Internetworking

Devices and Models

 Computer Networks
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A computer network is a system that connects many independent
computers to share information (data) and resources.
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The integration of computers and other different devices allows
users to communicate more easily.
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A computer network is a collection of two or more computer
systems that are linked together.
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A network connection can be established using either cable or
wireless media.
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Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in
any network.
 Benefits of Computer Networks
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Communicating using email, video, instant messaging,
etc.
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Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
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Sharing files.
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Sharing software and operating programs on remote
systems.
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Allowing network users to easily access and maintain
information.
 Types of Networks
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Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Local Area Network (LAN)
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Campus Area Network (CAN)
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
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PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a type of
network designed to connect devices within a short range,
typically around one person. It allows your personal devices,
like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearables, to
communicate and share data with each other.
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PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to
device providing communication. Its transmission speed is
very high with very easy maintenance and very low cost.
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This uses Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee as technology.
Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer,
PDA, etc.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Types of PAN
– Wireless Personal Area Networks: Wireless Personal
Area Networks are created by simply utilising wireless
technologies such as WiFi and Bluetooth. It is a low-
range network.
– Wired Personal Area Network: A wired personal area
network is constructed using a USB.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Advantages of PAN
– PAN is relatively flexible and provides high efficiency
for short network ranges.
– It needs easy setup and relatively low cost.
– It does not require frequent installations and maintenance
– It is easy and portable.
– Needs fewer technical skills to use.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Disadvantages of PAN
– Low network coverage area/range.
– Limited to relatively low data rates.
– Devices are not compatible with each other.
– Inbuilt WPAN devices are a little bit costly.
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Applications of PAN
– Home and Offices
– Organizations and the Business sector
– Medical and Hospital
– School and College Education
– Military and Defense
 Local Area Network (LAN)
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LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer
network that connects computers through a common
communication path, contained within a limited area, that is,
locally.
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A LAN encompasses two or more computers connected over a
server.
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The two important technologies involved in this network are
Ethernet and Wi-fi.
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It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high with easy
maintenance and low cost. Examples of LAN are networking in a
home, school, library, laboratory, college, office, etc.
 Local Area Network (LAN)
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Advantages of a LAN
– Privacy: LAN is a private network, thus no outside regulatory
body controls it, giving it a privacy.
– High Speed: LAN offers a much higher speed(around 100 mbps)
and data transfer rate comparatively to WAN.
– Supports different transmission mediums: LAN support a
variety of communications transmission medium such as an
Ethernet cable (thin cable, thick cable, and twisted pair), fiber and
wireless transmission.
– Inexpensive and Simple: A LAN usually has low cost,
installation, expansion and maintenance and LAN installation is
relatively easy to use, good scalability.
 Local Area Network (LAN)
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Disadvantages of a LAN
– The initial setup costs of installing Local Area Networks is high
because there is special software required to make a server.
– Communication devices like an ethernet cable, switches, hubs,
routers, cables are costly.
– LAN administrator can see and check personal data files as well as
Internet history of each and every LAN user. Hence, the privacy of
the users are violated
– LANs are restricted in size and cover only a limited area
– Since all the data is stored in a single server computer, if it can be
accessed by an unauthorized user, can cause a serious data security
threat.
 Campus Area Network (CAN)
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CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN.
This is a type of computer network that is usually used
in places like a school or colleges. This network covers
a limited geographical area that is, it spreads across
several buildings within the campus.
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CAN mainly use Ethernet technology with a range from
1km to 5km. Its transmission speed is very high with a
moderate maintenance cost and moderate cost.
Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools,
colleges, buildings, etc.
 Campus Area Network (CAN)
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Advantages of CAN
– Speed: Communication within a CAN takes place over Local Area
Network (LAN) so data transfer rate between systems is little bit
fast than Internet.
– Security: Network administrators of campus take care of network
by continuous monitoring, tracking and limiting access. To protect
network from unauthorized access firewall is placed between
network and internet.
– Cost effective: With a little effort and maintenance, network works
well by providing fast data transfer rate with multi-departmental
network access. It can be enabled wirelessly, where wiring and
cabling costs can be managed. So to work with in a campus using
CAN is cost-effective in view of performance
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is
the type of computer network that connects computers over a
geographical distance through a shared communication path
over a city, town, or metropolitan area.
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This network mainly uses FDDI, CDDI, and ATM as the
technology with a range from 5km to 50km. Its transmission
speed is average.
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It is difficult to maintain and it comes with a high cost.
Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single
large city, a large area within multiple buildings, etc.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Advantages of MAN
– MAN offers high-speed connectivity in which the speed ranges
from 10-100 Mbps.
– The security level in MAN is high and strict as compared to WAN.
– It support to transmit data in both directions concurrently because
of dual bus architecture.
– MAN can serve multiple users at a time with the same high-speed
internet to all the users.
– MAN allows for centralized management and control of the
network, making it easier to monitor and manage network
resources and security.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Disadvantages of MAN
– The architecture of MAN is quite complicated hence, it is
hard to design and maintain.
– This network is highly expensive because it required the
high cost to set up fiber optics.
– It provides less fault tolerance.
– The Data transfer rate in MAN is low when compare to
LANs.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
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WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers
over a large geographical distance through a shared
communication path. It is not restrained to a single location
but extends over many locations.
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WAN can also be defined as a group of local area networks
that communicate with each other with a range above 50km.
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Here we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its
transmission speed is very low and it comes with very high
maintenance and very high cost. The most common example
of WAN is the Internet.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Advantages of WAN
– It covers large geographical area which enhances the reach of
organisation to transmit data quickly and cheaply.
– The data can be stored in centralised manner because of
remote access to data provided by WAN.
– The travel charges that are needed to cover the geographical
area of work can be minimised.
– WAN enables a user or organisation to connect with the
world very easily and allows to exchange data and do
business at global level.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
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Disadvantages of WAN
– Traffic congestion in Wide Area Network is very high.
– The fault tolerance ability of WAN is very less.
– Noise and error are present in large amount due to
multiple connection point.
– The data transfer rate is slow in comparison to LAN
because of large distances and high number of connected
system within the network.
 Other Types of Computer Networks
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Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
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Storage Area Network (SAN)
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System-Area Network (SAN)
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Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)
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Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
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Home Area Network (HAN)
 Internetwork
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An internet network is defined as two or more computer
network LANs, WANs, or computer network segments that
are connected by devices and configured with a local
addressing system. The method is known as internetworking.
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There are two types of Internetwork.
– Intranet: An internal network within an organization that enables
employees to share data, collaborate, and access resources.
Intranets are not accessible to the public and use private IP
addresses.
– Extranet: Extranets extend the intranet to authorized external
users, such as business partners or clients. They provide controlled
access to specific resources while maintaining security.
 Network Topology
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Network topology refers to the arrangement of different elements
like nodes, links, or devices in a computer network.
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It defines how these components are connected and interact with
each other. Understanding various types of network topologies
helps in designing efficient and robust networks.
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Common types include:
– bus,
– star,
– ring,
– mesh, and
– tree
 Mesh Topology
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In a mesh topology, every
device is connected to another
device via a particular channel.
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If N number of devices are
connected with each other in a
mesh topology, then the total
number of dedicated links
required to connect them is
N(N-1)/2
 Mesh Topology
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Advantages of Mesh Topology
– Communication is very fast between the nodes.
– Mesh Topology is robust.
– The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated channels or links.
– Provides security and privacy.
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Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
– Installation and configuration are difficult.
– The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for
less number of devices.
– The cost of maintenance is high.
 Star Topology
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In Star Topology, all the devices are
connected to a single hub through a cable.
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This hub is the central node and all other
nodes are connected to the central node.
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The hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an
intelligent hub such as broadcasting devices,
at the same time the hub can be intelligent
known as an active hub.
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Active hubs have repeaters in them.
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Coaxial cables or RJ-45 cables are used to
connect the computers.
 Star Topology
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Advantages of Star Topology
– If N devices are connected to each other in a star topology, then the number of cables
required to connect them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
– Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub, therefore the total number of
ports required is N.
– It is Robust. If one link fails only that link will affect and not other than that.
– Easy to fault identification and fault isolation.
– Star topology is cost-effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable.
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Disadvantages of Star Topology
– If the concentrator (hub) on which the whole topology relies fails, the whole system will
crash down.
– The cost of installation is high.
– Performance is based on the single concentrator i.e. hub.
 Bus Topology

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Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer
and network device is connected to a single cable.
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It is bi-directional.
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It is a multi-point connection and a non-robust topology
because if the backbone fails the topology crashes.
 Bus Topology
● Advantages of Bus Topology
– If N devices are connected to each other in a bus topology, then the number of cables required
to connect them is 1, known as backbone cable, and N drop lines are required.
– Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly used in bus-based networks that support up to 10
Mbps.
– The cost of the cable is less compared to other topologies, but it is used to build small
networks.
– Bus topology is familiar technology as installation and troubleshooting techniques are well
known.
● Disadvantages of Bus Topology
– A bus topology is quite simpler, but still, it requires a lot of cabling.
– If the common cable fails, then the whole system will crash down.
– If the network traffic is heavy, it increases collisions in the network.
– Adding new devices to the network would slow down networks.
– Security is very low.
 Ring Topology
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In a Ring Topology, it forms a ring connecting
devices with exactly two neighboring devices.
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A number of repeaters are used for Ring
topology with a large number of nodes,
because if someone wants to send some data to
the last node in the ring topology with 100
nodes, then the data will have to pass through
99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to
prevent data loss repeaters are used in the
network.
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The data flows in one direction, i.e. it is
unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional
by having 2 connections between each
Network Node, it is called Dual Ring
Topology.
 Ring Topology
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Advantages of Ring Topology
– The data transmission is high-speed.
– The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
– Cheap to install and expand.
– It is less costly than a star topology.
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Disadvantages of Ring Topology
– The failure of a single node in the network can cause the entire network to fail.
– Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
– The addition of stations in between or the removal of stations can disturb the
whole topology.
– Less secure.
 Tree Topology
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This topology is
the variation of the
Star topology.
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This topology has a
hierarchical flow
of data.
 Tree Topology
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Advantages of Tree Topology
– It allows more devices to be attached to a single central hub thus it decreases the
distance that is traveled by the signal to come to the devices.
– It allows the network to get isolated and also prioritize from different
computers.
– We can add new devices to the existing network.
– Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree topology.
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Disadvantages of Tree Topology
– If the central hub gets fails the entire system fails.
– The cost is high because of the cabling.
– If new devices are added, it becomes difficult to reconfigure.
 Hybrid Topology
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This topological
technology is the
combination of all the
various types of
topologies we have
studied above.
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Hybrid Topology is used
when the nodes are free
to take any form.