MATHS FORMULAE

Class – IX
( Real Numbers )
 If r is one rational number and s is an irrational number, then (r + s), (r – s), (r × s) and
(r/s) are irrational.
 For any real numbers a and b:
∗ √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏 ∗ √𝑎⁄𝑏 = √𝑎⁄
√𝑏
∗ (√𝑎 + √𝑏) × (√𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎 − 𝑏 ∗ (𝑎 + √𝑏) × (𝑎 − √𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏
2
∗ (√𝑎 + √𝑏) = 𝑎2 + 2√𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
∗ To rationalize the denominator of 1⁄√𝑎 + 𝑏, then one must have to multiply it by
√𝑎 − 𝑏⁄√𝑎 − 𝑏, where a and b are both the integers.
 If a is a real number (greater than 0) and p and q are the rational numbers:
𝑝
∗ 𝑎𝑝 × 𝑎𝑞 = 𝑎𝑝+𝑞 ∗ 𝑎 ⁄𝑎𝑞 = (𝑎)𝑝−𝑞
∗ (𝑎𝑝 )𝑞 = (𝑎)𝑝𝑞 ∗ 𝑎𝑝 × 𝑏 𝑝 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑝
𝑝 𝑝
∗ 𝑎 ⁄𝑏 𝑝 = (𝑎⁄𝑏)

( Polynomials )
 A polynomial 𝑝(𝑥) denoted for one variable ‘x’ comprises an algebraic expression in the
form: 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 +……+𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , …. 𝑎𝑛 are
constants where 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.
 Any real number ‘a’ is considered to be the zero of a polynomial ‘𝑝(𝑥)’ if 𝑝(𝑎) = 0.
 Remainder Theorem: If 𝑝(𝑥) has the degree greater than or equal to 1 and 𝑝(𝑥) when
divided by the linear polynomial 𝑥– 𝑎 will give the remainder as 𝑝(𝑎).
 Factor Theorem: (𝑥– 𝑎) will be the factor of the polynomial 𝑝(𝑥), whenever 𝑝(𝑎) = 0.
( Linear Equations in Two Variables )
 For any real numbers a and b:
∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ∗ (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2
∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ∗ (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
∗ (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏 ∗ (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) = 𝑥 2 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
∗ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 1⁄2 [(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 + (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 ]
∗ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
∗ (𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑐𝑎
∗ (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎
∗ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎 = 1⁄2 [(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 ]
∗ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) ∗ 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
∗ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) ∗ 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
∗ 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 𝑐 3 − 3𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐𝑎)
∗ (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 + 𝑐) = 𝑥 3 + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)𝑥 2 + (𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏𝑐

PS's Notes 1
 ( Lines and Angles )
 Angle is union of two rays with a shared beginning point is called an angle.
 Types of Angles:
∗ Acute angle: An acute angle measure between 0° and 90°.
∗ Right angle: A right angle is exactly equal to 90°.
∗ Obtuse angle: An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°.
∗ Straight angle: A straight angle is equal to 180°.
∗ Reflex angle: An angle that is greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a reflex
angle.
∗ Complementary angles: Two angles whose sum is 90° are called complementary
angles.
∗ Supplementary angles: wo angles whose sum is 180° are called supplementary
angles.
∗ Adjacent angles: Two angles are Adjacent when they have a common side and a
common vertex (corner point) and don’t overlap.
∗ Linear pair: Two angles are said to be linear if they are adjacent angles formed by
two intersecting lines. The measure of a straight angle is 180°, so a linear pair of
angles must add up to 180°.
 Transversal: A line that intersects two or more given lines at distinct points, is called
a transversal of the given line.
( Triangles )
 Congruence: Congruent refers to figures that are identical in all aspects, such as their
forms and sizes. Two circles with the same radii, for example, are congruent. Also
congruent are two squares with the same sides.
 Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of them can be
superimposed over the other to entirely cover it.
 Congruency Rules:
∗ Side angle side (SAS) Congruence
∗ Angle side angle (ASA) Congruence
∗ Angle angle side (AAS) Congruence
∗ Side side side (SSS) Congruence
∗ Right-angle Hypotenuse Side (RHS) Congruence
( Quadrilateral )
 The Sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
 A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
 In a parallelogram, ∗ diagonals bisect each other.
∗ opposite angles are equal.
∗ opposite sides are equal

PS's Notes 2
 Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and are equal, and vice-versa.
 A line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third
side. (Midpoint theorem)
 The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side and equal to half the third side.
 In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two consecutive angles intersect at a right angle.
 If a diagonal of a parallelogram bisect one of the angles of a parallelogram it also bisects
the second angle.
 The angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.
 Each of the four angles of a rectangle is the right angle.
 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
( Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles )
 Area of Parallelogram = Base × Height
 Area of Triangle = 1⁄2 × Base × Height or 1⁄2 × Area of Parallelogram
 Area of Trapezium = 1⁄2 × (Sum of its parallel sides) × Distance between || side
 Area of Rhombus = 1⁄2 × Product of its two diagonals
( Circles )
 Concentric circles are circles with the same center but different radii.
 An arc of the circle is a continuous portion of a circle.
 Chord: The chord of the circle is a line segment that connects any two locations on a
circle. Some important properties of Chords of a circle are:
∗ The diameter of a circle is defined as a chord that passes across its center.
∗ A circle’s diameter divides it into two equal sections, which are called arcs. A
semi-circle is made up of these two arcs.
∗ If two arcs of a circle have the same degree of measure, they are said to be
congruent.
∗ When two arcs have the same length, their associated chords are likewise the
same length.
∗ The chord is bisected by a perpendicular drawn from the center to the chord of
the circle, and vice versa.
∗ Three non-collinear points are intersected by one and only one circle.
∗ Equal circle chords are equidistant from the center.
∗ The line across the centers of two circles intersecting in two points is
perpendicular to the common chord.
∗ An arc’s angle at the center of the circle is double the angle it has throughout
the rest of the circumference.
∗ Any two angles in the same circle segment are equal.

PS's Notes 3
 ∗ A circle’s equal chords form an equal angle at the center.
∗ The greater chord of a circle is closer to the center than the smaller chord.
∗ The semicircle has a right angle. At the circle’s center, equal chords subtend
an equal angle.
 Cyclic Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is said to be cyclic if all of its vertices are on the
perimeter of a circle.
∗ The sum of opposing angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°, and vice versa.
∗ A cyclic quadrilateral’s exterior angle is equal to its inner opposite angle.
 The tangent and radius of the circle intersect perpendicular to each other.
( Heron’s Formula )
 The semi-perimeter of a Triangle, s = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)⁄2
 Area of the triangle = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) sq. unit.
 For an Equilateral Triangle with side a:
∗ Perimeter = 3𝑎 units
∗ Altitude = √3⁄2 × 𝑎 units

∗ Area = √3⁄2 × 𝑎2 units

( Surface Areas and Volumes )
 Total Surface Area (TSA): The whole area covered by the object’s surface is called
the Total Surface area.
 The total surface areas of some important geometrical figures:
∗ TSA of a Cuboid = 2(𝑙 × 𝑏) + 2(𝑏 × ℎ) + 2(ℎ × 𝑙)
∗ TSA of a Cube = 6𝑎2
∗ TSA of a Right circular Cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
∗ TSA of a Right circular Cone = 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
∗ TSA of a Sphere = 4𝜋𝑟 2
∗ TSA of a hemisphere = 3𝜋𝑟 2
 Lateral/Curved Surface Area: The curved surface area is the area of only the curved
component, or in the case of cuboids or cubes, it is the area of only four sides, excluding
the base and top. It’s called the lateral surface area for forms like cylinders and cones.
∗ CSA of a Cuboid = 2ℎ(𝑙 + 𝑏)
∗ CSA of a Cube = 4𝑎2
∗ CSA of a Right circular Cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
∗ CSA of a Right circular Cone = 𝜋𝑟𝑙
 Volume: The volume of an object or material is the amount of space it takes up,
measured in cubic units. There is no volume in a two-dimensional object, only area. A
circle’s volume cannot be calculated since it is a 2D figure, while a sphere’s volume
can be calculated because it is a 3D figure.

PS's Notes 4
 ∗ Volume of a Cuboid = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × ℎ
∗ Volume of a Cube = 𝑎3
∗ Volume of a Right circular Cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
∗ Volume of a Right circular Cone = 1⁄3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
∗ Volume of a Sphere = 4⁄3 𝜋𝑟 3
∗ Volume of a hemisphere = 2⁄3 𝜋𝑟 3
Here, 𝑙 is the length, 𝑏 is the breadth, ℎ is the height, 𝑟 is the radius and a is the side of
the respective geometrical figure.
( Statistics )
 Class mark(h) = (Lower Limit + Upper Limit)⁄2
 The three central tendencies are measured as:
∑ 𝑥𝑛⁄
∗ 𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧(𝒙 ̅) = 𝑁, where ∑ 𝑥𝑛 is sum of all observations and 𝑁 is total
number of observation (N)
∗ 𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧: The median for even number of observation is equal to the middle
𝑛 th 𝑛 th
most observation equal to the average of ( ) and ( + 1) and
2 2
the same while for the odd number of observation it is equal to value
𝑛+1 th
of ( ) observation.
2
∗ 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞: It is equal to observation which occurs the most or have the maximum
frequency in the given data.
( Probability )
 Probability 𝐏(𝑬) = Number of favorable outcomes ⁄Total Number of outcomes
 The probability of any event only lies between 1 and 0.
 Trial: It is defined as the set of observations of event in which one or more outcomes are
observed.
 Event: It is defined as the collection of observation performed to observe an experiment.

PS's Notes 5