INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON

Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming

language with dynamic semantics developed by Guido van
Rossum. It was originally released in 1991.

Python Use Cases

•Creating web applications on a server
•Building workflows that can be used in conjunction with software
•Connecting to database systems
•Reading and modifying files
•Performing complex mathematics
•Processing big data
•Developing production-ready software
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Popularity of Programming Language Index:
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Difference between Compiler and Interpreter

COMPILER INTERPRETER
A compiler takes the entire An interpreter takes the single
program in one go. line of code at a time.
A compiler generates an An interpreter never produces
intermediate machine code. any intermediate code.
Error are displayed after entire Errors are displayed for every
program is checked. (If any) instruction is interpreted. (If
any)
Memory requirements is more. Memory requirement is less.

Examples: C, C++,C#, Java etc. Examples: BASIC, Python, Perl,

Ruby etc.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Some important reasons for popularity:
•Easy to read and Code: Python is a very high-level programming language,
yet it is effortless to learn and learning the basic Python syntax is very easy,
as compared to other popular languages like C, C++, and Java.
•Free and Open source: Python is developed under an OSI-approved open
source license. Hence, it is completely free to use, even for commercial
purposes.
•Robust standard Library: This means that programmers don’t have to write
their code for every single thing unlike other programming languages.
•Interpreted language: When a programming language is interpreted, it
means that the source code is executed line by line, and not all at once.
There is no need to compile Python because it is processed at runtime by
the interpreter.
•Portable: Python is portable in the sense that the same code can be used
on different machines.
•Object-Oriented and Procedure-Oriented: One of the critical Python
features is that it supports both object-oriented and procedure-oriented
programming.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python History and Versions
•Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.

•The implementation of Python was started in December 1989 by Guido Van Rossum at
CWI in Netherland.

•In February 1991, Guido Van Rossum published the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to
alt.sources.

•In January1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like lambda, map, filter, and
reduce.

•In October 2000, Python 2.0 added new features such as list comprehensions, garbage
collection systems.

•On December 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was released. It was designed to
rectify the fundamental flaw of the language.

•ABC programming language is said to be the predecessor of Python language, which was
capable of Exception Handling and interfacing with the Amoeba Operating System.

•Latest version of Python is 3.11.3

 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
IDE (Integrated Development Environment Software)
An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software
application that helps programmers develop software
code efficiently. It increases developer productivity by
combining capabilities such as software editing, building,
testing, and packaging in an easy-to-use application.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Programming Cycle:
1. Python’s programming cycle is dramatically shorter
than that of traditional programming cycle.
2. In Python, there are no compile or link steps.
3. Python programs simply import modules at runtime
and use the objects they contain. Because of this, Python
programs run immediately after changes are made.
4. In cases where dynamic module reloading can be
used, it is even possible to change and reload parts of a
running program without stopping it at all.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Programming Cycle (Cont...):
5. Python’s impact on the programming cycle is as
follows:
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Traditional Programming Cycle Python Programming Cycle

The programmer writes the code, The programmer writes the code and
compiles it, and executes it. then runs it.
The code is compiled into an The code is directly interpreted by the
executable file. Python interpreter.
The programmer must declare The programmer does not need to
variables before using them. declare variables before using them.
The programmer needs to specify the The programmer does not need to
data type of the variables. specify the data type of the variables.

The interpreter automatically releases

The programmer needs to free the
the memory allocated for the
memory allocated for the variables.
variables.

The programmer needs to handle The interpreter handles memory

memory management. management.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Q: What makes python programming different from
others?
Ans. Python programming is different from other languages in a
few key ways.
Interpreted language
Python is an interpreted language, meaning that your code is not
compiled into an executable program. Instead, the Python
interpreter runs your code line by line, translating each line into
machine code.
Dynamically type
Python is a dynamically typed language, which means that you
don’t have to declare the types of your variables ahead of time.
High-level language
Python is a very high-level language, which means that it abstracts
away a lot of the low-level details that you would have to deal with
in other languages.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Python script:
A Python script, the file containing the commands, is
structured to be executed like a program. These files are
designed to contain various functions and import various
modules. Python interactive shell or the respective
command line is used to execute the script, to perform a
specific task.
Script:
•It is a plain text file containing Python code.
•It has the extension .py
•It can be executed directly.
•Python interpreter is responsible for executing the
Python scripts.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Different ways to run python script:
•Interactive mode
•Command Line
•Text Editor
•IDE
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Different ways to run python script:
•Interactive mode
This is the most frequently used way to run a Python code. Here basically we do
the following:
1. Open command prompt / terminal in your system
2. Enter the command - python or python3 (based on python version installed in
your system)
3. If we see these : >>> then, we are into our python prompt. It will look
something like this:
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Different ways to run python script:
•Command Line
Follow the below steps to run a Python Code through command line -
1.Write your Python code into any text editor.
2.Save it with the extension .py into a suitable directory
3.Open the terminal or command prompt.
4.Type python/python3 (based on installation) followed by the file name.py –
python filename.py
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Different ways to run python script:
•Run Python on Text Editor
If you want to run your Python code into a text editor -- suppose
VS Code, then follow the below steps:
1.From extensions section, find and install 'Python' extension.
2.Restart your VS code to make sure the extension is installed
properly.
3.Create a new file, type your Python code and save it.
4.Run it using the VS code's terminal by typing the command "py
hello.py“
5.Or, Right Click -> Run Python file in terminal
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON
Different ways to run python script:
•Run Python on IDLE(IDE)
Python installation comes with an Integrated Development and
Learning Environment, which is popularly known as IDLE.
Steps to run a python program on IDLE:
1.Open the Python IDLE(navigate to the path where Python is
installed, open IDLE(python version))
2.The shell is the default mode of operation for Python IDLE. So,
the first thing you will see is the Python Shell –
3.You can write any code here and press enter to execute
4.To run a Python script you can go to File -> New File
5.Now, write your code and save the file –
6.Once saved, you can run your code from Run -> Run
Module Or simply by pressing F5 --
 Python Syntax

Execute Python Syntax

As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax
can be executed by writing directly in the
Command Line:
>>> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!
Or by creating a python file on the server, using the
.py file extension, and running it in the Command
Line:
C:\Users\Your Name>python myfile.py
 Python Syntax

Python Indentations
Where in other programming languages the
indentation in code is for readability only, in Python
the indentation is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Example:- if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python will give you an error if you skip the

indentation:
Example if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
 Python Comment
Comments can be used to explain Python code.
Comments can be used to make the code more
readable.
Comments can be used to prevent execution when
testing code.

Creating a Comment
Comments starts with a #, and Python will ignore them:
Example
#This is a comment
print("Hello, World!")
Comments can be placed at the end of a line, and Python
will ignore the rest of the line:
Example
print("Hello, World!") #This is a comment
 Python Comment
Multi Line Comments
Python does not really have a syntax for multi line
comments.
To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each
line:

Example
#This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!")
Or, not quite as intended, you can use a multiline string.
 Python Comment
Multi Line Comments

Since Python will ignore string literals that are not assigned to a
variable, you can add a multiline string (triple quotes) in your code,
and place you comment inside it:

Example
"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")

As long as the string is not assigned to a variable, Python will read the
code, but then ignore it, and you have made a multiline comment.
 Python USER INPUT
User Input:
•Python allows for user input.
•That means we are able to ask the user for input.
•The method is a bit different in Python 3.X than Python 2.7.
•Python 3.6 uses the input() method.
•Python 2.7 uses the raw_input() method.
Python 3.6
username = input("Enter username:")
print("Username is: " + username)
Python 2.7
username = raw_input("Enter username:")
print("Username is: " + username)
 Python Variables
Creating Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
Unlike other programming languages, Python has no
command for declaring a variable.
A variable is created the moment you first assign a
value to it.
Example
x=5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)
 Python Variables
Variables do not need to be declared with any
particular type and can even change type after they
have been set.
Example
x = 4 # x is of type int
x = "Sally" # x is now of type str
print(x)
String variables can be declared either by using single
or double quotes:
Example
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John'
 Python Variables
Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a
more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume).
Rules for Python variables:
A variable name must start with a letter or the
underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE
are three different variables)
*Remember that variable names are case-sensitive
 Python Variables
Assign Value to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one
line:
Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
 Python Variables
Output Variables

The Python print statement is often used to output variables.

To combine both text and a variable, Python uses the +
character:
Example
x = "awesome"
print("Python is " + x)

You can also use the + character to add a variable to another

variable:
Example
x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z= x+y
print(z)
 Python Variables
Output Variables

For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical

operator:
Example
x=5
y = 10
print(x + y)

If you try to combine a string and a number, Python will give

you an error:
Example
x=5
y = "John"
print(x + y)
 Python Numbers
There are three numeric types in Python:
int
float
complex

Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to

them:
Example
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1+1j # complex

To verify the type of any object in Python, use the type() function:
Example
print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Python Numbers
Int
Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative,
without decimals, of unlimited length.
Example
Integers:
x ,y, z = 1, 35656222554887711, 54646543

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
 Python Numbers
Float
Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive
or negative, containing one or more decimals.
Example
Floats:
x ,y, z = 1.0, 1.015, -0.25

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
 Python Numbers
Float can also be scientific numbers with an "e" to
indicate the power of 10.
Example
Floats:
x , y ,z= 35e3, 12E4, -87.7e100

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
 Python Numbers
Complex
Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the
imaginary part:
Example
Complex:
x, y, z = 3+5j, 5j, -5j

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
 Python Numbers
Type Conversion
You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(),
and complex() methods:
Example
Convert from one type to another:
x = 1 # int y = 2.8 # float z = 1j # complex
a = float(x) #convert from int to float
b = int(y) #convert from float to int
c = complex(x) #convert from int to complex
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
print(type(a))
print(type(b))
print(type(c))

Note: You cannot convert complex numbers into another number type.
 Python Numbers
Random Number
Python does not have a random() function to make a
random number, but Python has a built-in module
called random that can be used to make random
numbers:
Example
Import the random module, and display a random
number between 1 and 9:

import random

print(random.randrange(1,10))
 Python Numbers
Reserved Words (Keywords):
Keywords in Python are reserved words that can not be used as a
variable name, function name, or any other identifier.
 Python Expression
A combination of operands and operators is called
an expression. The expression in Python produces some value or
result after being interpreted by the Python interpreter.
Ex:
x = 25 # a statement
x = x + 10 # an expression
print(x)

•An expression in Python can

contain identifiers, operators, and operands.
•An identifier is a name that is used to define and
identify a class, variable, or function in Python.
•An operand is an object that is operated on.
•An operator is a special symbol that performs the
arithmetic or logical computations on the operands.
 Python Expression
Types of Expression
There are various types of expression:
•Constant Expressions: A constant expression in Python that contains only constant
values is known as a constant expression.
x = 10 + 15
print("The value of x is: ", x)
•Arithmetic Expressions: An arithmetic expression is a combination of numeric
values, operators, and sometimes parenthesis. The result of this type of expression is
also a numeric value.
x = 10 y = 5
addition = x + y
•Integral Expressions: These are the kind of expressions that produce only integer
results after all computations and type conversions.
x = 10 y = 5.0
result = x + int(y)
 Python Expression
Types of Expression (Cont...)
•Floating Expressions: These are the kind of expressions which
produce floating point numbers as result after all computations and
type conversions.
x = 10 y = 5.0
result = float(x) + y

•Relational Expressions: A relational expression in Python can be

considered as a combination of two or more arithmetic expressions
joined using relational operators. We have four types of relational
operators in Python. (>, <, >=, <=).
x=10 y=5
result= x>y
•Logical Expressions: As the name suggests, a logical expression
performs the logical computation, and the overall expression results in
either True or False (boolean result).
 Python Expression
Types of Expression (Cont..)
•Bitwise Expressions: The expression in which the operation or
computation is performed at the bit level is known as a bitwise
expression in Python.
x = 25
left_shift = x << 1
right_shift = x >> 1
•Combinational Expressions: A combination expression can contain
a single or multiple expressions which result in an integer or boolean
value depending upon the expressions involved.
x = 25 y = 35
result = x + (y << 1)
 Python Assignment statements
We use Python assignment statements to assign objects to names. The
target of an assignment statement is written on the left side of the
equal sign (=), and the object on the right can be an arbitrary
expression that computes an object.

There are some important properties of assignment in Python :-

•Assignment creates object references instead of copying the objects.

•Python creates a variable name the first time when they are assigned a
value.

•Names must be assigned before being referenced.

•There are some operations that perform assignments implicitly.

 Python Assignment statements
Different forms of assignment statements:
Basic form:
st = ‘abc'
print(st)
Tuple assignment:
x, y = 50, 100
print('x = ', x)
print('y = ', y)
List assignment:
[x, y] = [2, 4]
print('x = ', x)
print('y = ', y)
 Python Assignment statements
Different forms of assignment statements:
Sequence assignment:
a, b, c = 7,5,9
print('a = ', a)
print('b = ', b)
print('c = ', c)
Multiple- target assignment:
x = y = 75
print(x, y)

Augmented assignment :
x=2
x += 1 # equivalent to: x = x + 1
print(x)
 Python Operators
Python divides the operators in the following
groups:
•Arithmetic operators
•Assignment operators
•Comparison operators
•Logical operators
•Identity operators
•Membership operators
•Bitwise operators
 Python Operators (Arithmetic)
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y

- Subtraction x-y

* Multiplication x*y

/ Division x/y
(Result in float)
% Modulus x%y

** Exponentiation x ** y

// Floor division x // y
 Python Operators (Assignment)
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
 Python Operators (Comparison)
Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or x >= y

equal to

<= Less than or x <= y

equal to
 Python Operators (Logical)
Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both x < 5 and x < 10

statements are true

or Returns True if one of the x < 5 or x < 4

statements is true

not Reverse the result, returns not(x < 5 and x < 10)
False if the result is true
 Python Operators (Identity)
Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but
if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables x is y

are the same object

is not Returns True if both variables x is not y

are not the same object
 PROGRAMS:
PROGRAMS 1: WAP to find the type of variable.

a=5
b="hello"
c=1.2
d=1+5j
print("The type of a is : ",type(a))
print("The type of b is : ",type(b))
print("The type of c is : ",type(c))
print("The type of d is : ",type(d))

OUTPUT
 PROGRAMS:
PROGRAMS 2: WAP to find the square root of a number.

print("Enter the number for square root:: ")

num=float(input())
sqrt=num**0.5
print("The square root of the number is : ",sqrt)

OUTPUT
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution
of the program and specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found
in most of the programming languages −
Python programming language
assumes any non-
zero and non-null values as
TRUE,
and
if it is either zero or null, then
it is assumed as FALSE value.
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Python programming language provides following
types of decision making statements:
•If statements:
•An if statement consists of a boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
•If-else statements:
•An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, which executes when the boolean expression
is FALSE.
•Nested if else statements:
•You can use one if or else if statement inside
another if or else if statement(s).
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If statements:
Syntax:
if (expression):
statement(s)

Ex:
val=5
if (val==5):
print("I am five")

OUTPUT:
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If statements:
EX: Program to check the given number is Negative

num=float(input("Enter the number:: "))

if num<0:

print("The number {0} is Negative: ".format(num))

OUTPUT:
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If-else statements:
Syntax:
if (expression):
statement(s)
else:
Ex: statement(s)
val=6
if (val==5):
print("I am five")
else:
print(“I am not five”)

OUTPUT:
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If-else statements:
EX: Program to check the given number is Positive or Negative

num=float(input("Enter the number:: "))

if num<0:
print("The number {} is Negative: ".format(num))

else:
print("The number {} is Positive: ".format(num))

OUTPUT:
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If-elif-else statements:
Syntax: if (expression):
statement(s)
elif (exp):
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Ex:
val=10
if val>10:
print("Value is greater than 10")
elif (val<10):
print("value is less than 10")
else:
print("Value is equal to 10")
OUTPUT:
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
If-elif-else statements:
EX: Program to check the given Year is Leap or Not
year=int(input("Enter the year:: "))

if year%400==0 and year%100==0:

print("The year {0} is Leap year. ".format(year))

elif year%4==0 and year%100!=0:

print("The year {0} is Leap year. ".format(year))

else:
print("The year {0} is NOT Leap year. ".format(year))

OUTPUT:
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Nested If-else statements:
Syntax: var = 100
if expression1: if var < 200:
statement(s) print (“Value is less than 200”)

if expression2: if var == 150:

statement(s) print (“Which is 150” )

elif expression3: elif var == 100:

print (“Which is 100”)
statement(s)

else: else :
statement(s) print (“This is inner else”)

else:
else: print (“This is out else part”)
statement(s)
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
Nested If-else statements:
EX: Program to check the largest number of given three numbers
num1=float(input("Enter the First number:: "))
num2=float(input("Enter the Second number:: "))
num3=float(input("Enter the Third number:: "))
if num1>num2:
if (num1>num3):
print("The number {} is the largest number.".format(num1))
else:
print("The number {} is the largest number.".format(num3))
elif (num2>num3):
print("The number {} is the largest number.".format(num2))
else:
print("The number {} is the largest number.".format(num3))
 Example:
1. Write a program to find small number of two numbers (if)
2. Write a Program to input age and check whether the person is eligible to vote or not.
3. Write a program to find biggest number among three numbers.
 Python For Loops
Python For Loops
• A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence
(that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a set, or a
string).
• This is less like the for keyword in other
programming languages, and works more like an
iterator method as found in other object-orientated
programming languages.
• With the for loop we can execute a set of
statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set
etc.
 Example
Print each fruit in a fruit list:
fruits = ["apple", "kiwi", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
Python While Loops
 Looping Through a String
Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of
characters:
Example
Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
 The pass Statement
• if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have
an if statement with no content, put in the pass statement to
avoid getting an error.
• Example

a = 33
b = 200

if b > a:
pass
 The break Statement
• With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the
while condition is true:
• Example
Exit the loop when i is 3:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1
 The break Statement
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
 The continue Statement
• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration,
and continue with the next:
• Example
Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:
i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)
 The continue Statement
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
The continue Statement
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
 The range() Function
Example
Using the range() function:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
for x in range(2, 6):
print(x)
 Nested Loops

• A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.

• The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration
of the "outer loop":
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)