lecture 5 part II
lecture 5 part II
▪ Packetizing:
▪ The packet coming form upper layer must be encapsulated in the
appropriate packet defined by the data link layer of the under lying
LAN or WAN.
▪ Different protocols have different names for the packet.
▪ Most LANs/WANs refer to packet as frame.
▪ ATM WAN refers as Cell.
▪ Addressing:
▪ The data link layer addresses are called physical addresses or MAC
addresses.
▪ Next-hop address is used to carry a frame across the LAN.
▪ Virtual circuit address is used to carry a frame across WAN.
Data Link Layer Duties
▪ Error Control:
▪ Network must be able to transfer data from one device to another
with complete accuracy.
▪ Flow Control:
▪ The flow of data must not be allowed to overwhelm the receiver.
▪ Receiving device must be able to tell the transmitting device to
send few frames or stops temporarily.
▪ Medium Access Control:
▪ When computers use a shared medium (cable or air), there must
be a method to control the access to the medium.
LLC and MAC Sub-Layers
IEEE standards for LANs
Error Detection and Correction
Single-bit error
▪ Simple parity can detect burst errors only if the total number of
errors in each data unit is odd.
▪ In two-dimensional parity check, a block of bits is divided into
rows and a redundant row of bits is added to the whole block.
Example 4
The CRC-12
12 11 3
x +x +x +x+1
which has a degree of 12, will detect all burst errors
affecting an odd number of bits, will detect all burst
errors with a length less than or equal to 12, and will
detect, 99.97 percent of the time, burst errors with a
length of 12 or more.
Checksum
Checksum
▪ Retransmission
▪ Forward Error Correction
▪ Hamming code
▪ Burst Error Correction
Forward Error Correction