.g. year % 4 == 0

 boolean expressions: e.g. year%4 == 0 and year%100 != 0

 Statements : perform actions

 assignment statements: e.g. a = a + 1

 condition statements : if, switch

 repetitive/loop/iteration statement: while, for

 compound statements, procedure statements, empty

statements
廖文宏 Python Programming 1
 PE1 Module 2
 Data Types, Variables, Basic Input-Output Operations,
Basic Operators
 How to write and run the first Python program;

 Python literals;

 Python operators and expressions;

 Variables – naming and using;

 Basic input/output operations in Python.

廖文宏 Python Programming 2

 2.1.1 print() Function
 The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is
given
 print("python", python_version())

 for python 2/3

 print "python", python_version()
 for python 2
 consists of the following parts:
 function name: print

 pair of opening/closing parenthesis

 If you're going to use a function which doesn't take any

argument, you still have to have the parentheses.
 a quoted string
廖文宏 Python Programming 3
 2.1.1 What is Function?
 a group of the computer code
 cause some effect (e.g., send text to the terminal, create a

file, draw an image, play a sound, etc.)

 evaluate a value or some values (e.g., the square root of a

value or the length of a given text)

 Where do the functions come from?
 built-in

 add-on modules

 user defined

廖文宏 Python Programming 4

 2.1.1 print() Function
 What is the effect the print() function causes?
 sends to the output device

 What arguments does print() expect?

 all types of data offered by Python, include strings,

numbers, characters, logical values, objects, …

 What value does the print() function evaluate(return)?
 None

廖文宏 Python Programming 5

 Note
 Python requires that there cannot be more than one
instruction in a line.
 but …..

 semicolon (multiple statements within one line)

a=1; b=2; c=3
 It allows one instruction to spread across more than one line

廖文宏 Python Programming 6

 2.1.1.11 Escape Character
 print out new line
 print()

 print("\n")

 backslash (\) has a very special meaning when used inside

strings – this is called the escape character.
 backslash doesn’t mean anything in itself, but is only a kind
of announcement, that the next character after the backslash
has a different meaning
 note: If you don’t want characters prefaced by \ to be
interpreted as special characters, you can use raw strings by
adding an r before the first quote:
e.g. print(r'C:\some\name')
廖文宏 Python Programming 7
 2.1.1.11 Escape Character
 常用 Escape Character
\n LF, linefeed, ASCII 10, CTRL-J
\r CR, carriage return, ASCII 13, CTRL-M
\f FF, formfeed, ASCII 12, CTRL-L
\a BEL, alert, ASCII 7, CTRL-G
\b BS, backspace, ASCII 8, CTRL-H
\t HT, horizontal TAB, ASCII 9, CTRL-I
\v VT, vertical TAB, ASCII 11, CTRL-K
\" 輸出 "
\\ 輸出 \
\ooo octal number
\xhh hexadecimal value

廖文宏 Python Programming 8

 2.1.1.13 Positional Arguments
 invoke more than one argument, that are separated by
commas.
 e.g.
print("Pussy cat,", "Pussy cat", "where have you been?")
 print() function outputs them all on one line
 print() function puts a space between the outputted
arguments.

 note: argument versus parameter

廖文宏 Python Programming 9
 2.1.1.15 Keyword Arguments
 use keyword arguments to change print() behavior
 e.g. use keyword argument end to avoid the newline after
the output
print("Pussy cat,", "Pussy cat,", end=" ")
print("where have you been?")
 keyword arguments have to be put after the last positional
argument
 sep
 separator of outputted auguments

 e.g. print("Jan", "Feb", "Mar", sep=". ", end=".")

廖文宏 Python Programming 10

 2.2.1 Literal
 Bytes Literal 二進位, e.g. 0b01000001 (0x41)
 Integer Literal 整數, e.g. 123 或 1_234
 八進位 0o123 (83)

 十六進位 0x123 (291)

 Floating-Point Literal 浮點數, e.g. 12.3 或 4. 或 5.0

 scientific notation e.g. 3e8, 3E8 (3x10 )
8

 String Literal 字串 'hello

 Boolean Literal 布林值 True(1) False(0) (case-sensitivity)
 Imaginary Literal 複數
 Special Literal
 None

廖文宏 Python Programming 11

 2.2.1 Data Type 1/2
 Every kind of data is encoded in computer as a sequence of
bits
 consider 01000011
Is it an integer? float? or character?
 Data declarations allow the computer to make the right
interpretation
 Python Data Types:
 Numeric: int 整數, float 浮點數(實數), complex 複數

 Text/String: str 字串

 Boolean: bool

廖文宏 Python Programming 12

 2.2.1 Data Type 2/2
 Binary: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
 Sequence: list, tuple, range

 Mapping: dict

 Set Types: set, frozenset

 Python uses object classes to define data types, including its

primitive types.
 get the data type of variable: type()
 type casting: int(), float(), str()

廖文宏 Python Programming 13

 2.2.1.3 Integer, Float, Complex
 integer numbers (e.g. 2, 4, 20) have type int
 二進位 0b, 八進位 0o, 十六進位 0x
 convert: int(), oct(), hex()

 e.g. convert string '10' to binary int('10', 2)

 the ones with a fractional part (e.g. 5.0, 1.6) have type float.
 In addition to int and float, Python supports other types of
numbers, such as Decimal and Fraction.
 Python also has built-in support for complex numbers, and
uses the j or J suffix to indicate the imaginary part (e.g.
3+5j).

廖文宏 Python Programming 14

 2.2.1.8 String
 be enclosed in single quotes ('...') or double quotes ("...")
with the same result
 e.g. 'Hello', "World"

 text span multiple lines, enclosed in three double quotes

 e.g. """This is multiple line

texts"""
 anything you put inside the quotes will be taken literally,
not as code, but as data.
 Python strings cannot be changed — they are immutable
 There is no separate character type
a character is simply a string of size one
廖文宏 Python Programming 15
 2.2.1.10 Boolean
 These two Boolean values have strict denotations in Python:
True (not 0)
False (0)
 To take these symbols as they are,

including case-sensitivity.
 0, 0.0, empty string、empty list, empty tuple、empty
container, None 都視為 False

廖文宏 Python Programming 16

 Expression 運算式
 expression 由 operand (運算元) 和 operator (運算子) 組合
而成
 e.g. 3 + 5

 e.g. 3 ** 2

 e.g. 'Hello' + 'World'

 e.g. (a * h ) / 2

 a, h, 2 為 operand
 * / 為 operator

廖文宏 Python Programming 17

 2.3 Arithmetic Operators 算術運算子
 + - * / // % **
 Division (/) always returns a float.

 // floor division and get an integer result (discarding any

fractional result)
+ 加
 % remainder

 ** exponent
- 減
* 乘
/ 兩數相除取商
// 整數除法
% 兩數相除取餘數
** 次方
廖文宏 Python Programming 18
 2.3.1.7 Operator Precedence
 operator precedence
 https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html

 e.g. 8 + 12 / 4 =?

 subexpressions in parentheses are always calculated first.

 operator associativity/binding
 left-to-right

 right-to-left

 e.g. 2 ** 2 ** 3 = ?

廖文宏 Python Programming 19

 2.4 Variable
 A variable denotes some location of memory to store the
data
 A variable comes into existence as a result of assigning a
value to it. You don't need to declare it in any special way.
 e.g. assign string "welcome" to variable hello

hello = "welcome"
 An assignment statement to a variable modified the contents
of the memory location associated to the variable
 dynamic data type
 binding at runtime

廖文宏 Python Programming 20

 2.4 Identifier
 identifier (including variable, function name)
識別字(變數、函數名稱)命名規則
 [a-zA-Z_][0-9a-zA-Z_]

 upper-case or lower-case letters, digits, and the character _

(underscore) 英文字母大小寫、數字 0~9、底線 _
 begin with a letter 第一個字不能是數字
 case sensitive 區分大小寫
 must not be any of Python’s reserved words
保留字不能用
 Python 使用 Unicode 編碼，所以可以用中文當作識別
字, 但是強烈建議不要
 no more BIG-5 許(B35C) 功(A55C) 蓋(BB5C)
廖文宏 Python Programming 21
 Python Reserved Words

廖文宏 Python Programming 22

 2.4.1.5 Variables Assignment
 Equal sign is an assignment operator.
 It assigns the value of its right argument to the left, while
the right argument may be an arbitrarily complex
expression involving literals, operators and already defined
variables.
 a = 4 + 3

 b = a * 4.5 var = expression

 c = (a+b)/2.5

 a = "Hello World"

廖文宏 Python Programming 23

 Lab 2.4.1.7, 2.4.1.9, 2.4.1.10

廖文宏 Python Programming 24

 2.4.1.8 Shortcut Assignment Operator
 variable = variable op expression
It can be simplified and shown as follows:
variable op= expression

廖文宏 Python Programming 25

 Supplement: Variable Delete
 The del keyword is used to delete objects.
 In Python everything is an object, so the del keyword can
also be used to delete variables, lists, or parts of a list etc.
 del remove identifier only, not the data/instance. e.g.
x = 10
y=x
del x
print(y) # 10
 del x doesn’t directly call x.del() — the former decrements
the reference count for x by one, and the latter is only called
when x‘s reference count reaches zero

廖文宏 Python Programming 26

 2.5 Comments
 Line comments in Python
A piece of text that begins with a hash character sign # and
extends to the end of the line.
 Good comments make a program readable, maintainable,
and reliable
 responsible developers describe each important piece of
code
 e.g., explaining the role of the variables;

 although it must be stated that the best way of commenting

variables is to name them in an unambiguous manner.
 Comments are ignored by the compiler/interpreter

廖文宏 Python Programming 27

 2.6 input()
 read data entered by the user and to return the data to the
running program
 the result of the input() function is a string.
It is not an integer or a float.
 e.g.
var = input("Enter a number: ") # input data with prompt
 type casting (convert the data type)
 int(string), float(string)

 str(number)

廖文宏 Python Programming 28

 2.6 String Operator
 concatenation operator +
 Strings can be concatenated (glued together) with the +

operator
e.g. 'un' + 'ium' gives 'unium'
 ensure that both its arguments are strings.

 replication operator *
 Strings can be replicated(repeated) with the * operator

e.g. 3 * 'm' gives 'mmm'

廖文宏 Python Programming 29