DBMS 3rd Unit Notes
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praveench1303DBMS 3rd Unit Notes
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praveench1303SQL | WHERE Clause:
The SQL WHERE clause allows to filtering of records in queries. Whether you re retrieving data, updating
records, or deleting entries from a database, the WHERE clause plays an important role in defining which
rows will be affected by the query. Without it, SQL queries would return all rows in a table, making it difficult
to target specific data.In this article, we will learn the WHERE clause in detail from basic concepts to
advanced ones.
We ll cover practical examples, discuss common operators, provide optimization tips, and address real-
world use cases.
What is the SQL WHERE Clause?
The SQL WHERE clause is used to specify a condition while fetching or modifying data in a database. It
filters the rows that are affected by the SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, or INSERT operations. The condition
can range from simple comparisons to complex expressions, enabling precise targeting of the data.
Syntax:
SELECT <column1>,<column2> FROM <table_name> WHERE <column_name> <operator> <value>;
Parameter Explanation:
column1,column2: fields in the table.
table_name: name of table.
column_name: name of field used for filtering the data.
operator: operation to be considered for filtering.
value: exact value or pattern to get related data in the result.
Examples of WHERE Clause in SQL
We will create a basic employee table structure in SQL for performing all the where clause operation.
Query:
CREATE TABLE Emp1( EmpID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50), Country
VARCHAR(50), Age int(2), mob int(10));
Insert some sample data into the Customers table:
INSERT INTO Emp1 (EmpID, Name,Country, Age, mob)VALUES (1, 'Shubham', 'India','23','
738479734'), (2, 'Aman ', 'Australia','21','436789555'), (3, 'Naveen', 'Sri lanka','24',
34873847'), (4, 'Aditya', 'Austria','21','328440934'), (5, 'Nishant', 'Spain','22','73248679');
Example 1:
Where Clause with Logical Operators
To fetch records of Employee with age equal to 24.
Query:
SELECT * FROM Emp1 WHERE Age=24;
Output:
To fetch the EmpID, Name and Country of Employees with Age greater than 21.
Query:
SELECT EmpID, Name, Country FROM Emp1 WHERE Age > 21;
Output:
Example 2: Where Clause with BETWEEN Operator
It is used to fetch filtered data in a given range inclusive of two values.
Syntax:
SELECT <column1>,<column2> FROM <table_name> WHERE <column_name> BETWEEN <
value1> AND <value2>;
Parameter Explanation:
BETWEEN: operator name
value1 AND value2: exact value from value1 to value2 to get related data in result set.
To fetch records of Employees where Age is between 22 and 24 (inclusive).
Query:
SELECT * FROM Emp1 WHERE Age BETWEEN 22 AND 24;
Output:
Example 3: Where Clause with LIKE Operator
It is used to fetch filtered data by searching for a particular pattern in the where clause.
Syntax:
SELECT <column1>,<column2> FROM <table_name> WHERE <column_name> LIKE <pattern>;
Parameters Explanation:
LIKE: operator name
pattern: exact value extracted from the pattern to get related data in the result set.
Note: The character(s) in the pattern is case-insensitive.
To fetch records of Employees where Name starts with the letter S.
Query:
SELECT * FROM Emp1 WHERE Name LIKE 'S%';
The ‘%'(wildcard) signifies the later characters here which can be of any length and value.
Output:
To fetch records of Employees where Name contains the pattern ' M '.
Query:
SELECT * FROM Emp1 WHERE Name LIKE '%M%';
Output:
Example 4: Where Clause with IN Operator
It is used to fetch the filtered data same as fetched by ‘=’ operator just the difference is that here we can
specify multiple values for which we can get the result set.
Syntax:
SELECT <column1>,<column2> FROM <table_name> WHERE <column_name> IN (value1,value2,..);
Parameters Explanation:
IN: operator name
value1,value2,..: exact value matching the values given and get related data in the result set.
To fetch the Names of Employees where Age is 21 or 23.
Query:
SELECT Name FROM Emp1 WHERE Age IN (21,23);
Output:
List Operators that Can be Used with WHERE Clause
Arithmetic Operators are:
+ [Addition]
It is used to perform addition operation on the data items, items include either single column or multiple
columns.
Implementation Example:
SELECT employee_id, employee_name, salary, salary + 100 AS "salary + 100" FROM addition;
Output:
- [Subtraction]
It is use to perform subtraction operation on the data items, items include either single column or multiple
columns.
Implementation Example:
SELECT employee_id, employee_name, salary, salary - 100 AS "salary - 100" FROM subtraction;
Output:
/ [Division]
Division in SQL is typically required when you want to find out entities that are interacting with all entities
of a set of different types of entities. The division operator is used when we have to evaluate queries that
contain the keyword ‘all’.
Implementation Example:
SELECT price / quantity FROM stock WHERE item = 'Flour';
