1. Explain the applications of computer vision.

 Facial Recognition: With the advent of smart cities and smart homes, Computer Vision
plays a vital role in making the home smarter. Security being the most important
application involves use of Computer Vision for facial recognition. It can be either guest
recognition or log maintenance of the visitors.
It also finds its application in schools for an attendance system based on facial recognition
of students.

 Face Filters: The modern-day apps like Instagram and snapchat have a lot of features
based on the usage of computer vision. The application of face filters is one among them.
Through the camera the machine or the algorithm is able to identify the facial dynamics of
the person and applies the facial filter selected.
 Google’s Search by Image: The maximum amount of searching for data on Google’s search
engine comes from textual data, but at the same time it has an interesting feature of
getting search results through an image. This uses Computer Vision as it compares different
features of the input image to the database of images and give us the search result while
at the same time analysing various features of the image.
 Computer Vision in Retail: The retail field has been one of the fastest growing field and at
the same time is using Computer Vision for making the user experience more fruitful.
Retailers can use Computer Vision techniques to track customers’ movements through
stores, analyse navigational routes and detect walking patterns.
Inventory Management is another such application. Through security camera image
analysis, a Computer Vision algorithm can generate a very accurate estimate of the items
available in the store. Also, it can analyse the use of shelf space to identify suboptimal
configurations and suggest better item placement.

 Self-Driving Cars: Computer Vision is the fundamental technology behind developing

autonomous vehicles. Most leading car manufacturers in the world are reaping the benefits
of investing in artificial intelligence for developing on-road versions of hands-free
technology.
This involves the process of identifying the objects, getting navigational routes and also at
the same time environment monitoring.

 Medical Imaging: For the last decades, computer-supported medical imaging application
has been a trustworthy help for physicians. It doesn’t only create and analyse images, but
also becomes an assistant and helps doctors with their interpretation. The application is
 used to read and convert 2D scan images into interactive 3D models that enable medical
professionals to gain a detailed understanding of a patient’s health condition.
 Google Translate App: All you need to do to read signs in a foreign language is to point
your phone’s camera at the words and let the Google Translate app tell you what it means
in your preferred language almost instantly. By using optical character recognition to see
the image and augmented reality to overlay an accurate translation, this is a convenient
tool that uses Computer Vision.

2. Define computer vision.

Computer Vision is a domain of Artificial Intelligence that deals with the images. It involves
the concepts of image processing and machine learning models to build a Computer Vision
based application.
3. Explain various tasks performed by computer vision.

The various applications of Computer Vision are based on a certain number of tasks which
are performed to get certain information from the input image which can be directly used
for prediction or forms the base for further analysis. The tasks used in a computer vision
application are :

 Classification :
Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label from a
fixed set of categories. This is one of the core problems in CV that, despite its simplicity,
has a large variety of practical applications.

 Classification + Localisation
This is the task which involves both processes of identifying what object is present in the
image and at the same time identifying at what location that object is present in that
image. It is used only for single objects.
  Object Detection
Object detection is the process of finding instances of real-world objects such as faces,
bicycles, and buildings in images or videos. Object detection algorithms typically use
extracted features and learning algorithms to recognize instances of an object category. It
is commonly used in applications such as image retrieval and automated vehicle parking
systems.
 Instance Segmentation
Instance Segmentation is the process of detecting instances of the objects, giving them a
category and then giving each pixel a label on the basis of that. A segmentation algorithm
takes an image as input and outputs a collection of regions (or segments).

4. Explain the basics of an image.

 Basics of Pixels
The word “pixel” means a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of
pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that make up a picture. Usually round or
square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid.
In the image below, one portion has been magnified many times over so that you can see its
individual composition in pixels. As you can see, the pixels approximate the actual image. The
more pixels you have, the more closely the image resembles the original.
  Resolution
The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution. For example a monitor
resolution of 1280×1024. This means there are 1280 pixels from one side to the other, and
1024 from top to bottom.
 Pixel value
Each of the pixels that represents an image stored inside a computer has a pixel value which
describes how bright that pixel is, and/or what colour it should be. The most common pixel
format is the byte image, where this number is stored as an 8-bit integer giving a range of
possible values from 0 to 255. Typically, zero is to be taken as no colour or black and 255 is
taken to be full colour or white.
5. Grayscale Images
Grayscale images are images which have a range of shades of gray without apparent colour.
The darkest possible shade is black, which is the total absence of colour or zero value of
pixel. The lightest possible shade is white, which is the total presence of colour or 255 value
of a pixel .
Intermediate shades of gray are represented by equal brightness levels of the three primary
colours.
A grayscale has each pixel of size 1 byte having a single plane of 2d array of pixels. The size
of a grayscale image is defined as the Height x Width of that image.
Here is an example of a grayscale image. as you check, the value of pixels are within the range of
0-255.The computers store the images we see in the form of these numbers.
6. RGB Images
All the images that we see around are coloured images. These images are made up of three
primary colours Red, Green and Blue. All the colours that are present can be made by combining
different intensities of red, green and blue.

7. How do computers store RGB images?

Every RGB image is stored in the form of three different channels called the R channel, G channel
and the B channel.
Each plane separately has a number of pixels with each pixel value varying from 0 to 255. All the
three planes when combined together form a colour image. This means that in a RGB image, each
pixel has a set of three different values which together give colour to that particular pixel.

As you can see, each colour image is stored in the form of three different channels, each having
different intensity. All three channels combine together to form a colour we see.
In the above given image, if we split the image into three different channels, namely Red (R),
Green (G) and Blue (B), the individual layers will have the following intensity of colours of the
individual pixels. These individual layers when stored in the memory looks like the image on the
extreme right. The images look in the grayscale image because each pixel has a value intensity of
0 to 255 and as studied earlier, 0 is considered as black or no presence of colour and 255 means
white or full presence of colour. These three individual RGB values when combined together form
the colour of each pixel.
Therefore, each pixel in the RGB image has three values to form the complete colour.
8. Why do we have an image value of 255 ?
In the computer systems, computer data is in the form of ones and zeros, which we call the
binary system. Each bit in a computer system can have either a zero or a one.
Since each pixel uses 1 byte of an image, which is equivalent to 8 bits of data. Since each bit
can have two possible values which tells us that the 8 bit can have 255 possibilities of values
which starts from 0 and ends at 255.