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JavaScript is a versatile, dynamically typed programming language essential for web development, supporting both client-side and server-side applications. It features a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks, enabling interactivity and dynamic content on websites. The document also outlines JavaScript's key features, applications, limitations, and its evolution through various ECMAScript versions.

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Javascript Notes2

JavaScript is a versatile, dynamically typed programming language essential for web development, supporting both client-side and server-side applications. It features a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks, enabling interactivity and dynamic content on websites. The document also outlines JavaScript's key features, applications, limitations, and its evolution through various ECMAScript versions.

Uploaded by

Bharath
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to JavaScript
Last Updated : 21 Jan, 2025
JavaScript is a versatile, dynamically typed programming language used for
interactive web applications, supporting both client-side and server-side
development, and integrating seamlessly with HTML, CSS, and a rich standard
library.

JavaScript is a single-threaded language that executes one task at a time.


It is an Interpreted language which means it executes the code line by line.
The data type of the variable is decided at run-time in JavaScript that’s why it is
called dynamically typed.
“Hello, World!” Program in Browser Console
A “Hello, World!” program is the simplest way to get started with any programming
language. Here’s how you can write one using JavaScript.

<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<h1>Check the console for the message!</h1>
<script>
// This is our first JavaScript program
console.log("Hello, World!");
</script>
</body>
</html>
In this example

The<script> tag is used to include JavaScript code inside an HTML document.


console.log() prints messages to the browser’s developer console. Open the browser
console to see the “Hello, World!” message.
To learn more about it follow the article – JavaScript Hello World

“Hello World” Program in Server Console


We can also print the “Hello World” program directly into the console terminal
without embedded it into HTML. Create an index.js file and add the code to it.

/*
This is a multi-line comment.
It can span several lines.
*/
console.log("Hello, World!"); // Prints Hello, World! to the console
In this example

console.log(): The console.log() method is used to print messages to the browser’s


developer console. Open the console (usually with F12 or Ctrl + Shift + J) to see
the message “Hello, World!” displayed.
Comments in the Code:
Multi-line Comment: The /* */ syntax is used to write a comment spanning multiple
lines.
Single-line Comment: The // syntax is used for short, inline comments, like the one
explaining the console.log function.
To learn more about comments follow the article – Comments in JavaScript
Key Features of JavaScript
Client-Side Scripting:JavaScript runs on the user’s browser, so has a faster
response time without needing to communicate with the server.
Versatile: JavaScript can be used for a wide range of tasks, from simple
calculations to complex server-side applications.
Event-Driven: JavaScript can respond to user actions (clicks, keystrokes) in real-
time.
Asynchronous: JavaScript can handle tasks like fetching data from servers without
freezing the user interface.
Rich Ecosystem: There are numerous libraries and frameworks built on JavaScript,
such as React, Angular, and Vue.js, which make development faster and more
efficient.
Client Side and Server Side nature of JavaScript
Client-side: Involves controlling the browser and its DOM, handling user events
like clicks and form inputs. Libraries such as AngularJS, ReactJS, and VueJS are
commonly used.
Server-side: Involves interacting with databases, manipulating files, and
generating responses. With Node.js and frameworks like Express.js, JavaScript is
also widely used on the server side.
Imperative Programming: Focuses on how to perform tasks, controlling the flow of
computation. It includes approaches like procedural and object-oriented
programming, often using constructs like async/await to handle actions.
Declarative Programming: Focuses on what should be done rather than how it’s done.
It emphasizes describing the desired result, like with arrow functions, without
detailing the steps to achieve it.
JavaScript-Introduction
JavaScript Introduction

Applications of JavaScript
Web Development: JavaScript adds interactivity and dynamic behavior to static
websites, with popular frameworks like AngularJS enhancing development.
Web Applications: JavaScript powers robust web applications, leveraging APIs,
React, and Electron to create dynamic user experiences like Google Maps.
Server Applications: Node.js brings JavaScript to the server side, enabling
powerful server applications and full-stack development.
Game Development: JavaScript, combined with HTML5 and libraries like Ease JS,
enables the creation of interactive games for the web.
Smartwatches: Pebble JS allows JavaScript to run on smartwatches, supporting apps
that require internet connectivity.
Limitations of JavaScript
Security Risks : JavaScript can be used for attacks like Cross-Site Scripting
(XSS), where malicious scripts are injected into a website to steal data by
exploiting elements like <img>, <object>, or <script> tags.
Performance : JavaScript is slower than traditional languages for complex tasks,
but for simple tasks in a browser, performance is usually not a major issue.
Complexity : To write advanced JavaScript, programmers need to understand core
programming concepts, objects, and both client- and server-side scripting, which
can be challenging.
Weak Error Handling and Type Checking : JavaScript is weakly typed, meaning
variables don’t require explicit types. This can lead to issues as type checking is
not strictly enforced.
Why JavaScript is known as a lightweight programming language ?
JavaScript is considered a lightweight language due to its low CPU usage,
minimalist syntax, and ease of implementation. With no explicit data types and a
syntax similar to C++ and Java, it’s easy to learn and runs efficiently in
browsers. Unlike heavier languages like Dart or Java, JavaScript, especially with
Node.js, performs faster and uses fewer resources. While it has fewer built-in
libraries, this makes it more flexible, though external libraries are often needed
for advanced functionality. JavaScript’s efficiency and simplicity make it a top
choice for web development.

Is JavaScript Compiled or Interpreted or both ?


JavaScript is both compiled and interpreted. The V8 engine improves performance by
first interpreting code and then compiling frequently used functions for speed.
This makes JavaScript efficient for modern web apps. It’s mainly used for web
development but also works in other environments. You can learn it through
tutorials and examples.

Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation is a technique used by JavaScript engines (like V8)


to improve performance. Here’s how it works

Interpretation: Initially, the code is interpreted line-by-line by the engine.


Hot Code Detection: The engine identifies frequently executed code, such as often-
called functions.
Compilation: The “hot” code is compiled into optimized machine code for faster
execution.
Execution: The compiled machine code is then executed directly, improving
performance compared to repeated interpretation.
JIT compilation balances between interpretation (for quick startup) and compilation
(for faster execution).
JavaScript Versions
Let’s take a look at the different versions of ECMAScript, their release years, and
the key features they introduced

Version Name Release Year Features


ES1 ECMAScript 1 1997 Initial Release
ES2 ECMAScript 2 1998 Minor Editorial Changes
ES3 ECMAScript 3 1999
Added:

Regular Expression
try/catch
Exception Handling
switch case and do-while
ES4 ECMAScript 4 Abandoned due to conflicts
ES5 ECMAScript 5 2009
Added:

JavaScript “strict mode”


JSON support
JS getters and setters
ES6 ECMAScript 2015 2015
Added:

let and const


Class declaration
import and export
for..of loop
Arrow functions
ES7 ECMAScript 2016 2016
Added:

Block scope for variable


async/await
Array.includes function
Exponentiation Operator
ES8 ECMAScript 2017 2017
Added:

Object.values
Object.entries
Object.getOwnPropertiesDescriptors
ES9 ECMAScript 2018 2018
Added:

spread operator
rest parameters
ES10 ECMAScript 2019 2019
Added:

Array.flat()
Array.flatMap()
Array.sort is now stable
ES11 ECMAScript 2020 2020
Added:

BigInt primitive type


nullish coalescing operator
ES12 ECMAScript 2021 2021
Added:

String.replaceAll() Method
Promise.any() Method
ES13 ECMAScript 2022 2022
Added:

Top-level await
New class elements
Static block inside classes
ES14 ECMAScript 2023 2023
Added:

toSorted method
toReversed method
findLast, and findLastIndex methods on Array.prototype and TypedArray.prototypet
Note: Older versions of browsers do not support ES6.

To learn more about it follow the article – JavaScript Versions

To start your coding journey in JavaScript you can follow JavaScript Tutorial

Variables and Data Types


Operators
Control Flow (Conditionals)
Loops
Functions
Objects and Arrays
DOM Manipulation
Events
Asynchronous JavaScript (Callbacks, Promises, Async/Await)
Scope and Closures
Strict Mode
Introduction to JavaScript – FAQs
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic programming language used to make web pages
interactive. It is a core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS.

What is JavaScript used for ?


JavaScript is a versatile language used for web development, adding interactivity,
dynamic content, and user-friendly features like sliders, forms, and animations.
It’s also used in web apps, backend services (via Node.js), game development, and
mobile apps.

What is the difference between JavaScript and Java?


JavaScript and Java are distinct languages with different purposes. Java is an
object-oriented programming language for building standalone applications, while
JavaScript is primarily used to enhance web pages with interactivity and dynamic
content.

What is JavaScript DOM ?


The JavaScript DOM (Document Object Model) lets you interact with and manipulate
HTML and CSS. It represents a web page as a tree of objects, enabling real-time
updates, style changes, and event handling for dynamic, responsive pages.

How do you include JavaScript in an HTML document?


JavaScript can be included in an HTML document in three ways:

Inline, by placing it directly within HTML elements.


Internal, by placing it within a <script> tag in the HTML document.
External, by linking to a separate .js file using the <script
src=”filename.js”></script> tag.
What are variables in JavaScript?
Variables in JavaScript store data values. They can be declared using var, let, or
const.

What is Hoisting in JavaScript?


Hoisting in JavaScript refers to the behavior where variable and function
declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope during compilation.
However, only the declarations are hoisted, not the initializations, leading to
potential issues with uninitialized variables.

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