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 RSPCB JSO & JEE, JA, LO-II Exam 2023

Environment
related
National/International Days,
Years and Decades

पर्यावरण संबंधी रयष्ट्रीर्/अंतरयाष्ट्रीर् दिवस, वर्ा

एवं िशक

Academy of Environmental Sciences and Agriculture

Environment related days

National Bird Day January 5

World Wetlands Day February 2

World Whale Day Third Sunday of February

World Hippopotamus Day February 15

International Polar Bear Day February 27

World Wildlife Day March 3

Solar Appreciation Day Second Friday of March

International Day of Action for Rivers March 14

World Consumer Rights Day March 15

National Panda Day March 16

Global Recycling Day March 18

World Sparrow Day March 20

International Day of Forests March 21

World Planting Day March 21

World Wood Day March 21

World Water Day March 22

International Seal Day March 22

World Meteorological Day March 23

International Day of Zero Waste March 30

World Aquatic Animal Day April 3

World Earth Day April 22

World Migratory Bird Day 13 May and 14 October 2023

Endangered Species Day Third Friday of May

Bike-to-Work Day Third Friday of May

World Bee Day May 20

International Day for Biological Diversity

May 22
(World Biodiversity Day)

World Turtle Day May 23

World No Tobacco Day May 31

World Parrot Day May 31

World Reef Day June 1

World Peatlands Day June 2

World Bicycle Day June 3

World Environment Day June 5

World Oceans Day June 8

Global Wind Day June 15

World Sea Turtle Day June 16

World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought June 17

World Rainforest Day June 22

World Population Day July 11

International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystems July 26

World Nature Conservation Day July 28

International Tiger Day July 29

World Ranger Day July 31

International Clouded Leopard Day August 4

World Lion Day August 10

World Elephant Day August 12

National Honey Bee Day August 15
International Vulture Awareness Day First Saturday of September
International Day of Clean Air for blue skies September 7

World Dolphin Day September 12

International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone

September 16
Layer

World Water Monitoring Day September 18

World Cleanup Day Third Saturday in September

National Cleanup Day Third Saturday in September

International Red Panda Day Third Saturday of September

Zero Emissions Day September 21

Car Free Day September 22

World Rhino Day September 22

Ecological Debt Day (Earth Overshoot Day) September 23

World Environmental Health Day September 26

World Rivers Day Last Sunday of September

World Farm Animals Day October 2

World Habitat Day First Monday of October

World Animal Day October 4

Energy Efficiency Day First Wednesday in October

International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction October 13

International E-Waste Day October 14

International Sawfish Day October 17

Sustainability Day Fourth Wednesday of October

International Snow Leopard Day October 23

Freshwater Dolphin Day October 24

International Day of Climate Action October 24

World Vegan Day November 1

World Fisheries Day November 21

International Cheetah Day December 4

Wildlife Conservation Day December 4

World Soil Day December 5

International Mountain Day December 11

Ozone Action Day Variable date depending weather conditions

Weeks

National Clean Beaches Week July 1 to 7

Van Mohatsav Saptah (Forest Festival Week) 1st July to 7th July

Bike Week second week in June

Recycle Week 20 to 26 June 2011

Zero Waste Week first week of September

No Car Day September 22

National Wildlife Week 2nd to the 8th of October every year

National Pollinator Week third week in June

Plastic Free July All July

 International Years
International Year of the Child 1979

World Population Year 1974

International Year of the Ocean (IYO) 1998

International Year of Mountains (IYM) 2002

International Year of Ecotourism (IYE) 2002

International Year of Freshwater (IYF) 2003

International Year of Deserts and Desertification 2006

International Year of the Dolphin 2007–2008

International Polar Year 2007–2009

International Year of Planet Earth 2008

International Year of Sanitation 2008

International Year of Natural Fibres 2009

International Year of Biodiversity 2010

International Year of Forests 2011

International Year of Soils 2015

International Year of Pulses 2016

International Year of Sustainable tourism for all 2017

International Year of Indigenous languages 2019

International Year of Plant Health 2020

International Year of Fruits and Vegetables 2021

Agriculture related Years
YEAR EVENTS
2004 International year of rice
2005 International year of parthenium
2006 International year of desert and desertification
2007 International year of water
2008 International year of potato
2009 International year of natural fibres
2010 International year of biodiversity
2011 International year of forest

2012 International year of cooperative (Also celebrated as National year of horticulture)

2013 International year of water cooperation

2014 International year of family farming
YEAR EVENTS
2015 International year of soil and Light

2016 International year of pulses

2017 International year of sustainable tourism

2018 National year of millets

2019 International year of Indigenous language

2020 International Year of Plant Health

2021 International Year of Fruits and Vegetables

2022 International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture

2023 International year of Millets

 International Decades

International Drinking Water Decade 1980-1990

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction 1991-2000

United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014

Water for Life Decade 2005-2015

United Nations Decade on Biodiversity 2011-2020

United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification 2011-2020

United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030

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 RSPCB JSO, JEE, JA & LO-II Exam 2023

पर्यावरण से संबंधित रयष्ट्रीर्/अंतरयाष्ट्रीर् एँ य

National/International events related to environment

For Competitive exams

o CPCB, RSPCB, SPCB Exam
o Environmental Scientist
o UGC-NET, ASRB-NET, ICAR-SRF, UPSC, PCS, RAS

Academy of Environmental Sciences and Agriculture

 (पर्याव
Environment (पर्या
Environment वरण)
रण)

▪ Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-
▪ Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-
living elements and their effects that influence human life.
living elements and their effects that influence human life.
▪ The word 'environment' originated from French word, 'environ’, which
▪ The word 'environment' originated from French word, 'environ’,
means 'surrounded' or 'encircled'.
which means 'surrounded' or 'encircled'.
 National
organizations, Institutions &
Boards
related to
Environment
पर्यावरण से संबंधित रयष्ट्रीर् संगठन एवं संस्थयएँ
 Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC)
▪ Department of Environment in 1980,

▪ turned into the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1985

▪ Renamed in 2014, as Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC)

▪ Main activities undertaken by the ministry include conservation and survey of the flora and fauna of India,

forests and other wilderness areas; prevention and control of pollution; afforestation and reducing land

degradation.

▪ Responsible for the administration of the national parks of India.

▪ The Ministry is also the nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

▪ Establishment: 22 September, 1974

▪ Headquarter: New Delhi

▪ Annual Budget: ₹ 400 million

▪ Chairperson: Shri Tanmay Kumar, IAS

▪ Member Secretary: Dr. Prashant Gargava Shri Tanmay Kumar, IAS

▪ It was established in 1974 under the Water

(Prevention and Control of pollution) Act,
1974.
▪ It is a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change (Mo.E.F.C.C.).

▪ The CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

▪ It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the MoEFCC under the

provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

 National Green Tribunal (NGT)
रयष्ट्रीर् हररत न्र्यर्यधिकरण ( जीँी)

▪ NGT was established on 18th October 2010 under the NGT Act of 2010 (Section 3).

▪ Purpose: for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental

protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources.

▪ उद्दे श्र्: पर्यावरण संरक्षण तथय व ों वं अन्र् प्रयकृततक संसयि ों के संरक्षण से

संबंधित मयमलों कय प्रभयवी वं शीघ्र त पँय ।
• The Tribunal shall be guided by principles of natural justice so it is not bound by

the procedure laid down under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

• ट्रिब्यूनल प्राकृतिक न्याय के सिद्ाांिों द्वारा सनर्देसिि होगा, इिसलए यह नागट्ररक प्रक्रिया िांट्रहिा, 1908 के िहि

सनर्ााट्ररि प्रक्रिया िे बाध्य नहीं है ।

• India became the 3rd country in the world to set up a specialized environmental

tribunal, only after Australia and New Zealand.

▪ NGT is mandated to make disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6
months of filing of the same.

▪ The NGT has five places of sittings

▪ New Delhi is the Principal place of sitting (HQ & North Zone)

▪ Others: Bhopal (Central Zone)

Pune (West zone)

Kolkata (East zone)

Chennai (South zone)

 Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board
रयजस्थयन रयज्र् प्रदष
ू ण ननर्ंत्रण बोर्ा

▪ स्थयप य: 7th February 1975

▪ HQ: Jhalana Doongri, Jaipur, Rajasthan (झयलयनय र्ूग

ं री, जर्परु , रयजस्थयन)

▪ Chairman: Sh. Shikhar Agrawal, IAS

▪ Member Secretary: Sh. Vijai N.

▪ Board Members: 1 Chairman, 1 Member secretary and 15 अंशकयली सदस्र् (Part time)

▪ इसकय गठन जल (प्रदष

ू ण की रोकथयम और त र्ंत्रण) अधित र्म, 1974 की ियरय 4 के तहत जल
प्रदष
ू ण की रोकथयम और ननर्ंत्रण और पयनी की संपण
ू त
ा य को बनयए रखने र्य बहयल करने के
उद्दे श्र् से ककर्य गर्य थय।
▪ बयद में, इसे वयर्ु (प्रदष
ू ण की रोकथयम और त र्ंत्रण) अधित र्म, 1981 के प्रयविय ों के तहत वयर्ु
प्रदष
ू ण की रोकथयम, त र्ंत्रण और कमी की जजम्मेदयररर्यं भी सौंपी गईं।

▪ Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 has been enacted to make the State Board
financially independent (ववत्तीर् रूप से आत्मत भार).

▪ Under this act the State Board has been given powers to collect Cess on the basis of water consumed
by the industries etc.
National Board for Wildlife
▪ Formed in 2003.

▪ It is a statutory body constituted under Section 5A of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

▪ It replaced the Indian Board for Wildlife, which was formed in 1952 as an advisory board.

▪ The Prime Minister of the country is the ex officio chairperson of the NBWL.

▪ The Minister of Environment, Forests and Climate Change is the Vice-Chairperson of the

Board.
NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY
▪ National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 to implement India’s Biological
Diversity Act (2002).

▪ It is a Statutory Body and it performs facilitative, regulatory and advisory functions for the
Government of India on issues of conservation, sustainable use of biological resources and fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of biological resources.

▪ Its headquarters in Chennai.

▪ Since its establishment, NBA has supported creation of State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) in 28 States,
UT’s and facilitated establishment of around 2,53,040 Biodiversity Management Committees
(BMCs).

▪ Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) are working on local level.

 Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)
▪ It is a statutory multi-disciplinary body established under the MoEFCC, to combat organized
wildlife crime in the country.

▪ Headquarter in New Delhi and five regional offices at Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and
Jabalpur.

❑Functions of WCCB:

▪ Under Section 38 (Z) of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, it is mandated to collect and collate
intelligence related to organized wildlife crime activities.

▪ To advise the Government on issues relating to wildlife crimes having national and international
ramifications, relevant policy and laws.
Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)
▪ It is a leading Indian nature conservation organization committed to the service
of nature.

▪ Formed in November 1998

▪ It is a registered charity in India

▪ It is a non-profit organization.

▪ Headquarter: Noida, Uttar Pradesh

▪ Motto: In Service of Nature.

Central Zoo Authority (CZA)
▪ Indian Board for Wildlife (IBW) re-constituted its Zoo Wing as ‘the
Expert Group on Zoos’ at its 9th session held on 18th November,
1972 at New Delhi to make detailed study for setting up and
maintenance of zoos in the country.

▪ The report recommended setting up of a central agency (Zoo

Grants Commission), and to give effect to this recommendation,
the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 was amended through an
amendment Act in the year 1991.

▪ After, the Central Zoo Authority was established as a statutory

body under the MoEFCC in 1992.
Botanical, Zoological & Forest survey of India

Survey Established HQ Logo

Botanical Survey of India

(BSI)
13 February 1890 Kolkata, WB

Zoological Survey of
India Kolkata, WB
(ZSI)
1 July 1916

Forest Survey of India

(FSI) 1 June 1981 Dehradun, UK
National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP)
▪ Launched in 2001

▪ MoEFCC launched the NLCP a Centrally Sponsored Scheme exclusively to restore the
water quality and ecology of lakes in different States and Uts.

▪ Objective: to restore and conserve the urban and semi-urban lakes of the country
degraded due to waste water discharge into the lake and other unique freshwater
ecosystems, through an integrated ecosystem approach.

▪ In 2013, the GoI merged NLCP with National Wetland Conservation Plan into a new
scheme called National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem (NPCA).
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)
• NGRBA is a financing, planning, implementing, monitoring and coordinating authority

for the Ganges River, functioning under the Jal Shakti ministry of India.

• NGRBA has started the Mission Clean Ganga with a changed and comprehensive approach

to champion the challenges posed to Ganga through four different sectors,

namely, of wastewater management, solid waste management, industrial pollution and

river front development.

• NGRBA was constituted in February 20, 2009 under Environment protection Act, 1986.
Conventions
related to
Environment
 Stockholm Conference,1972

▪ It was the first step towards putting environmental concerns on the global agenda.

▪ In 1972

▪ Outcome was the Stockholm Declaration which contained principles and an Action

Plan containing recommendations for environmental policy.

▪ UNEP was set up in 1972 to serve as a catalyst in developing and coordinating an

environmental focus in the programmes of other organisations.

Sustainable Development

▪ In 1983, the United Nations created the World Commission on Environment and Development

(WCED), later known as the Brundtland Commission.

▪ In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (UNCED)

released the report Our Common Future, commonly called the Brundtland Report.

▪ The concept of sustainable development has a focus on economic development, social

development and environmental protection for future generations.

Earth Summit 1992/Rio Conference
▪ The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) is popularly known
as Earth Summit 1992.

▪ held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992

▪ The Earth Summit 1992 released the following documents:

✓ Rio Declaration: Principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development.

✓ Agenda 21: Non-binding action plan of the United Nations regarding sustainable development.

✓ Forest Principles: Non-legally binding document on the Conservation and Sustainable

Development of all types of forests.

✓ The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

✓ The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10)

▪ As a follow-up to UNCED, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio+10) was

organized

▪ Held in 2002

▪ At Johannesburg, South Africa.

Rio+20/Rio Earth Summit 2012

▪ Also known as United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD)

▪ In 2012,

▪ held in Rio, Brazil.

▪ The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at Rio+20.

▪ Since 2015, Sustainable Development Goals are included in the Agenda 2030.
Millennium Development Goal (MDGs)
▪ MDGs were 8 international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established
following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of
the United Nations Millennium Declaration.

▪ The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.

▪ UN headquarters in New York.

▪ SDGs succeeded the MDGs in 2016.

▪ The 8 goals were measured by 21 targets and 48 indicators to measure.

▪ The target year was 2015.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
▪ The Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals are a collection of seventeen interlinked
objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the
planet, now and into the future".
▪ SDGs is the outcome of the Rio+20 conference (2012) held in Rio De Janerio and is a non-binding
document.
▪ On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030
Development Agenda titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development".
▪ This agenda has 92 paragraphs.
▪ These Paragraphs have 59 outlines the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and the associated 169
targets and 232/304 indicators.
▪ The SDGs were formulated in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) as part of
the Post-2015 Development Agenda, which sought to create a future global development
framework to succeed the Millennium Development Goals, which ended that year.

▪ They were formally articulated and adopted in a UNGA resolution called the 2030 Agenda, known
colloquially as Agenda 2030.

▪ Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date.

▪ The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also taken the initiative to achieve the SDGs by offering
their support to developing countries.

▪ NITI Aayog has released the second edition of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) India Index (SDG Index 2.0).
 List of Environmental Conventions
Convention Year
Ramsar Convention 1971
Stockholm Convention 2001
CITES 1973
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
Bonn Convention 1979
Vienna Convention 1985
Montreal Protocol 1987
Kyoto Protocol 1997
UNFCCC 1992
Rio Summit 1992
UNCCD 1994
Basel Convention 1989

Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000

UN-REDD 2008

Nagoya Protocol 2010

Kigali Amendment 2016

Minamata Convention 2013

Rotterdam Convention 1998

 United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
▪ It is a global environmental authority that sets the global environmental agenda, promotes
the coherent implementation of the environmental dimension of sustainable development.
▪ founded by UN General Assembly (UNGA) as a result of the Stockholm Conference in June 1972.
▪ Founded: 5 June 1972, Nairobi, Kenya
▪ UNEP has played a key role for the development of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs).
▪ The secretariats for the following nine MEAs are currently hosted by UNEP:
▪ Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
▪ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
▪ Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
▪ Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
▪ Minamata Convention on Mercury
▪ Basel Convention
▪ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
▪ Rotterdam Convention
Vienna Convention (1985)
▪ Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer.

▪ Adopted in 1985.

▪ Came into force in 1988.

Montreal Protocol (1987)

• On substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (ODS).

• Adopted in 1987.

• Came into force in 1989.

• The adoption of the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will phase
down the production and consumption of some HFCs and avoid much of the
projected global increase and associated climate change.
Basel Convention (1989)

• Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

their Disposal.

• Adopted in 1989.

• Came into force in 1992.

• It particularly focuses on preventing transfer of hazardous waste from developed

to less developed countries.
Cartagena Protocol (2000)

▪ on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

▪ Adopted in 2000.

▪ Came into force in 2003.

UN-REDD & REDD+
▪ United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation.

▪ UN-REDD is a collaborative program of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) & United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

▪ The primary objective of REDD is to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

▪ Formed in 2008.

▪ REDD+ is a financing model to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation in developing countries.

▪ REDD+ developed by UNFCCC in 2013.

▪ REDD+, with the “plus” referring to “the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests
and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries”.
 Climate change
related
conventions and treaties
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

▪ Established: 1988

▪ HQ: Geneva, Switzerland

▪ UNEP and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established IPCC

First Assessment Report 1990

Second Assessment Report 1995
IPCC Assessment Reports Third Assessment Report 2001
Fourth Assessment Report 2007
Fifth Assessment Report 2014
6th Assessment Report 2021
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

▪ A treaty governing actions to combat climate change through adaptation and mitigation efforts directed
at control of emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) that cause global warming.

▪ Adopted in 1992.

▪ Came into force in 1994.

▪ UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change) is located in Bonn, Germany.

▪ Its objective is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous repercussions within a time frame so as to allow ecosystems to adapt
naturally and enable sustainable development.
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
▪ Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

▪ Adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997.

▪ Came into force on 16 February 2005.

▪ GHG included in KP: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6

▪ Kyoto Protocol Phase-1 (2005-12) gave the target of cutting down emissions by 5%.

▪ Phase- 2 (2013-20) gave the target of reducing emissions by at least 18% by the industrialized countries.

▪ Mechanisms Kyoto Protocol:

1. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

2. Joint implementation (JI)

3. International Emissions Trading (IET)

Member Countries of Kyoto Protocol
Paris Agreement (2015)
▪ Also known as the Conference of Parties 21 or COP 21
▪ Adopted in 2015 to address climate change and its negative impacts.
▪ It replaced the Kyoto Protocol which was an earlier agreement to deal with climate change.
▪ Aims to reduce global GHG emissions in an effort to limit the global temperature increase in this
century to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing means to limit the
increase to 1.5°C by 2100.
▪ It includes:
▪ Addressing the financial losses vulnerable countries face from climate impacts
▪ To help developing countries adapt to climate change and transition to clean energy.
▪ non-legally binding on developed countries.
Nagoya Protocol (2010)

▪ On Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits
Arising from their Utilization (ABS) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
▪ Adopted in 2010.
▪ Came into force in 2014.
Kigali Agreement (2016)

• It is an amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

• It was adopted in 2016.

• It came into force in 2019.

National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
• launched in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change.
• 8 national missions forming the core of the NAPCC
1. National Solar Mission
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
4. National Water Mission
5. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
6. National Mission for A Green India
7. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
 Mission Governed by Remark
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission Ministry of New and Renewable Energy launched in 2010

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Based on the Energy

Ministry of Power
Efficiency Conservation Act, 2001

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat Ministry of Urban Development

National Water Mission Ministry of Water Resources, River Improving water use
Development and Ganga Rejuvenation efficiency by 20%
National Mission for Sustaining the
Department of Science and Technology
Himalayan Ecosystem
National Mission for Green India
MoEFCC

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture

National Mission on Strategic Knowledge

Department of Science and Technology
for Climate Change
 Conference of Parties (COP)

COP related to Climate Change COP related to Biodiversity Conservation

▪ Organized by UNFCCC ▪ Organized by CBD

▪ First COP: 1995, Berlin ▪ First COP: 1994, Nassau, Bahamas

 COP related to climate change
No. Year Name Alternative Name Location
1 1995 COP 1 Berlin
2 1996 COP 2 Geneva
3 1997 COP 3 Kyoto
4 1998 COP 4 Buenos Aires
5 1999 COP 5 Bonn
6 2000 COP 6 The Hague
7 2001 COP 6 Bonn
8 2001 COP 7 Marrakech
9 2002 COP 8 New Delhi
10 2003 COP 9 Milan
11 2004 COP 10 Buenos Aires
12 2005 COP 11 CMP 1 Montreal
13 2006 COP 12 CMP 2 Nairobi
14 2007 COP 13 CMP 3 Bali
15 2008 COP 14 CMP 4 Poznań
16 2009 COP 15 CMP 5 Copenhagen
17 2010 COP 16 CMP 6 Cancún
18 2011 COP 17 CMP 7 Durban
19 2012 COP 18 CMP 8 Doha
20 2013 COP 19 CMP 9 Warsaw
21 2014 COP 20 CMP 10 Lima
22 2015 COP 21 CMP 11 Paris
23 2016 COP 22 CMP 12 / CMA 1 Marrakech
24 2017 COP 23 CMP 13 / CMA 1-2 Bonn
25 2018 COP 24 CMP 14 / CMA 1-3 Katowice
26 2019 SB50 Bonn
27 2019 COP 25 CMP 15 / CMA 2 Madrid
28 2021 COP 26 CMP 16 / CMA 3 Glasgow
29 2022 COP 27 CMP 17 / CMA 4 Sharm El Sheikh
30 2023 COP 28 CMP 18 / CMA 5 Dubai
31 2024 COP29 - TBC
32 2025 COP30 - Belém
 Pollutants
related
conventions & treaties
 Stockholm Convention, 2001

▪ On Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

▪ Adopted in 2001 in Geneva, Switzerland.

▪ Came into force in 2004.

▪ India ratified the Stockholm Convention in 2006

▪ The convention calls to ban nine of the dirty dozen chemicals (key POPs), limit the
use of DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) for malaria control, and curtail
inadvertent production of dioxins and furans.
• The convention listed 12 distinct chemicals in three categories:

1. Eight pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and
toxaphene)

2. Two industrial chemicals (polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene)

3. Two unintended by-products (dioxins and furans).

Rotterdam Convention (1998)

▪ on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade.

▪ Adopted in 1998.

▪ Came into force in 2004.

Minamata Convention (2013)

▪ to protect health and the environment from the adverse effects of mercury.

▪ Adopted in 2013.

▪ Came into force in 2017.

 Biodiversity
related
conventions & treaties
Ramsar Convention, 1971

• Also known as Convention on Wetlands

• Adopted in 1971, in the city of Iran, Ramsar, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

• In force: 1975.

• It came into force for India in 1982.

• Those wetlands which are of international importance are declared as Ramsar sites.

• As of 2022, there are 54 designated wetlands present in India.

• In India, there are 75 Ramsar Sites as of February, 2023.

• The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017

▪ Montreux Record: It is a register of wetland sites on the List of Wetlands of International
Importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur
as a result of technological developments, pollution, or other human interference.

▪ It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List.

▪ At present, two wetlands of India are in Montreux Record:

1. Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan)

2. Loktak Lake (Manipur)

▪ World Wetlands Day: 2nd of February

▪ In Rajasthan: Area under Ramsar wetland sites: 269 km2

Largest Ramsar Sites in India Sundarban Wetland, WB 4230 km2

Smallest Ramsar Sites in India Vembannur Wetland Complex, TN 0.2 km2

Renuka Lake, HP 0.2 km2

Oldest Ramsar Sites in India Keoladeo Ghana NP 1981

Chilka Lake 1981

Rajasthan: 2 wetlands in Ramsar list
▪ Placed on the Montreux Record in 1990 due to water shortage and an
unbalanced grazing.

Keoladeo National ▪ It is a complex of ten artificial seasonal marshes.

Park, Bharatpur
▪ Vegetation is scrub and open grassland.

▪ The invasive growth of the grass Paspalum distichum has reduced its
suitability for certain waterbird species, notably the Siberian Crane (CR).

▪ It is India’s largest inland saltwater lake.

Sambhar Lake, Jaipur
▪ It is a key wintering area for Flamingos (LC).
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

▪ Convention for the conservation of biological diversity.

▪ Adopted in 1992

▪ Came into force in 1993

▪ India enacted Biological Diversity Act in 2002 for giving effect to the provisions of the CBD.

▪ The CBD Secretariat is based in Montreal, Canada and it operates under the UNEP.
❑Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.
▪ It came into force on 11 September 2003.

❑Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of
Benefits Arising from their Utilization (ABS)

▪ adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan at COP10.

❑ In 2021, the Kunming Declaration was adopted at the ongoing 15th Conference of the Parties.
 COP on Biodiversity
COP 1 Nassau, Bahamas 28 November - 9 December 1994
COP 2 Jakarta, Indonesia 6 - 17 November 1995
COP 3 Buenos Aires, Argentina 4 - 15 November 1996
COP 4 Bratislava, Slovakia 4 - 15 May 1998
COP 5 Nairobi, Kenya 15 - 26 May 2000
COP 6 The Hague, Netherlands 7 - 19 April 2002
COP 7 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9 - 20 February 2004
COP 8 Curitiba, Brazil 20 - 31 March 2006
COP 9 Bonn, Germany 19 - 30 May 2008
COP 10 Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan 18 - 29 October 2010
COP 11 Hyderabad, India 8 - 19 October 2012
COP 12 Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea 6 - 17 October 2014
COP 13 Cancun, Mexico 4 - 17 December 2016
COP 14 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt 17 - 29 November 2018
COP 15 Nairobi, Kenya 19 and 20 October 2023
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

• Formed in 1948

• HQ: Gland, Switzerland.

• The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world's most comprehensive inventory of
the global conservation status of plant and animal species.

• The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species assessed.

• Nine categories extend from Not Evaluated (NE) to Extinct (EX).

• Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) species are considered
to be threatened with extinction.

• It is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity.

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

▪ Established in 1994

▪ to protect and restore our land and ensure a safer, just, and more sustainable future.

▪ It is the only legally binding framework set up to address desertification and the effects of drought.

▪ The Convention is based on the principles of participation, partnership and decentralization.

Bonn Convention (1979)
• on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.

• Adopted in 1979.

• Came into force in 1983.

• also known as the Convention of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS).

• India hosted the 13th COP of the CMS from 17th to 22nd February 2020 at Gandhinagar in Gujarat.

• The Convention has two Appendices:

1. Appendix I: Lists migratory species that are endangered or threatened with extinction.

2. Appendix II: Lists migratory species which have unfavourable conservation status and which
require international agreements for their conservation and management.
 CITES, 1963

▪ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

▪ on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

▪ Adopted in 1963.

▪ Came into force in 1975.

▪ The CITES Secretariat is administered by UNEP and is located at Geneva,

Switzerland.
Global Tiger Forum
• It is the only intergovernmental international
body established with members from willing countries to
embark on a global campaign to protect the Tiger.

• formed in 1993

• on recommendations from an international symposium on

Tiger Conservation at New Delhi, India.

• It is located in New Delhi, India.

 Major
Environmental Movements
in
India
Bishnoi Movement
▪ Year: 1700s
▪ Location: Khejarli, Marwar region, Rajasthan.
▪ Person: Amrita Devi along with Bishnoi villagers in Khejarli and
surrounding villages.
▪ Aim: Save sacred trees from being cut down by the king’s
soldiers for a new palace.
▪ 363 Bishnoi villagers were killed in this movement.
▪ The Bishnoi tree martyrs were influenced by the teachings of
Guru Maharaj Jambaji, who founded the Bishnoi faith in 1485
and set forth principles forbidding harm to trees and animals.
Chipko Movement/ hug the tree movement
▪ Year: 1973

▪ Location: In Chamoli district (Tehri-Garhwal district), Uttarakhand.

▪ Person: Sundarlal Bahuguna and others

▪ Aim: to protect the trees on the Himalayan slopes from the axes of contractors
of the forest.

▪ The women of Advani village of Tehri-Garhwal tied the sacred thread around
trunks of trees and they hugged the trees, hence it was called the ‘Chipko
Movement’ or ‘hug the tree movement’.

▪ The Chipko movement gathered momentum in 1978 when the women faced
police firings and other tortures.
Save Silent Valley Movement
▪ Year: 1978

▪ Location: Silent Valley, Palakkad district, Kerala

▪ Person: Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) an NGO, and the poet-activist Sughatha kumari played an
important role in the Silent Valley protests.

▪ Aim: In order to protect the Silent Valley, the moist evergreen forest from being destroyed by a
hydroelectric project.

▪ Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) proposed a hydroelectric dam across the Kunthipuzha River that
runs through Silent Valley.

▪ In January 1981, bowing to unrelenting public pressure, Indira Gandhi declared that Silent Valley will be
protected.
Jungle Bachao Andholan
• Year: 1982

• Location: Singhbhum, Bihar

• Person: The tribals of Singhbhum.

• Against governments decision to replace the natural sal forest with Teak.

• The tribals of the Singhbhum district of Bihar started the protest when the government decided to
replace the natural sal forests with the highly-priced teak.

• This move was called by many “Greed Game Political Populism”. Later this movement spread to
Jharkhand and Orissa.
Appiko Movement

▪ Year: 1983

▪ Location: Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka State

▪ Person: Pandurang Hegde

▪ Against the felling and commercialization of natural forest and the ruin of ancient livelihood.

▪ It can be said that the Appiko movement is the southern version of the Chipko movement.

▪ The Appiko Movement was locally known as “Appiko Chaluvali”.

▪ The locals embraced the trees which were to be cut by contractors of the forest department.
Narmada Bachao Andholan (NBA)

▪ Year: 1985

▪ Location: Narmada River (flow in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra)

▪ Person: Medha Patker and Baba Amte

▪ A social movement against a number of large dams being built across the Narmada River.

▪ The movement first started as a protest for not providing proper rehabilitation and
resettlement for the people who have been displaced by the construction of the Sardar
Sarovar Dam.
Tehri Dam Conflict

▪ Year: 1990’s

▪ Location: Bhagirathi River near Tehri in Uttarakhand.

▪ Person: Sundarlal Bahuguna

▪ The protest was against the displacement of town inhabitants and the
environmental consequence of the weak ecosystem.
 Policies related to Environment………………………
▪ National Forest Policy, 1988

▪ National Agriculture Policy, 2000

▪ National Population Policy, 2000

▪ National Water Policy, 2002

▪ National Environment Policy 2006

▪ National Policy on Biofuels, 2018

▪ Draft National Resource Efficiency Policy, 2019

▪ National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and
Development, 1992
▪ National Environment Policy, 2006

▪ Rajasthan Environment Policy, 2010

▪ Rajasthan e-Waste Management Policy-2023

▪ Rajasthan Climate Change Policy-2023

▪ Rajasthan Forest Policy 2010

▪ Rajasthan Forest Policy 2023

▪ Rajasthan Ecotourism Policy 2021

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