MAEG2030 Tutorial 6

Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volumes

Quanqing TAO
E-Mail: [email protected]

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1. Conservation of Mass Principle

Closed System (Control Mass):

The mass of the system remains constant during a process.
Control Volumes:
Mass can cross the boundaries. Tracking the min and mout.

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1. Conservation of Mass Principle

𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

where, ∆𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

In rate form, 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 /𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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1. Conservation of Mass Principle

During a steady-flow process,

𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = constant

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 /𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 V: velocity

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 1 2

Example 1
Air enters a 28 cm diameter pipe steadily at 200 kPa and 20℃ with a
velocity of 5 m/s. Air is heated as it flows, and leaves the pipe at 180 kPa and
40 ℃. Determine (a) the volume flow rate of air at the inlet, (b) the mass
flow rate of air, and (c) the velocity and volume flow rate at the exit.
𝑑𝑑 28
Analysis: (a) 𝑉𝑉1 = 5 m/s r = = cm = 0.14 m
2 2
Ʋ̇ 1 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝑉𝑉1
𝑃𝑃
(b) Steady airflow: 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 = 𝜌𝜌1 Ʋ̇ 1 𝜌𝜌 = (ideal gas)
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
(c) Steady airflow: 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 2
𝑃𝑃2
𝜌𝜌1 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝜌𝜌2 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝐴𝐴2 𝜌𝜌2 = → 𝑉𝑉2
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇2
Ʋ̇ 2 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2 𝑉𝑉2

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Example 1

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2. Flow Work and Energy of a Flowing Fluid

Definition: The work (or energy) required to push the mass into or out of the
control volume.

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2. Flow Work and Energy of a Flowing Fluid

Total Energy of a simple compressible system

𝑉𝑉 2
𝑒𝑒 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑢𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
2
Total Energy of a flowing fluid
𝑉𝑉 2
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑃𝑃𝑣𝑣 + 𝑢𝑢 + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
2

𝑉𝑉 2
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 𝑒𝑒 = ℎ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
2

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2. Flow Work and Energy of a Flowing Fluid

Energy Transport by Mass

𝑉𝑉 2
Amount: 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚 ℎ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
2

𝑉𝑉 2
Rate: 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃
̇ = 𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
2
When the kinetic and potential energies of a fluid stream are negligible:
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚ℎ
̇

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 1 2

Example 2

A house is maintained at 1 atm and 24℃, and warm air inside a house is forced
to leave the house at a rate of 150 m3/h, as a result of outdoor air at 5℃
infiltrating into the house through the cracks. Determine the rate of net energy
loss of the house due to mass transfer.

Analysis: Steady Flow, mass balance: 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 → 𝜌𝜌1 Ʋ̇ 1 = 𝜌𝜌2 Ʋ̇ 2 , already known Ʋ̇ 1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Ideal Gas: 𝜌𝜌 = → 𝜌𝜌1 , 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 can be calculated, as well as 𝑚𝑚̇ 2
𝑃𝑃
2
𝑉𝑉
Energy: 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃 ̇ = 𝑚𝑚̇ ℎ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
2
𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 ℎ2 − 𝑚𝑚̇ 1 ℎ1 , ℎ = 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇

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Example 2

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3. Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems

Mass Balance: 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Energy Balance: 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Note: E related to the Energy transfer by the form of Heat, Work, and Mass

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3. Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems

First Law of Thermodynamics Assume heat to be transferred into the

system (heat input) and work produced by
𝑄𝑄 − 𝑊𝑊 = Δ𝐸𝐸 the system (work output) to be positive.
𝑄𝑄̇ − 𝑊𝑊̇ = Δ𝐸𝐸̇

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4. Steady-Flow Engineering Devices

Turbines, Compressors, Fans, Pumps, Throttling Valves, Mixing Chamber,

Heat Exchanger, Nozzle, Diffuser, Pipe and Duct

Tips: Whatever the device is, taking it as a system, which always obeys the
Mass Balance and Energy Balance, and figure out the parameters in the inlet and
outlet.

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5. Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes

Unsteady-Flow Processes: involve changes within control volume with time

Uniform-Flow Process (Important assumption): The fluid flow at any inlet

or exit is uniform and steady, and thus the fluid properties do not change
with time or position over the cross section of an inlet and outlet.

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5. Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Prcesses

Mass Balance

Energy Balance

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Example 3
The air in an insulated, rigid compressed-air tank whose volume is 0.5 m3 is initially at
4000 kPa and 20 ℃. Enough air is now released from the tank to reduce the pressure to
2000 kPa. Following this release, what is the temperature of the remaining air in the tank?
Analysis: Unsteady flow of a control volume. Take air as the ideal gas.
Mass balance: 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 , denoting initial state as 1 and final state as 2.
𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃1 Ʋ1 𝑃𝑃2 Ʋ2
𝑚𝑚1 = , can be known; 𝑚𝑚2 = , T2 is unknown.
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇1 𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇2
Energy balance: 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 , ke and kp are negligible.
0 − 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚2 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑚𝑚1 𝑢𝑢1
− 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚2 𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑚1 𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣 𝑇𝑇1
m1, cp, cv, T1 are already known. m2 can be replaced by P2Ʋ2/RT2. What for Te?
Assuming the discharging is a uniform process, replace Te by the average of T1 and T2.

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Example 3

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Example 3

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Thank you!

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