Scenario Based Python Questions

Unit 1

Question 1:

Imagine you're building a system for a supermarket where employees need to record items,
their prices, and availability. Your task is to:

1. Accept inputs for an item's name, price, and availability.

2. Use Python's built-in functions to:
o Check the type of each input (e.g., string, float, boolean).
o Validate whether the inputs are in the correct data type.
o Perform operations based on the input types.

Program:

# Built-in functions and type checking

# Step 1: Input the item details

item_name = input("Enter the item name: ")
item_price = input("Enter the item price: ")
item_available = input("Is the item available? (True/False): ")

# Step 2: Validate and trace the data types

print("\nTracing the data types of inputs:")
print(f"Item Name: {item_name} - Type: {type(item_name)}")

try:
# Convert item_price to float and check type
item_price = float(item_price)
print(f"Item Price: {item_price} - Type: {type(item_price)}")
except ValueError:
print("Error: Item price must be a number (float). Exiting...")
exit()

try:
# Convert item_available to boolean and check type
if item_available.lower() == "true":
item_available = True
elif item_available.lower() == "false":
item_available = False
else:
raise ValueError
print(f"Item Availability: {item_available} - Type: {type(item_available)}")
except ValueError:
print("Error: Item availability must be 'True' or 'False'. Exiting...")
 exit()

# Step 3: If all inputs are valid, display the item details

print("\nItem Details:")
print(f"Name: {item_name}")
print(f"Price: ${item_price:.2f}")
print(f"Available: {'Yes' if item_available else 'No'}")

Question 2 (for conditional statement)

The player starts at the entrance of a mysterious cave. They have three choices:

1. Go into the cave.

2. Walk along the river nearby.
3. Return to the village.

Based on their choice, different scenarios unfold:

 If they go into the cave, they encounter a sleeping dragon. They can either fight,
sneak past, or run away.
 If they walk along the river, they find a treasure chest. They can either open it or
ignore it.
 If they return to the village, they meet a wise old man who gives them a hint about
the cave.

Program:

# Starting the game

print("Welcome to the Adventure Game!")
print("You are at the entrance of a mysterious cave.")
print("What do you want to do?")
print("1. Enter the cave")
print("2. Walk along the river")
print("3. Return to the village")

# Player's first choice

choice1 = input("Enter your choice (1, 2, or 3): ")

if choice1 == "1":
print("\nYou step into the cave and see a sleeping dragon!")
print("What will you do?")
print("1. Fight the dragon")
print("2. Sneak past the dragon")
print("3. Run away")

choice2 = input("Enter your choice (1, 2, or 3): ")

if choice2 == "1":
 print("\nYou bravely fight the dragon but unfortunately, it wakes up and defeats you. Game
over!")
elif choice2 == "2":
print("\nYou carefully sneak past the dragon and find a pile of gold! You win!")
elif choice2 == "3":
print("\nYou run out of the cave and return to safety. Game over!")
else:
print("\nInvalid choice. The dragon wakes up and chases you out of the cave. Game over!")

elif choice1 == "2":

print("\nYou walk along the river and find a treasure chest!")
print("What will you do?")
print("1. Open the chest")
print("2. Ignore the chest and continue walking")

choice2 = input("Enter your choice (1 or 2): ")

if choice2 == "1":
print("\nYou open the chest and find a magical sword. You are now ready for any danger!")
elif choice2 == "2":
print("\nYou ignore the chest and miss out on the treasure. Game over!")
else:
print("\nInvalid choice. You slip into the river and are swept away. Game over!")

elif choice1 == "3":

print("\nYou return to the village and meet a wise old man.")
print("He tells you, 'The dragon in the cave guards a great treasure, but you must be clever to
obtain it.'")
print("Hint: Sneaking is often wiser than fighting!")
else:
print("\nInvalid choice. Please restart the game and choose a valid option.")

Question 3: (for iterative statements)

Imagine you are building a program for a teacher to calculate the average grade of students in
a class. The teacher wants to:

1. Enter the total number of students.

2. Input each student's grade one by one.
3. Calculate and display the average grade.

Program:
# Step 1: Input the total number of students
total_students = int(input("Enter the total number of students in the class: "))
# Step 2: Initialize variables for storing grades and total sum
grades = []
total_sum = 0

# Step 3: Use a loop to input grades for each student

print("\nEnter the grades for each student (0-100):")
for i in range(total_students):
while True:
try:
grade = float(input(f"Grade for Student {i + 1}: "))
if 0 <= grade <= 100:
grades.append(grade)
total_sum += grade
break
else:
print("Grade must be between 0 and 100. Try again.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.")

# Step 4: Calculate the average grade

average_grade = total_sum / total_students

# Step 5: Display the results

print("\n--- Grade Summary ---")
print(f"Total Students: {total_students}")
print(f"Grades: {grades}")
print(f"Average Grade: {average_grade:.2f}")

# Step 6: Give feedback based on the average grade

if average_grade >= 90:
print("Performance: Excellent!")
elif average_grade >= 75:
print("Performance: Good.")
elif average_grade >= 50:
print("Performance: Needs Improvement.")
else:
print("Performance: Poor.")

Output:
Question 4

Scenario: Managing Student Grades

You are tasked with creating a program to manage a CSV file containing students' grades.
You need to:

1. Read student data (names and grades) from a CSV file (grades.csv).
2. Calculate the average grade for each student and add it as a new column.
3. Write the updated data back to a new CSV file (grades_with_average.csv).

Program:
import csv

# Step 1: Read the data from the CSV file

input_file = "grades.csv"
output_file = "grades_with_average.csv"

# Step 2: Read the CSV file

students = []
with open(input_file, mode="r") as file:
csv_reader = csv.reader(file)
headers = next(csv_reader) # Read the header row
headers.append("Average") # Add an "Average" column

for row in csv_reader:

# Convert grades (from the second column onward) to integers
grades = list(map(int, row[1:]))
average = sum(grades) / len(grades)
row.append(round(average, 2)) # Add average to the row
students.append(row)

# Step 3: Write the updated data to a new CSV file

with open(output_file, mode="w", newline="") as file:
csv_writer = csv.writer(file)
csv_writer.writerow(headers) # Write the headers
csv_writer.writerows(students) # Write the student data

print(f"Updated grades with averages have been saved to '{output_file}'.")

Input CSV File (grades.csv)

Name,Math,Science,English
Alice,85,90,88
Bob,78,82,80
Charlie,92,88,94

Output CSV File (grades_with_average.csv)

Name,Math,Science,English,Average
Alice,85,90,88,87.67
Bob,78,82,80,80.0
Charlie,92,88,94,91.33

Output:
Updated grades with averages have been saved to 'grades_with_average.csv'.

Question 5

Scenario: Sales Data Analysis and Visualization

You work for a retail company and have been given a dataset (sales_data.csv) containing
sales performance information. The task is to:

1. Analyze the sales data to find key metrics like total sales, average sales, and sales by
region.
2. Visualize the data using charts and graphs to present insights such as:
o Sales trends over time.
o Regional sales distribution.
o Top-performing products.

Input CSV File (sales_data.csv)

Date Product Region Sales

2025-01-01 Product A North 1200

2025-01-01 Product B South 900

2025-01-02 Product A East 1500

2025-01-02 Product C West 1800

2025-01-03 Product B North 1300

2025-01-03 Product C South 1100

Program:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Step 1: Load the data

data = pd.read_csv("sales_data.csv", parse_dates=["Date"])

# Step 2: Data Analysis

# Total Sales
total_sales = data["Sales"].sum()
print(f"Total Sales: ${total_sales}")

# Average Sales per transaction

average_sales = data["Sales"].mean()
print(f"Average Sales: ${average_sales:.2f}")

# Sales by Region
sales_by_region = data.groupby("Region")["Sales"].sum()
print("\nSales by Region:")
print(sales_by_region)

# Sales Trend Over Time

sales_trend = data.groupby("Date")["Sales"].sum()

# Top Products by Sales

top_products = data.groupby("Product")["Sales"].sum().sort_values(ascending=False)
print("\nTop Products by Sales:")
print(top_products)

# Step 3: Data Visualization

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 10))

# (a) Sales Trend Over Time

plt.subplot(2, 2, 1)
sales_trend.plot(marker="o", title="Sales Trend Over Time", color="blue")
plt.xlabel("Date")
plt.ylabel("Total Sales")
plt.grid(True)

# (b) Regional Sales Distribution (Pie Chart)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 2)
sales_by_region.plot.pie(autopct="%.1f%%", title="Sales by Region", startangle=140,
colormap="viridis")
plt.ylabel("") # Hide y-label for pie chart
# (c) Top Products by Sales (Bar Chart)
plt.subplot(2, 2, 3)
top_products.plot(kind="bar", title="Top Products by Sales", color="green")
plt.xlabel("Product")
plt.ylabel("Total Sales")
plt.xticks(rotation=45)

# (d) Sales Distribution (Histogram)

plt.subplot(2, 2, 4)
plt.hist(data["Sales"], bins=5, color="purple", edgecolor="black")
plt.title("Sales Distribution")
plt.xlabel("Sales")
plt.ylabel("Frequency")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Output:

Question 6
You run a coffee shop and want to create a simple ordering system. The program should:
• Display the menu with prices.
• Ask the customer to select items and quantities.
• Calculate the total bill and apply a discount if the total exceeds $50.
• Provide the final amount payable.
Program:
# Coffee Shop Menu
menu = {
"Espresso": 3.00,
"Cappuccino": 4.50,
 "Latte": 5.00,
"Mocha": 5.50,
"Americano": 2.50
}

print("Welcome to Brew Bliss Coffee Shop!")

print("Here's our menu:")

# Display menu
for item, price in menu.items():
print(f"{item}: ${price:.2f}")

order = {}
while True:
item = input("\nEnter the item you want to order (or type 'done' to finish): ").title()
if item.lower() == "done":
break
if item not in menu:
print("Sorry, we don't have that item.")
continue
quantity = int(input(f"How many cups of {item} would you like? "))
order[item] = order.get(item, 0) + quantity

if not order:
print("No items ordered. Thank you for visiting!")
else:
# Calculate total bill
total_bill = sum(menu[item] * quantity for item, quantity in order.items())

# Discount for orders above $50

discount = 0.1 * total_bill if total_bill > 50 else 0
final_amount = total_bill - discount

# Print receipt
print("\n--- Order Summary ---")
for item, quantity in order.items():
print(f"{item} x {quantity} = ${menu[item] * quantity:.2f}")

print(f"Subtotal: ${total_bill:.2f}")
if discount > 0:
print(f"Discount Applied: ${discount:.2f}")
print(f"Total Amount Payable: ${final_amount:.2f}")
print("Thank you for your order!")

Output:
Welcome to Brew Bliss Coffee Shop!
Here's our menu:
Espresso: $3.00
Cappuccino: $4.50
Latte: $5.00
Mocha: $5.50
Americano: $2.50

Enter the item you want to order (or type 'done' to finish): Latte
How many cups of Latte would you like? 5

Enter the item you want to order (or type 'done' to finish): Mocha
How many cups of Mocha would you like? 3

Enter the item you want to order (or type 'done' to finish): done

--- Order Summary ---

Latte x 5 = $25.00
Mocha x 3 = $16.50
Subtotal: $41.50
Total Amount Payable: $41.50
Thank you for your order!

Question 7
A school wants a simple program to calculate student grades based on marks input for three
subjects.
Program:
# Get input marks for three subjects
name = input("Enter the student's name: ")
marks1 = float(input("Enter marks for Mathematics: "))
marks2 = float(input("Enter marks for Science: "))
marks3 = float(input("Enter marks for English: "))

# Calculate average
average = (marks1 + marks2 + marks3) / 3

# Determine grade
if average >= 90:
grade = "A"
elif average >= 75:
grade = "B"
elif average >= 60:
grade = "C"
elif average >= 50:
grade = "D"
else:
grade = "F"

# Display result
print(f"\n{name}'s Report Card")
print(f"Average Marks: {average:.2f}")
print(f"Grade: {grade}")

Output:
Enter the student's name: Alex
Enter marks for Mathematics: 88
Enter marks for Science: 78
Enter marks for English: 92

Alex's Report Card

Average Marks: 86.00
Grade: B

Question 8
A bank wants an ATM simulation that allows withdrawals with balance checks.
Program:
# Initial account balance
balance = 5000.00

print("Welcome to the ATM!")

print("1. Check Balance")
print("2. Withdraw Money")
print("3. Exit")

while True:
choice = int(input("\nChoose an option (1-3): "))

if choice == 1:
print(f"Your current balance is ${balance:.2f}")
elif choice == 2:
amount = float(input("Enter the amount to withdraw: $"))
if amount > balance:
print("Insufficient balance.")
elif amount <= 0:
print("Please enter a valid amount.")
else:
balance -= amount
print(f"Withdrawal successful! Remaining balance: ${balance:.2f}")
elif choice == 3:
print("Thank you for using the ATM. Goodbye!")
 break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")
Output:
Welcome to the ATM!
1. Check Balance
2. Withdraw Money
3. Exit

Choose an option (1-3): 2

Enter the amount to withdraw: $1000
Withdrawal successful! Remaining balance: $4000.00
Question 9

A game where the player tries to guess a randomly generated number.

Program:
import random

print("Welcome to the Guess the Number Game!")

number_to_guess = random.randint(1, 100)
attempts = 0

while True:
guess = int(input("Guess a number between 1 and 100: "))
attempts += 1

if guess < number_to_guess:

print("Too low! Try again.")
elif guess > number_to_guess:
print("Too high! Try again.")
else:
print(f"Congratulations! You guessed the number in {attempts} attempts.")
break
Output:
Welcome to the Guess the Number Game!
Guess a number between 1 and 100: 50
Too low! Try again.
Guess a number between 1 and 100: 75
Too high! Try again.
Guess a number between 1 and 100: 63
Congratulations! You guessed the number in 3 attempts.

Question 10

A library wants a system to track borrowed books and check available stock.
Program:
# Initial book inventory
library_books = {"Python 101": 3, "Data Science Handbook": 2, "Artificial Intelligence": 4}

def display_books():
print("\nAvailable Books:")
for book, stock in library_books.items():
print(f"{book}: {stock} copies")

def borrow_book():
book_name = input("Enter the book you want to borrow: ")
if book_name in library_books and library_books[book_name] > 0:
library_books[book_name] -= 1
print(f"You have borrowed '{book_name}'. Please return it on time.")
else:
print("Sorry, the book is either not available or out of stock.")

def return_book():
book_name = input("Enter the book you want to return: ")
if book_name in library_books:
library_books[book_name] += 1
print(f"Thanks for returning '{book_name}'.")
else:
print("This book doesn't belong to our library.")

while True:
print("\nLibrary System Menu:")
print("1. Display Books")
print("2. Borrow Book")
print("3. Return Book")
print("4. Exit")

choice = int(input("Choose an option (1-4): "))

if choice == 1:
display_books()
elif choice == 2:
borrow_book()
elif choice == 3:
return_book()
elif choice == 4:
print("Thank you for visiting the library!")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")
Output:
Library System Menu:
1. Display Books
2. Borrow Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Choose an option (1-4): 1

Available Books:
Python 101: 3 copies
Data Science Handbook: 2 copies
Artificial Intelligence: 4 copies

Library System Menu:

1. Display Books
2. Borrow Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Choose an option (1-4): 2
Enter the book you want to borrow: python 101
Sorry, the book is either not available or out of stock.

Library System Menu:

1. Display Books
2. Borrow Book
3. Return Book
4. Exit
Choose an option (1-4):4

Question 11
A health app needs to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) of users and categorize their health
status.
Program:
# BMI categories
def calculate_bmi(weight, height):
bmi = weight / (height ** 2)
if bmi < 18.5:
category = "Underweight"
elif 18.5 <= bmi < 24.9:
category = "Normal weight"
elif 25 <= bmi < 29.9:
category = "Overweight"
else:
category = "Obesity"
return bmi, category
weight = float(input("Enter your weight in kg: "))
height = float(input("Enter your height in meters: "))

bmi, category = calculate_bmi(weight, height)

print(f"\nYour BMI is {bmi:.2f}, categorized as '{category}'.")

Output:
Enter your weight in kg: 70
Enter your height in meters: 1.75
Your BMI is 22.86, categorized as 'Normal weight'.

Question 12

A program to check the strength of a password based on security criteria.

Program:
import re

def password_strength(password):
# Check for password rules
if len(password) < 8:
return "Weak: Password must be at least 8 characters long."
if not re.search(r"[A-Z]", password):
return "Weak: Include at least one uppercase letter."
if not re.search(r"[a-z]", password):
return "Weak: Include at least one lowercase letter."
if not re.search(r"[0-9]", password):
return "Weak: Include at least one digit."
if not re.search(r"[!@#$%^&*(),.?\":{}|<>]", password):
return "Weak: Include at least one special character."
return "Strong Password!"
password = input("Enter a password: ")
result = password_strength(password)
print(result)

Output:
Enter a password: Pass@2023
Strong Password!
Scenario based program for built-in functions

1. Scenario: You're working with a list of numbers and you need to

calculate the average of all numbers.

Question: How can you efficiently calculate the average of the numbers in a list using
Python’s built-in functions?
Answer: You can use sum() to get the sum of all numbers in the list and len() to get the
number of elements, then calculate the average.

python
Copy
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
average = sum(numbers) / len(numbers)
print(average)

Output:

Copy
30.0

2. Scenario: You have a string with some leading and trailing spaces, and you
need to remove them.

Question: How can you clean the string to remove unwanted spaces?

Answer: You can use the strip() method to remove both leading and trailing whitespaces.

python
Copy
text = " Hello, World! "
clean_text = text.strip()
print(clean_text)

Output:

Copy
Hello, World!

3. Scenario: You have a list of words, and you want to sort them in
alphabetical order.

Question: Which built-in function would you use to sort the list?

Answer: You can use the sorted() function to return a new list sorted in ascending order.

python
Copy
words = ["banana", "apple", "cherry", "date"]
sorted_words = sorted(words)
print(sorted_words)

Output:

css
Copy
['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date']
4. Scenario: You want to check if a particular item exists in a list.

Question: Which built-in function can help you verify the presence of an element in a list?

Answer: You can use the in operator, which returns True if the element is present, and
False if not.

python
Copy
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
is_present = "banana" in fruits
print(is_present)

Output:

graphql
Copy
True

5. Scenario: You need to combine two lists into a single list, but you want the
final list to be a new list and not modify the original ones.

Question: How can you achieve this using Python built-in functions?

Answer: You can use the extend() method or the + operator. The + operator will create a
new list by concatenating both lists.

python
Copy
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
combined_list = list1 + list2
print(combined_list)

Output:

csharp
Copy
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

6. Scenario: You have a list of numbers, and you want to remove all
occurrences of a specific number.

Question: What function can help you remove an element from a list?

Answer: You can use the remove() method, which removes the first occurrence of a
specified value.

python
Copy
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 20, 40]
numbers.remove(20)
print(numbers)

Output:

csharp
Copy
[10, 30, 20, 40]

7. Scenario: You're working with a list of integers, and you want to find the
maximum value in the list.

Question: How can you find the maximum value using a built-in function?

Answer: You can use the max() function to find the largest element in the list.

python
Copy
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
maximum_value = max(numbers)
print(maximum_value)

Output:

Copy
50

8. Scenario: You need to create a tuple with a few values but want to ensure
that it’s immutable.

Question: How can you create a tuple using built-in functions?

Answer: You can use the tuple() function to convert a list or other iterable into a tuple.

python
Copy
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_tuple = tuple(my_list)
print(my_tuple)

Output:

scss
Copy
(1, 2, 3)

9. Scenario: You want to convert a list of strings into a single string, with each
word separated by a space.
Question: Which function can you use to join the elements of the list into a single string?

Answer: You can use the join() method to concatenate elements of a list into a single
string.

python
Copy
words = ["Hello", "World", "Python"]
sentence = " ".join(words)
print(sentence)

Output:

nginx
Copy
Hello World Python

10. Scenario: You want to get the length of a dictionary (i.e., the number of
key-value pairs it contains).

Question: Which built-in function would you use to get the number of elements in a
dictionary?

Answer: You can use the len() function to find out how many key-value pairs are in the
dictionary.

python
Copy
my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "city": "New York"}
dict_length = len(my_dict)
print(dict_length)

Output:

Copy
3

Scenario based program for database communication in python

1. Scenario: You want to connect to a local SQLite database, but the database
does not exist yet.

Question: How do you establish a connection to the SQLite database and create a new one if
it doesn’t already exist?

Answer: You can use the sqlite3 library in Python to connect to a database. If the database
doesn’t exist, SQLite will automatically create it.

python
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import sqlite3
# Connecting to a database (it will create the file if it doesn't exist)
connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Don't forget to close the connection

connection.close()

This will create a file named my_database.db in the current directory.

2. Scenario: You need to create a table in your SQLite database to store

customer information.

Question: How can you write a Python script to create a table with fields like id, name, and
email?

Answer: You can use the CREATE TABLE SQL command within the execute() method to
create a table.

python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Creating a table
cursor.execute('''
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS customers (
id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
name TEXT,
email TEXT
)
''')

# Commit and close

connection.commit()
connection.close()

This script creates a customers table with id, name, and email fields.

3. Scenario: You want to insert a new record into the customers table.

Question: How can you insert customer data (e.g., name and email) into the customers
table?

Answer: You can use the INSERT INTO SQL command to insert new records.

python
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import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Inserting a new customer

cursor.execute('''
INSERT INTO customers (name, email)
VALUES (?, ?)
''', ('Alice', '[email protected]'))

# Commit and close

connection.commit()
connection.close()

This script inserts a new customer with the name "Alice" and email "[email protected]"
into the customers table.

4. Scenario: You need to retrieve all customer records from the customers
table.

Question: How can you query the database to fetch all customer records?

Answer: You can use the SELECT statement to fetch records from the database.

python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Query to retrieve all customers

cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM customers')
customers = cursor.fetchall()

for customer in customers:

print(customer)

connection.close()

This script retrieves all records from the customers table and prints each customer’s data.

5. Scenario: You want to update the email address of a customer with a

specific id.

Question: How do you update a customer's email address based on their id?

Answer: You can use the UPDATE SQL command to modify records.

python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Update email address for customer with id 1

cursor.execute('''
UPDATE customers
SET email = ?
WHERE id = ?
''', ('[email protected]', 1))

# Commit and close

connection.commit()
connection.close()

This script updates the email address of the customer with id = 1 to

"[email protected]".

6. Scenario: You need to delete a customer record based on their id.

Question: How do you delete a customer from the database using their id?

Answer: You can use the DELETE SQL command to remove records.

python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Delete customer with id 1

cursor.execute('''
DELETE FROM customers
WHERE id = ?
''', (1,))

# Commit and close

connection.commit()
connection.close()

This script deletes the customer record with id = 1.

7. Scenario: You want to fetch a single customer’s details by their email

address.

Question: How would you query the database to find a customer by email?

Answer: You can use a SELECT query with a WHERE condition to retrieve a specific customer
by email.
python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Query to find a customer by email

cursor.execute('''
SELECT * FROM customers
WHERE email = ?
''', ('[email protected]',))

customer = cursor.fetchone()
if customer:
print(customer)
else:
print("Customer not found")

connection.close()

This script fetches the customer record with the email "[email protected]" and prints it.

8. Scenario: You want to use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection

when inserting user data.

Question: How can you ensure your database interactions are secure from SQL injection?

Answer: Use parameterized queries by passing values as parameters rather than directly
embedding them into the query string.

python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Safe parameterized query to insert data

cursor.execute('''
INSERT INTO customers (name, email)
VALUES (?, ?)
''', ('Bob', '[email protected]'))

connection.commit()
connection.close()

This script uses ? placeholders to securely insert values into the query, preventing SQL
injection.

9. Scenario: You want to handle database errors and rollback transactions if

something goes wrong.
Question: How do you manage database errors and ensure a rollback in case of an
exception?

Answer: You can use a try-except block along with connection.rollback() to ensure
data integrity.

python
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import sqlite3

try:
connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# Attempting to insert data into the database

cursor.execute('''
INSERT INTO customers (name, email)
VALUES (?, ?)
''', ('Charlie', '[email protected]'))

# Commit if everything is fine

connection.commit()

except sqlite3.Error as e:
print(f"Error occurred: {e}")
connection.rollback()

finally:
connection.close()

This ensures that if an error occurs during the transaction, it is rolled back and no changes are
made to the database.

10. Scenario: You need to execute multiple queries at once in a batch, such as
inserting several records.

Question: How can you efficiently execute multiple SQL queries at once?

Answer: You can use executemany() to execute a batch of queries.

python
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import sqlite3

connection = sqlite3.connect('my_database.db')
cursor = connection.cursor()

# List of customer records to insert

customers_data = [
('David', '[email protected]'),
('Eva', '[email protected]'),
('Frank', '[email protected]')
]
# Inserting multiple records at once
cursor.executemany('''
INSERT INTO customers (name, email)
VALUES (?, ?)
''', customers_data)

# Commit and close

connection.commit()
connection.close()

This script inserts multiple customer records at once using executemany().

scenario based questions with answers for data analysis and visualization
using python

1. Scenario: You have a dataset of sales records, and you need to calculate the
total sales for each product.

Question: How do you calculate the total sales for each product using Python?

Answer: You can use the groupby() function in Pandas to group data by product and then
use sum() to calculate total sales.

python
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import pandas as pd

# Sample sales data

data = {
'product': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'A'],
'sales': [100, 150, 200, 300, 250, 50]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Group by 'product' and calculate total sales

total_sales = df.groupby('product')['sales'].sum()
print(total_sales)

Output:

css
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product
A 350
B 400
C 300
Name: sales, dtype: int64

2. Scenario: You have a dataset with customer age and purchase data, and
you want to visualize how purchases vary with age.

Question: How can you create a scatter plot to visualize the relationship between customer
age and their purchases?
Answer: You can use Matplotlib or Seaborn to create a scatter plot.

python
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

# Sample data
data = {
'age': [22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50],
'purchase_amount': [200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Scatter plot
plt.scatter(df['age'], df['purchase_amount'])
plt.title('Purchase Amount vs Age')
plt.xlabel('Age')
plt.ylabel('Purchase Amount')
plt.show()

This code generates a scatter plot showing how purchase amounts change with age.

3. Scenario: You want to check if there are any missing values in a dataset and
handle them appropriately.

Question: How do you detect and fill missing values in a dataset?

Answer: You can use Pandas’ isnull() to detect missing values and fillna() to fill them.

python
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import pandas as pd

# Sample data with missing values

data = {
'product': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'C', None],
'sales': [100, None, 200, 300, 150]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Detecting missing values

print(df.isnull())

# Filling missing values with a placeholder (e.g., 'Unknown' for product

and median for sales)
df['product'].fillna('Unknown', inplace=True)
df['sales'].fillna(df['sales'].median(), inplace=True)

print(df)

Output:

mathematica
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product sales
0 False False
1 False True
2 False False
3 False False
4 True False

product sales
0 A 100.0
1 B 200.0
2 A 200.0
3 C 300.0
4 Unknown 150.0

This code fills missing product values with "Unknown" and sales values with the median.

4. Scenario: You need to visualize the distribution of a numerical variable,

like salary.

Question: How can you visualize the distribution of salaries using a histogram?

Answer: You can use Matplotlib or Seaborn to create a histogram.

python
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import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample salary data

data = {
'salary': [45000, 50000, 55000, 60000, 45000, 50000, 65000, 70000,
75000, 60000]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Histogram using seaborn

sns.histplot(df['salary'], kde=True)
plt.title('Salary Distribution')
plt.xlabel('Salary')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.show()

This code generates a histogram showing the distribution of salaries along with a Kernel
Density Estimate (KDE) curve.

5. Scenario: You want to compare the average sales across different product
categories and visualize the results in a bar plot.

Question: How do you calculate the average sales by product and visualize it with a bar plot?
Answer: You can use groupby() to calculate the average sales by product and then use a
bar plot to visualize the results.

python
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import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Sample data
data = {
'product': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'A'],
'sales': [100, 150, 200, 300, 250, 50]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Calculate average sales by product

avg_sales = df.groupby('product')['sales'].mean()

# Bar plot
avg_sales.plot(kind='bar')
plt.title('Average Sales by Product')
plt.xlabel('Product')
plt.ylabel('Average Sales')
plt.show()

This code generates a bar plot showing the average sales for each product.

6. Scenario: You want to see if there’s a correlation between two variables,

like age and income.

Question: How can you create a correlation heatmap to show the relationship between age
and income?

Answer: You can use Seaborn’s heatmap() function to create a correlation matrix.

python
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import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

# Sample data
data = {
'age': [22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50],
'income': [30000, 35000, 40000, 45000, 50000, 55000, 60000]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Calculate correlation matrix

corr = df.corr()

# Heatmap of correlation
sns.heatmap(corr, annot=True, cmap='coolwarm', vmin=-1, vmax=1)
plt.title('Correlation Heatmap: Age vs Income')
plt.show()
This creates a heatmap to visualize the correlation between age and income.

7. Scenario: You need to visualize the relationship between multiple variables,

such as sales, advertising budget, and region.

Question: How can you use a pair plot to visualize multiple variables?

Answer: Seaborn’s pairplot() is useful for visualizing the relationships between multiple
numerical variables.

python
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import seaborn as sns
import pandas as pd

# Sample data with multiple variables

data = {
'sales': [100, 200, 300, 400, 500],
'advertising': [10, 20, 30, 40, 50],
'region': ['North', 'South', 'East', 'West', 'North']
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Pairplot
sns.pairplot(df, hue='region')
plt.show()

This code creates a pair plot that visualizes the relationships between sales, advertising,
and region.

8. Scenario: You want to visualize the time series of daily temperatures over
the past year.

Question: How do you plot a time series graph for the temperature data?

Answer: You can use Matplotlib to plot time series data. Here, you can simulate daily
temperature data.

python
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

# Sample temperature data for the past year

date_range = pd.date_range(start='2024-01-01', periods=365, freq='D')
temperature = [15 + (i % 30) for i in range(365)] # Simulated daily
temperatures

df = pd.DataFrame({'date': date_range, 'temperature': temperature})

# Plot time series
plt.plot(df['date'], df['temperature'])
plt.title('Daily Temperatures Over the Past Year')
plt.xlabel('Date')
plt.ylabel('Temperature (°C)')
plt.xticks(rotation=45)
plt.show()

This code generates a time series plot for daily temperatures.

9. Scenario: You have a dataset with sales data across different regions, and
you need to visualize how sales vary by region.

Question: How can you create a box plot to show sales distribution across regions?

Answer: You can use Seaborn’s boxplot() function to visualize the distribution of sales
across different regions.

python
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import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd

# Sample data
data = {
'region': ['North', 'South', 'East', 'West', 'North', 'South', 'East',
'West'],
'sales': [100, 200, 150, 300, 120, 220, 180, 280]
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Box plot for sales by region

sns.boxplot(x='region', y='sales', data=df)
plt.title('Sales Distribution by Region')
plt.show()

This box plot shows how sales are distributed across different regions.