DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

Group members: Tutor:

Agaman, 015 Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Akhilesh, 016 Department of Civil Engineering
Alok, 017 IOE, Tribhuvan University
Amar, 018
2019-7-23
Amit, 019
Amit, 020
Amit, 021
 Objectives of the Presentation

What will student learn at the end of the presentation ??

1. Understand and compare different development approaches
2. Familiarize the Infrastructure Development policies of Nepal
3. Comprehend the ethnographic information collection
approach and participatory approach, tools and observation
4. Intuit the terms resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty
definition
Presentation outline
1. Development Approaches (LEP)
2. Community management, engineers role as Facilitator
3. Key features: Infrastructure development policies of Nepal
4. Ethnographic approach to collect information
5. Participatory approach as community empowerment
6. Participatory tools, focus group discussions, key informants
interview
7. Participatory observation, structured questionnaire
8. Resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty definition
 4
➢ SECTION 1 :

TYPES OF DEVELOPNMENT APPROACH

 5
1. TYPES
1.1 LABOUR BASED L

1.2 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY E

1.1 PARTICIPATORY P
 6
1.1 LABOUR BASED
➢ LABOUR + LIGHT EQUIPNMENT
 7
1.1 LABOUR BASED

➢ MOSTLY LOCAL LABOURS

➢ GENERALLY COST EFFECTIVE
➢ HIGH QUALITY
➢ APPROPRIATE FOR DEVELOPING NATION
➢ MOSTLY USED TO CONSTRUCT :
▪ FEEDER ROAD
▪ DRAINAGE SYSTEM
▪ SEWERAGE SYSTEM
▪ IRRIGATON SYSTEM
▪ HOUSES
 8
1. 2 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
➢ MINIMUM DISTRUBANCE
 9
1. 2 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

➢ OBEYING POLICIES FOR ENVIRONMENT

➢ ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIAL & TECHNOLOGY

➢ ACCEPTABLE LIMIT OF POLLUTANT

➢ IEE & EIA are conducted

➢ Over-use of resources
 10
1. 3 PARCIPATORY APPROACH
➢ END USER PLANNING
 11
1. 3 PARCIPATORY APPROACH

➢ ACTIVE ENVOLVEMENT OF STAKEHOLDER

➢ FEELING OF OWNERSHIP

➢ IMPORTANT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

➢ EASY TO GIVE SERVICE

➢ PROJECT DURATION
 12
➢ SECTION 2 :

COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT
&
ENGINEERS ROLE AS FACILITOR
 13
➢ Community Management

Community management entails all the activities around

building the desired relationship with members of the

community, creating value for those members and making

a connection between an organization and the community.

Definition: 14
15
 16

Source:scribd.com
 17
➢ Community Management
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
 25
➢ Community Management
 26
➢ Principles of Community Management

1. Content
• Create content that supports your goals

2. Cross Promotion

• Use content of others that is relevant to your audience.

3. Creating Relationships

• Communicate through social media to connect people.

 27
➢ Principles of Community Management

4. Cultivating Relationships
• Acknowledge the fact that someone joins your
community and send a personal thank-you.

5. Collaboration
• Work Closely together with businesses in your industry
or parties that are complimentary to yours.
28
 29
➢ Principles of Community Management

6. Consistency

• Make sure your audience knows what to expect from

you.
 30
➢ ENGINEER AS A FACILITATOR

✓ Make any process easier and understandable.

✓ Helping to fulfill the objective by giving exact steps

required.

✓ Avoiding any pitfall by maintaining neutral point of view.

✓ Engineer gets the technical and management aspect of the

project correct so ideal facilitator.

 ➢ ROLE OF ENGINEER AS A FACILITATOR31

Organizing and directing

activities involved Focusing on Communication, Recognizing
training needs and encouraging them

Planning, Scheduling
Acting as technical expert and
and Leading meetings
Researching

Ensuring all the Solving certain conflicts and

team members interferences
understand the
process Selecting Level, Defining
borders and work scope
 32
➢ SECTION 3 :

Key features of infrastructure development policy

of Nepal
➢ Key features of infrastructure development
33
policy of Nepal
➢ Key features of infrastructure development
34
policy of Nepal

✓ Strategic vision for Nepal’s development is based

on 3 “I”s for growth:

I. Inclusion
II. Investment
III. Infrastructure

source: documents.worldbank.org
 35
➢ Introduction : Infrastructure
✓ Infrastructure is usually understood as basic physical
and organizational structures and facilities (e.g.
buildings, roads, power supplies) which forms the
foundation for society and economics.

✓ Infrastructure can be broadly classified into two

categories:
1. Economic Infrastructure
2. Social Infrastructure
 36
➢ Economic Infrastructure
✓ Economic infrastructure is the basic facilities which
directly benefit the process of production and
distribution in an economy.

✓ Roads, railways, telecommunication systems, waterways,

airways, financial institutions, electricity, water supply
etc are the examples of economic infrastructure.
 37
➢ Social Infrastructure
✓ These are the basic amenities that do not directly influence
the economic activities, but indirectly have an impact on the
economy through achieving certain social objectives.

✓ So education, health services and sanitation etc. are the

examples of social infrastructure.
 38
➢ Infrastructure Gap
✓ Infrastructure gaps present a significant challenge for
Nepal’s short and longer-term development goals.

✓ In common terms, infrastructure gap is the difference

between required infrastructure and current economic
infrastructure.

✓ Nepal needs to invest 10 to 15% of national income this

decade in order to bridge infrastructure gap.
➢ Bridging Infrastructure Gap 39

Source: newbusinessage.com
➢ Infrastructure development in
40
Nepal
✓ Nepal has many development policies in place that aim to
produce sustainability to development works in Nepal and
bring a better standard of living among people.
✓ We have a long experience of planned development of
infrastructure through interim plans since 1956.
✓ Despite these efforts Nepal remains one of the poorest
countries. One of the most dominant challenges of Nepal is
to develop the basic infrastructure to accelerate its pace of
development.
➢ Infrastructure development in
Nepal 41
✓ Various studies show that 1 percent increase in the stock of
infrastructure is associated with a 1 percent increase in
gross domestic production (GDP)

✓ The cost of building an infrastructure is vast, but the costs of

failing to make one are incalculable.

✓ Lack of basic infrastructure has forced Nepal to witness an

average of below 4 percent economic growth over the past
decade. Thus, Nepal needs to invest heavily on
 42
➢ Interim Plans of Nepal

✓ First 5 years Interim Plan (13/14-17/18)

✓ Plan Holiday 18/19
✓ Second 3 years Interim Plan (19/20-21/22)
✓ Third 5 years Interim Plan (22/23-26/27)
✓ Fourth 5 years Interim Plan (27/28-31/32)
✓ Fifth 5 years Interim Plan (32/33-36/37)
✓ Sixth 5 years Interim Plan (37/38-41/42)
✓ Seventh 5 years Interim Plan (42/43-46/47)
✓ Plan Holiday 47/48,48/49
 43
➢ Interim Plans of Nepal

✓ Eighth 5 years Interim Plan (49/50-53/54)

✓ Ninth 5 years Interim Plan (54/55-58/59)
✓ Tenth 5 years Interim Plan (59/60-63/64)
✓ Eleventh 3 Year Interim Plan (64/65-66/67)
✓ Twelfth 3 years Interim Plan (67/68-69/70)
✓ Thirteenth 3 years Interim Plan (70/71-72/73)
✓ Fourteenth 3 years Interim Plan (73/74-75/76)
✓ Fifteenth 5 years interim Plan(76/77-80/81) (Approach
paper)
➢ Nepal Development Plans
(overview) 44

First 5 years Interim Plan (13/14-17/18)

• After the downfall of rana regime in 2008, government
made an stride in the direction of improving well being of
people by starting the first development plan in 2013.

• It’s the first turning point in the economic development

of Nepal because the plan had envisaged creating a socio-
economic environment so that people of Nepal could also
live a happy and prestigious life.

• Main strategy-Improvement of existing local

infrastructures and facilities
➢ Nepal Development Plans
(overview) 45
• The first plan failed to meet it’s expectations. (only 2/3rd
of the budget resulted in expenditure.)
• Why???
1. Lack of basic infrastructure.
2. Lack of information about the economy for
formulating an efficient plan.

• Thus the Second plan wasn’t started just after the end of
first plan, second plan started one year later, the planning
holiday of one year was taken for preparing the basis of
planned development.
• The pattern of plans regarding
objectives,strategies,policies, allocating expenditures,
exploring sources of finances are same upto the fourth
development plan.
➢ Nepal Development Plans
(overview) 46

Fifth 5 years Interim Plan (32/33-36/37)

• First major turn in the process of planned development in
Nepal.
• The purpose was to make the plan some more realistic,
people oriented, practical, regional and effective.
• Main objectives-
1. Increase in production of people’s requirements.
2. Maximum utilization of labour power.
• Sixth and seventh plan follow same pattern as in fifth
plan.
• These plans were used to strengthen the fundamentals of
panchayat regime by giving more authorities to different
panchayat units in the name of “back to village
campaign”.
 ➢ Nepal Development Plans
(overview) 47
Eighth 5 years Interim Plan (49/50-53/54)
• There was no real economic achievement till 7Th plan.
• After first people’s movement in 2047, panchayat regime
was overthrown an multiparty system was returned.
• Started after the 2 years of 7th plan.
• The strategies was changed so that it can meet the
desires of people who had fought for the democracry and
multiparty system.
• Objectives
1. Sustainable economic growth.
2. Poverty allevation.

• 8th , 9th plan followed the same pattern.

 ➢ Nepal Development Plans
(overview) 48
Eleventh 3 Year Interim Plan (64/65-66/67)

• After the downfall of kingship

• It was very difficult to make a new full fledged plan to
meet new aspirations of people who had made the
movement successful.
• Thus “ 3 year” interim plan was implemented.
Objectives
1. To give emphasis on relief, reconstruction and
reintegration.
2. To achieve employment oriented, proper and broad
based economic growth.
 ➢ Nepal Development Plans
(overview) 49

• From the 11th plan, there has not been influential change
in socio-political situations.

Twelfth 3 years Interim Plan (67/68-69/70)

• Achieve millennium development goal and reduce

poverty to 21%

Thirteenth 3 years Interim Plan (70/71-72/73)

• Uplifting Nepal from LDC to developing countries by 2022

 50
➢ Fourteenth year plan

✓ Economic Growth rate - 7.2%

✓ Agricultural sector – 4.7%
✓ Non agricultural sector – 8.4%
✓ Human Development Index – 0.57
✓ Electricity access – 87%
✓ Internet Access – 65%
✓ Drinking water access - 90%
➢ 15th year plan ( Overview) 51
SN Nation’s goal, Unit 2074/75 2080/81
destination and Reality goal
index
1 Economic Growth % 6.8 10.3
Rate
2 National per capita American 1047 1595
income Dollar
3 Population under % 18.7 11
poverty
4. Life Expectancy Year 69.7 72
5. Literacy rate % 58 90
6. Unemployment % 11.4 6
rate
7. National and k.m. 6979 15,000
Provincial Highway
8. Railway k.m. 42 200
Source: npc.gov.np
➢ SOME POLICIES OF NEPAL 52

• Nepal Agricultural Perspective Plan, APP (1997-2017)

• 20-Year road plan –(2002-2022)
• National Transport Policy of Nepal -2001
• Priority Investment Plan (1997-2007)
• Local self government Act 1999 and regulations 2000
 53
➢ Conclusion
✓ Nepal has been trying to develop the country with the
help of various development plans since 1956.

✓ In comparisons to Singapore, Nepal was fast in

initiating planned development. The first master plan
introduced in Singapore was in 1958.

✓ Our country has opportunities along with the

challenges. The opportunities like challenges also
change in time to time. Because of changing nature of
opportunities and challenges,the development plans in
Nepal have been found taking turns in the course of
time.
 54
➢ Conclusion
✓ Our country has a wider prospect of fostering
development if it can minimize its challenges in the
path of development on one hand and identify the
people’s participation on the other.
✓ Following are the major challenges our country is
facing and policies introduced should take account the
following factors:
• Lack of accountability, good governance and people’s
participation at various levels.
• Lack of economic confidence among domestic and
foreign investors.
• Distortion in policy matters, strategies and programs of
plans.
• Lack of standard operating environment i.e full of
beaurocratic hurdles and red tapism.
 55
➢ SECTION 4 :

Ethnographic approach to collect information

Source:Insihtsinmarketing.com Source:interaction.degign.org
➢ Ethnography 56

Defined as:
• a method of observing human interactions on social
settings and activities
• as the observation of people in their ‘cultural context’
• the study and systematic recording of human cultures
• Rather than studying people from the outside you learn
people from the inside
 57
➢ Ethnography

❑ Ethno - folk; graphy – description;

❑ Ethnography – partial or full description of a group

❑ Researchers becomes the part of the group he/she studies

❑ Derived from the field of Anthropology – study of man kind

❑ No preset limitation of what will be observed

❑ No end point as it is a continuous process

 41
2.5 Qualities of Ethnographies

❑ Data collected through observations and

interviews
❑ Ethnographic research is conducted in a group’s
own natural habitat
❑ Along with the content and artifact in an
environment, their interaction with each other are
studied as well
❑ The researcher is also a learner, constantly
studying and verifying new aspects of culture and
trying to fit.
2.5 When to use ethnography 59

❖ Searching for meaning of cultural norms and

views
❖ To find reasons for certain behaviors and
practices
❖ To examine social trends and instances
❖ To examine social interactions and encounters
❖ To understand the roles of families, relationship
and organizations
 Interacting with
the consumer

Observational
research, fieldwork Consumer’s nature;
environment

Enthnography

To get a more
Analysis of realistic
data collected understanding
2.5 Procedures of Ethnographic Studies 61

❖ Indentifying problem and making questionaires

❖ Observation of community and data collection
through:
▪ Open access (without permission, like in malls, parks, etc)
▪ Closed access (with permission, like in hospital, homes, institution,
etc)

❖ Analysis and data collection is done concurrently

❖ Finally, an Ethnography is created that gives pictures
of the community and its data
 62
➢ SECTION 5 :

Participatory Approach as Community Empowerment

 63
➢ ITS IMPORTANCE

➢ Freedom of thought and expressing views

➢ Opinions and decisions of people count

➢ Identify weakness and strengths

➢ Build self esteem and capacity

 64
➢ ITS SCOPE

Learning and action

Rapid expert Opinions are shared but Visual diagrams
analysis power is not Group discussions
Questionnaires Empowering method for Active
Key informants extractive process participations

Extractive Empowering
 65
➢ Its Strategic Approaches

Empowerment
 66
➢ Its Strategic Approaches

1. Learning

✓ Analyzing problems

✓ Finding solutions

✓ Sharping plans
 67
➢ Its Strategic Approaches

2. Partnership
✓ Developing professional teams

3. Empowerment
✓ Involving stakeholders at all levels shaping
programs and placements
 68
➢ STEPS
 69
➢ STEPS

1. Manipulation
✓ The action of manipulating people in a clever, skillful or
unscrupulous way to participate

2. Information
✓ Informing citizens of their rights, responsibilities and option
through news, media, pamphlets, posters, and responses to
inquiries.
 70
➢ STEPS

3. Consultation
✓ Inviting citizens’ opinions and formally consulting or
discussing

4. Partnership
✓ Association of two or more people as partners like joint
policy boards, planning committees and mechanisms for
resolving impasses.
 71
➢ STEPS

5. Delegated Power
✓ Authorize to do something as a representative through
Negotiations between citizens and public officials.
 72
➢ SECTION 6 :

Participatory tools, focus group discussions, key

informants interview
 73
➢ Participatory tools

1. Participatory Rural Appraisal :

✓ PRA is one of the participatory tools that aims to incorporate

the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning
and management of development projects and programmes.

✓ It facilitates a lot of information exchange, analysis as well as

other action among stakeholders.
 74
➢ Participatory tools

2. Beneficiary Feedback:

✓ Beneficiary feedback system offer a means to collect

the views of stakeholders on the current ongoing

status and quality of the development work

 75
➢ Participatory tools

3. Key Informant Interview:

✓ It is a qualitative assessment technique that can be used to

gain information from a wide range of people concerning a
community such as community leaders , residents etc.

✓ A person is referred to as a key informant of an organization if

he/she can offer in depth insight into that particular
organization.
 76
➢ Participatory tools

4. Most Significant Change Technique:

✓ This technique is one in which influential change stories of

people who are directly or indirectly affected by the
development activity are collected at a field level.

✓ Most significant stories are selected and subjected to

discussion.
 77
➢ Participatory tools

5. Outcome Mapping:

✓ It is a methodology that monitors and evaluated

development activities such that these activities bring about
a sustainable change in the community.

✓ It is an approach that is based on evaluation rather than

theory.
 78
➢ Focus group discussions

A focus group discussion (FGD) is a good way to gather

together people from similar backgrounds or experiences

to discuss a specific topic of interest with the help of a

facilitator.
 79
➢ How to conduct a focus group ?

I. Conceptualization

II. Interview Phase

III. Analyzing and Reporting

 80
➢ Conceptualization

✓ Determining the purpose.

✓ Why is it needed?
 81
➢ Interview Phase

✓ Developing the questions.

✓ Use open-ended questions and avoid “yes” or “no”

questions.
 82
➢ Analyzing and Reporting

✓ Immediately after the session, moderator and assistant

spot check the data and information collected to make
sure they are collected properly.
✓ Collected data should be interpreted and present the
meaning of data rather than summarizing the data.
✓ The data analysis must be systematic and verifiable.
 83
➢ Advantages of using Focus groups

✓ Provides data more quickly and at lower cost.

✓ Easy to conduct and requires less preparation.
✓ Researcher can interact directly with respondents (
allow clarification, follow-up questions)
✓ Very flexible; can be used with wide range of topics.
➢ Disadvantages of using Focus groups84

✓ Less control over group

✓ Provide disorganized data making data analysis difficult
✓ Require carefully trained interviewers.
✓ Uncertainty about accuracy of what participants say.
 85
➢ SECTION 8 :

Participatory observation
&
Structured questionnaires
 86
➢ Participatory Observation :

1. Participant observation is one type of data

collection method typically used in qualitative
research.

2. The method of evaluation in which evaluator

gains information through observation and
records from direct involvement with the
surroundings.
 87
➢ Participatory Observation :
 88
➢ Participatory Observation :

3. It helps to understand the different aspects of locality.

4. It helps to develop relationships between the components

within the observation areas.

5. It helps the researcher to interact with the groups and

individuals of the observation areas to know them closely.
 89
➢ SCOPE OF PARTICIPATORY OBSERVATION :

1. Appearance :
✓ Clothing, age, physical appearance, social status, religion

2. Verbal behavior and interactions :

✓ languages, tone of voice, how they interacts with each
others , ethnicity
 90
➢ SCOPE OF PARTICIPATORY OBSERVATION :

3. Physical behavior & gestures :

✓ body language for communication, how they express their
feelings, social ranks, profession

4. Personal space :
✓ relationship between each others, how close people are
with each other
 91
➢ SCOPE OF PARTICIPATORY OBSERVATION :

5. Human traffic :
✓ movement of people at observation site, time spent at the site,
types of people(age, gender, ethnicity) entering or leaving the
observation site.

6. People who stand out :

✓ people receiving more attention from others, their
characteristics , what makes them alike from others people,
kind of help people want from them
 92
➢ ADVANTAGES OF IT :

1. Used to observe actions across time

2. More in depth look at society and societal phenomena.

3. Supply critical information which may be helpful for

project plan, data compilation and understandings.
 93
➢ ADVANTAGES OF IT :

4. Helps to be more familiar with contexts , relationships and

behaviors.

5. Observe the situation and background when any actions

occurs.
 94
➢ DISADVANTAGES OF IT :
1. Time consuming

2. Needs good memory and attentiveness of researchers

3. Researchers can lose their objectives as they participate in

groups.

4. Need to focus on objective of research as it is a subjective

method
 ➢ Types of participation observation : 95

1. Non participatory
✓ No contact with population or group to be studied
✓ Doesn't allow relationship formation

2. Passive participation
✓ Limited connections without making any relationships.
 ➢ Types of participation observation : 96

3. Moderate participation

✓ Researchers act both as an insider as well as an outsider

✓ It keeps the researcher focused on research’s objectives.

 97
➢ SECTION 8 :

Resource Mapping, Wealth Ranking and Poverty

 98
➢ Resource Mapping

Resource mapping is the process of identifying what is

valuable in your community and developing strategies
for mobilizing those resources. Regardless of the
nature of our program, resource mapping can support
a variety of efforts, from identifying potential partners
in finding meeting space and speakers.
 99
➢ Definition
 10
0
➢ Wealth Ranking

Wealth ranking (PWR) is a participatory poverty

assessment method that uses the ratings of local
reference groups concerning the relative poverty status
of households in their community. This paper assesses
the accuracy of PWR in predicting absolute (income)
poverty, and compares PWR with three other poverty
assessment methods.
 10
1
➢ Wealth Ranking
 10
2
➢ Poverty:

✓ Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain amount

of material possessions or money. Poverty is a concept,
which may include social, economic,
and political elements. Absolute poverty, extreme
poverty, or destitution refers to the complete lack of
the means necessary to meet basic personal needs
such as food, clothing and shelter.
 10
3
➢ Poverty:

✓ The threshold at which absolute poverty is defined is

considered to be about the same, independent of the person's
permanent location or era. On the other hand, relative
poverty occurs when a person who lives in a given country
does not enjoy a certain minimum level of "living standards" as
compared to the rest of the population of that country.
Therefore, the threshold at which relative poverty is defined
varies from one country to another, or from one society to
another.
 10
4
➢ Poverty:

✓ Providing basic needs can be restricted by constraints on

government's ability to deliver services, such
as corruption, tax avoidance, debt and loan
conditionality and by the brain drain of health care and
educational professionals. Strategies of increasing income
to make basic needs more affordable typically include
welfare, economic freedoms and providing financial
services.
 10
5
➢ Poverty:
10
6