RELATIONS &

FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 6 MS. ZARINA R. JAMERO
WHAT ARE
RELATIONS? A relation is a set of ordered pairs
that represent a relationship.

Example:
Names and their age are a
set of ordered pairs that we Name Alex Jude Arlo Casey
could put into a table.
Age 9 12 11 11
DOMAIN The elements in the first set where the
arrows come from are called domain.

AND RANGE While the elements of the second set

where the arrows end is called range.

This is an
example of
Domain and the
Range?
DOMAIN RANGE
(x) (y)
 RELATION as MAPPING
A relation from
A to B, written
as A→B, can be
classified as:
 TYPES OF RELATION AS MAPPING

A relation from
A to B, written
as A→B, can be
classified as:
Example:

ANSWER:
ONE-TO-ONE
Example:

ANSWER:
MANY-TO-ONE
Example:

ANSWER:
ONE-TO-MANY
Example:

ANSWER:
MANY-TO-MANY
 RELATION as TABLE OF VALUES
A table can also present a relationship between two variables
Mr. Reyes is a dealer of poultry eggs. The table shows the cost for each number of
trays. The no. of trays of eggs (x) and cost in pesos (y) are presented horizontally
and vertically
 RELATION as ORDERED PAIRS (x , y)
The elements in the first set correspond to the DOMAIN or the
set of all the x-coordinates while the elements in the second set
correspond to the RANGE or set of all the y-coordinates of the
same set.
Mr. Reyes is a dealer of poultry eggs. The table shows the cost for each number of
trays. The no. of trays of eggs (x) and cost in pesos (y), the following ordered pairs
were derived from the relationship between the number of trays and the total cost
(no. of trays, total cost)

(1,210), (2,420), (3,630),

(4,840), (5,1050)
WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
• A function is a special type of
relation where each input only has
ONE output.
• Functions are a way of connecting
input values to their corresponding
output values.
• The relation is a function if, for every
x-value, there is exactly ONE y-
value.
 WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
Functions are a way of connecting input
values to their corresponding output values.

Example:
Ordering a coffee for ₱135

Pay ₱135, and you get 1 coffee.

Pay ₱270, and you'll get 2 coffees, and
so on.

The input affects the output in a predictable way.

 EXAMPLE
Determine which of the following sets of ordered
pairs is a function.
A= {(3, 5), (2, 7), (4, 6), (-3, -5)}
B= {(0, 1), (-1, 2), (0, 3), (-2, 4), (-1, 5)}
C= {(-1, 2), (-2, 16), (-3, -54), (1, -2), (2, -16), (3, 2),
(3,54)}
The set of ordered pairs represents a function if no two distinct
ordered pairs have the same abscissas (first elements).
A= {(3, 5), (2, 7), (4, 6), (-3, -5)}
3 5
2 7
4 6
-3 -5
ONE-TO-ONE
FUNCTION
B= {(0, 1), (-1, 2), (0, 3), (-2, 4), (-1, 5)}

1
0 2
-1 3
-2 4
ONE-TO-MANY 5
NOT
FUNCTION
C= {(-1, 2), (-2, 16), (-3, -54), (1, -2),
(2, -16), (3, 2), (3,54)}
-1 -2
-2 -16
-3 -54
1 2
2 16
3 54
ONE-TO-MANY
NOT
FUNCTION
VERTICAL 5

LINE TEST 3

Use the vertical line test to check -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

whether a graph of a relation is a -1

function. -
2
-
3
If a vertical line, drawn anywhere -
4
on the graph, can touch the graph -
5
only once, then it is a function.
VERTICAL 5

LINE TEST 3

If a vertical line, drawn anywhere -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

on the graph, can touch the graph -1

more than once, then the relation -

2
-
is not a function. 3
-
4
-
5
VERTICAL
LINE TEST 5

3
If a vertical line, drawn anywhere 2

on the graph, can touch the graph 1

more than once, then the relation

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
is not a function. -1

-
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
VERTICAL
LINE TEST 5

If a vertical line, drawn anywhere 2

on the graph, can touch the graph 1

only once, then it is a function.

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1

-
2
-
3
-
4
-
5
 WHAT IS A FUNCTION
NOTATION?
The function notation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), which
is read as “𝑦 equals 𝑓 of 𝑥” or 𝑦 is a
function of 𝑥” is used to denote a
functional relationship between 𝑥 and
𝑦 variables.
 HOW TO WRITE
FUNCTION NOTATION?
If there is a rule relating y to x such as 𝑦= 5𝑥 +
2, write this in function notation
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 2.
𝑓(𝑥) represents the value of the function at 𝑥.
The name of the function is 𝑓.
 HOW TO SOLVE
FUNCTION NOTATION?
To find f(x) for a given value
of x is to evaluate the
function f by substituting the
value of x into the equation.
 EXAMPLE
Given the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 1. Find 𝑓(3) and 𝑓(−3).
 EXAMPLE
2
Given the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3. Find 𝑓(−1) and
𝑓(−3).
Solution: Solution:
a. 𝑓(−1) b. 𝑓(−3)
2 2
𝑓 −1 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑓 −3 = 2𝑥 − 3
2 2
𝑓 −1 = 2(−1) −3 𝑓 −3 = 2(−3) −3
𝑓 −1 = 2(1) − 3 𝑓 −3 = 2(9) − 3
𝑓 −1 = 2 − 3 𝑓 −3 = 18 − 3
𝒇 −𝟏 = −𝟏 𝒇 −𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓
 CHAPTER 7

Conditional
Statements
Ms. Zarina R. Jamero
 If-Then
Statements
Conditional Statement
• A logical type of statement that has two parts:
1.Hypothesis
2.Conclusion
• It can be written as “if-then” statements.
• It can also be written as “if p then q” where p and q
are statements.

p→q “p implies q”
 hypothesis
begins with if
conclusion
begins with then
 Conclusion
Hypothesis provides insights
proposed or answers to
explanation or the hypothesis
prediction about
something that
will work
I studied for my Math
test, I got good grades HYPOTHESIS
I studied for my
Math test.
if p, then q
IF-THEN FORM CONCLUSION
If I studied for my
Math test, then I got
I got a good
a good grade. grade
It is raining, we need
to use our umbrella. HYPOTHESIS
It is raining.
if p, then q
IF-THEN FORM CONCLUSION
If it is raining, then
we need to use our
We need to use
umbrella. our umbrella
If a number is greater than zero, then
the number is positive.

HYPOTHESIS CO N C LU S I O N
A number is The number is
greater than positive.
zero.
 If 3(n+1)=6, then n=1.

HYPOTHESIS CO N C LU S I O N

3(n+1)=6 n=1
All prime number are numbers with no
other factor aside from 1 and itself.

HYPOTHESIS CO N C LU S I O N
Numbers with
no other factor It is a prime
aside from 1 and number
itself
An integer that ends in 1,3,5,7 and 9 is
an odd integer.

HYPOTHESIS CO N C LU S I O N
An integer that
ends in 1,3,5,7 Is an odd
and 9. integer.
 Inverse,
Converse, and
Contrapositive
Statements
C o n d i ti o n al State m e nt C o nve rs e S tate m e nt
p→q q→p
If p, then q. If q, then p.

I nve rs e State m e nt C o n t ra p o s i t i v e S t a te m e n t
~p → ~q ~q → ~p
If not p, then not q. If not q, then not p.
To write the converse of a
C o nve rs e S tate m e nt
conditional statement,
simply interchange the q→p
hypothesis and the If q, then p.
conclusion.

Conditional Statement Converse Statement

(if p, then q) (if q, then p)
If two angles are supplementary, If the sum of the angles is 180°,
then the sum of the angles is then the two angles are
180°. supplementary.
 Conditional Statement Inverse Statement
(if p, then q) (if not p, then not q)
If two angles are supplementary, If two angles are not
then the sum of the angles is supplementary, then the sum of
180°. the angles is not 180°.

I nve rs e State m e nt
To write the inverse of a
conditional statement,
~p → ~q
simply negate both the
If not p, then not q. hypothesis and the
conclusion.
 Conditional Statement Inverse Statement Contrapositive Statement
(if p, then q) (if not p, then not q) (If not q, then not p)
If two angles are If two angles are not If the sum of the angles is
supplementary, then the supplementary, then the not 180°, then two angles
sum of the angles is sum of the angles is not are not supplementary.
180°. 180°.

To form the contrapositive of a

C o n t ra p o s i t i v e S t a te m e n t
conditional statement, first, get its
inverse. Then, interchange its ~q → ~p
hypothesis and conclusion.
If not q, then not p.
 If a polygon is a square, then it is
a quadrilateral.
CONVERSE INVERSE CONTRAPOSITIVE
q→p ~p → ~q ~q → ~p
If q, then p. If not p, then not q. If not q, then not p.
If it is a quadrilateral, If a polygon is not a If it is not a
then a polygon is a square, then it is not quadrilateral, then a
square. a quadrilateral. polygon is not a
square.
DEDUCTIVE &
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
 What is reasoning?
It is a process based on experience
and principles that allow one to
arrive at a conclusion.
DEDUCTIVE &
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
- from SPECIFIC
to GENERAL
 Inductive Reasoning Example:
One of the top three airlines has announced that it will be offering
promo tickets from June 30 to July 21. It is advised that to avail of the
promo ticket, passengers should check online the specific time of
every corresponding date when promo tickets will be sold. The airline
presented the time and date for the first week of ticket sale.

DATE JUNE 30 JULY 1 JULY 2 JULY 3 JULY 4 JULY 5

TIME 2:15 PM 3:30 PM 4:45 PM 6:00 PM 7:15 PM 8:30 PM

If you are planning to book a flight on July 8, at

what time should you be online to get the
promo ticket?
 Inductive
DATE JUNE Reasoning
30 JULY 1 JULY 2 JULY 3 JULY 4 JULY 5

TIME 2:15 PM 3:30 PM 4:45 PM 6:00 PM 7:15 PM 8:30 PM

3.30-2.15 = 1.15 ( 1 HOUR AND 15 MINS)

8.30+1.15= 9.45 (JULY 6 @ 9:45 PM)
9.45+1.15= 10.6 (JULY 7 @ 11:00 PM)
10.6+1.15= 11.76 (JULY 8 @ 12:15 AM)

JULY 8, AT EXACTLY 12:15

 INDUCTIVE

FIND THE SUM OF THE FIRST 20 ODD

NUMBERS.

1 1
1+3 4
SUM OF FIRST
1+3+5 9 20 ODD
NUMBERS?
1+3+5+7 16
 INDUCTIVE

FIND THE SUM OF THE FIRST 20 ODD

NUMBERS.
𝟐
1 1 𝟏
𝟐
1+3 4 𝟐
𝟐
1+3+5 9 𝟑
1+3+5+7 16 𝟒 𝟐

𝟐
𝟐𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
 DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- from GENERAL to SPECIFIC
uses acceptable facts, and proven theorem as proof to draw a specific
case or situation.
The root word “deduce” means to infer from a general principle.

SYLLOGISM could be applied in deductive

reasoning.
A syllogism is an argument composed of
three statements:
a major premise (a general statement),
a minor premise (a particular statement), and a
conclusion (deduced from two statements).
 LAW of
SYLLOGISM
Deductive Reasoning Example
All mammals produce milk for their babies.
Women are mammals.

Major Premise
All mammals produce milk for their babies.
p q
Minor Premise:
Women are mammals
r p
Conclusion:
Women produce milk for their babies.
r q
 Deductive Reasoning
Major Premise:
“If angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.”
Conclusion:
“ If their sum is 180°, then angles form a linear pair.”
What could be the minor premise?

If angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary

p q

If their sum is 180°, then they are supplementary

r q
If their sum is 180°, then angles form a linear pair
r p